石油物探普查的三十年——庆祝建国三十五周年

自从在华北大平原用综合地球物理勘探方法开展大规模的石油普查以来,已经三十年了。在这三十年中,石油物探普查队伍从小到大,足迹遍于全国,北到黑龙江畔,南至南沙群岛,东达东海陆架边缘,西及昆仑山脉足下。     

库车坳陷盐相关构造与有利油气勘探领域

野外露头、钻井和地震资料证实,库车坳陷古近系库姆格列木组(西部)和新近系吉迪克组(东部)沉积有较厚的膏盐层。在浮力、重力、沉积差异负载和挤压应力等因素综合作用下,盐体发生明显的塑性流动,围绕拜城凹陷呈环带状分布,并在克拉苏构造带和秋里塔格构造带聚集增厚,最厚可达4000m以上。盐体的塑性变形影响了含盐层系和上覆层的构造变形过程,形成了数量众多、类型丰富的盐相关构造,主要包括盐枕、盐墙、盐推覆、鱼尾、盐焊接(断层焊接)、盐垛、突发构造和盐撤凹陷等。库车坳陷盐相关构造变形影响了油气运移、聚集和成藏过程。盐构造运动形成的丰富圈闭可为油气聚集提供良好的空间,断裂可为油气运移提供良好通道,巨厚的膏盐层还可作为封闭性能良好的盖层。受盐相关构造变形影响,库车坳陷盐下、盐间和盐上存在三种不同的成藏模式。综合分析表明,库车坳陷较为有利的油气勘探领域主要包括有盐下的背斜圈闭、断层遮挡下盘圈闭、地层-岩性圈闭、盐间的构造-地层圈闭和盐上的背斜圈闭等。     

鄂尔多斯盆地西缘中段构造特征与油气勘探前景

鄂尔多斯盆地西缘中段是西缘构造带的重要组成部分,关于该区的地下构造模式由于受地下构造复杂与地震资料品质差的影响长期以来缺乏清晰的认识。通过地表地质、大量地震资料的综合研究,纵向上以下古生界类复理石浊积岩系、上古生界煤系区域性滑脱层为界,将该区划分为上部的逆冲推覆构造系统和下部的原地系统。前者断裂、褶皱发育,由6个逆冲席组成,横向分带性特征明显,自西向东划分为逆冲推覆构造主体、前缘过渡带、前缘带三个带;后者构造变形较弱,总体为西倾单斜,局部地区发育完整背斜圈闭。前缘过渡带、前缘带及原地系统勘探目的层众多,油气成藏地质条件好,勘探前景较好;逆冲推覆构造主体目的层已裸露,油气生成与保存条件较差,勘探潜力欠佳。     

南海北部深水区荔湾凹陷构造演化及其石油地质意义

荔湾凹陷北与白云凹陷相邻,南与双峰盆地（南海西北次海盆）相接,发育于洋陆过渡边界,具有独特的结构构造特征。选取荔湾凹陷为研究对象,在3D地震资料解释的基础上,以断裂特征分析厘定凹陷性质、构造古地貌恢复解析凹陷结构,进而指出古地貌恢复和构造演化对油气勘探的影响。研究获得三方面的创新性认识：①荔湾凹陷为洋陆过渡壳上发育的断坳,断坳作用占主导地位;②32Ma的底辟作用将荔湾凹陷改造为“四洼三凸”的构造格局,恩平组沉积期凹陷北部是一个连通的洼陷;③恩平组沉积期连通洼陷的古地貌有利于三角洲（烃源岩）的发育,背斜型圈闭的定型受控于32Ma的底辟作用,是荔湾凹陷油气勘探的有利目标。     

南海北部深水区荔湾凹陷构造演化及其石油地质意义

荔湾凹陷北与白云凹陷相邻,南与双峰盆地（南海西北次海盆）相接,发育于洋陆过渡边界,具有独特的结构构造特征。选取荔湾凹陷为研究对象,在3D地震资料解释的基础上,以断裂特征分析厘定凹陷性质、构造古地貌恢复解析凹陷结构,进而指出古地貌恢复和构造演化对油气勘探的影响。研究获得三方面的创新性认识：①荔湾凹陷为洋陆过渡壳上发育的断坳,断坳作用占主导地位;②32Ma的底辟作用将荔湾凹陷改造为“四洼三凸”的构造格局,恩平组沉积期凹陷北部是一个连通的洼陷;③恩平组沉积期连通洼陷的古地貌有利于三角洲（烃源岩）的发育,背斜型圈闭的定型受控于32Ma的底辟作用,是荔湾凹陷油气勘探的有利目标。     

A Neotectonic based geomorphic analysis using remote sensing data to delineate potential areas of hydrocarbon exploration: Cachar area,Assam

TheAssamArakan fold thrust belt has highly deformed folded units of Tertiary sediments bounded by eastward dipping thrust slices with a convexity towards west. In the Tripura-Cachar region, this folded belt is characterized by the occurrence of wide synclines and narrow anticlines that hosts a number of hydrocarbon producing fields. In the Cachar area of Assam, most of these fields occur in the culmination of anticlinal structures. Other wells drilled in analogous structural settings are found to be dry. In this paper a neotectonic based geomorphic analysis is carried out to delineate a fault network and geomorphic highs in Cachar area as expressions of sub-surface structures which had subsequently been validated by available geophysical data. Of these geomorphic highs, those that are in the synclinal areas are believed to represent subtle sub-surface structural highs. Synclinal structures associated with NNE-SSW faults might be considered interesting for hydrocarbon exploration and are subsequently categorized following their degree of confidence for exploration of hydrocarbon. Additionally, a genetic model of the structures in the region is also proposed.     

Midale油田奥陶系白云岩储层格架与油藏特征

综合三维地震、钻井、岩心和薄片资料分析了该油藏的储层展布格架、油藏构造及演化、油藏类型和控制因素等。在钻井剖面对比图上依据密度和中子测井,将白云岩储层可划分为4个小层。第1、2小层由于位于圈闭构造的较高部位因而通常含油。第3、4小层可能由于在某处与第1、2小层连通,虽然也具低幅度构造和更大的厚度及孔隙度,但多为水层;又因其容易侧向尖灭,故有可能形成地层圈闭。三维地震解释和正演模型均表明,当第1、2小层较厚时,常对应于强振幅和高频反射;当第3、4小层较厚且4个小层并存时会在原储层反射位置下方多出一个波峰同相轴,而且第3、4小层的尖灭通常伴随着该同相轴的终止。这一点有助于寻找与第3、4小层上倾尖灭有关的圈闭。Midale油藏的空间分布受局部低幅度构造和储层小层发育状况的双重控制。油藏驱动机制可能为边水和底水两种类型的结合。根据地震剖面上的地层关系和由三维地震资料所做的古构造演化图来看,油藏低幅度构造的形成与后期地层在前寒武基岩古隆起上的披覆及该隆起在后期多次不整合发生期间的重新活动有关。圈闭雏形形成于早志留到中泥盆世,最终定型于晚白垩世。区域构造演化和油气运移研究表明,有利的油气聚集带位于某些靠近油源区的古鼻隆的东北翼。     

New D.S.S.-data on the crustal structure of the baltic and Ukrainian Shields

Recently completed investigations of the crustal structure on ancient shields of the East European platform carried out with the method of “deep seismic sounding” (D.S.S.) have drastically changed the previous notions about the deep structure of shields in general. In the upper crust, in the so-called “granitic” layer, complex anticlinal and synclinal structures as well as numerous faults, thrusts, etc., have been identified. A flattening of steeply dipping seismic interfaces with depth is observed. The crustal thickness in different tectonic zones ranges from 30 to 60 km. It is shown that the M-structure correlates with the sub-surface tectonics in the Ukrainian Shield.     

断陷湖盆隐蔽油藏预测及勘探的关键技术--高精度地震探测基础上的层序地层学研究

近十余年世界的我国隐蔽油藏勘探取得了巨大进展,其关键技术是高精度的三维地震及在此基础上的层序地层学研究,二者的结合已被油气产业部门当作勘探中的“权威性技术”。断陷湖盆在我国东部含油气资源的重要性居首位,控制层序形成演化的诸因素中,构造,古气候和在区域古地理格局中的位置对湖盆的类型和演化起着决定作用,需要按照断陷湖盆的沉积构造演化特征建立有预测功能的层序构成模式,在成熟的勘探区,重新建立等时层序地层格架,进行体系域精度的工业制图,阐明沉积体系的分布规律,使用高精度地球物理技术对圈闭定位,并对构造坡折带和低位域扇体给予重点注意,用这种技术方法指导隐蔽油气藏的勘探,已经并必将有许多重要发现。     

Precise Seismic Substructural Model of the Eocene Chorgali Limestone in the Turkwal Oil Field,Central Potwar,Pakistan

The precise seismic substructural interpretation of the Turkwal oil field in the Central Potwar region of district Chakwal of Pakistan has been carried out. The research work was confined to the large fore-thrust that serves as an anticlinal structural trap through ten 2D seismic lines. A precise seismic substructural model of the Eocene Chorgali Limestone with precise orientation of thrust and oblique slip faults shows the presence of a huge fracture, which made this deposit a good reservoir. The abrupt surface changes in dip azimuth for the Eocene Chorgali Limestone verifies the structural trends and also the presence of structural traps in the Turkwal field. The logs of three wells (Turkwal deep X-2, Turkwal-01 and Fimkassar-01) were analyzed for petrophysical studies, well synthetic results and generation of an Amplitude Versus Offset (AVO) model for the area. The AVO model of Turkwal deep X-2 shows abrupt changes in amplitude, which depicts the presence of hydrocarbon content. Well correlation technique was used to define the overall stratigraphic setting and the thickness of the reservoir formation in two wells, Turkwal-01 and Turkwal deep X-2. The Eocene Chorgali Limestone in Turkwal-01 is an upward thrusted anticlinal structure and because of the close position of both wells to the faulted anticlinal structure, its lesser thickness differs compared to Turkwal deep X-2. The overall results confirm that the Turkwal field is comparable to several similar thrust-bound oil-bearing structures in the Potwar basin.     

Unconformity-like Reflection Pattern under the Moho in the Sulu Area

1.IntroductionSincethediscoveryofcoesiteandndcrodiamond,theDabie-Suluultra-highPressure(UHP)meta-morphicbelthasbeenattractingworldwideattentionsofgeoscientists.Studyingthisoutstandinggeologicalregionmaygreatlyenhanceourunderstandingofmetamorphism,deepeffectsofcontinentalcollisionandgeodynandcsinconvergentplateboundaries.Thestudymayalsobeveryhelpfultoprovideevidencetorevealinteractionbetweenthecrustandthemantle,andtheformationofnewtypesofdiamonddeposits.EncouragedbytheinternationalContinenta…     

叠前偏移技术在夏72井区油气藏中的应用

夏40井区三维地震完钻的70多口探井中,二叠系的油气显示该区有好的油气勘探前景.针对低幅度构造圈闭闭合度小,地震反射波特征有差异,加上地震资料解释存在相位差及闭合差的特点.复杂逆掩断褶带的常规地震资料偏移成像不归位,小断裂和低幅度圈闭难以识别,制约该区的勘探进程.通过综合研究,结合叠前时间偏移处理、叠前深度等建模偏移处理解释攻关,建立了目标区准确的深浅层速度模型.通过精细构造解释顺利完成夏72井油藏描述任务,取得了夏子街地区二叠系油气勘探的重大突破.     

琼东南盆地深水区天然气成藏过程及动力机制研究

琼东南盆地深水区中央峡谷已连续发现多个大中型气田,但天然气成藏过程、动力机制一直存有疑问,制约勘探新领域的拓展。综合应用有机地球化学、构造地质学及成藏动力学分析方法,对比剖析中央峡谷气田群莺歌海组 黄流组储层展布、天然气成熟度、母质来源及运聚特征。地球化学及地质分析表明天然气主要来自乐东 陵水凹陷深部的崖城组前三角洲- 浅海相泥岩,莺歌海组- 黄流组浊积水道纵横向展布、储盖组合及压力特征控制了天然气多期有序充注、聚集 逸散动平衡的过程,局部构造高点控制了成藏规模;中央拗陷带深部异常高压为规模成藏提供了充足动力和运移通道,垂向压力封存箱及区域盖层控制了天然气的富集层位,中央峡谷天然气成藏具备“垂向+侧向运移、常压—压力过渡带复式聚集”特征;强烈构造变形区有利于压力和流体的集中释放,峡谷下方的底辟上拱与峡谷下切呈现“似镜像”关系,导致剩余压力梯度大,形成天然气的高效输导体系。根据这一新的成藏模式,提出中央峡谷下方的梅山组构造圈闭及陵南斜坡、松南低凸起等是大中型气田的勘探新领域。     

羌塘盆地石油地震反射新剖面及基底构造浅析

针对羌塘盆地地表地质条件复杂,地震资料信噪比低,取得高质量的地震剖面存在很大困难等问题,中国地质调查局在羌塘布设了总长约52km的试验剖面,初步摸索出一套适用于羌塘地区地震资料采集与处理的方法技术。处理后的地震叠加剖面上反射信息丰富,揭示出盆地基底以上各构造层的空间展布特征,为查明构造圈闭和构造界面,确定地层的组合等方面,提供了高质量数据。文中在对地震反射特征分析的基础上对两条剖面显示的盆地基底的埋深、形态等方面进行了初步研究。     

四川山地地震勘探及主要技术应用

四川的地震勘探以山地地震勘探为其主要特点。四十年来，基本基本形成了四大技术系列，即：山地地震采集技术系列；高陆复杂构造资料处理技术系列；碳酸夺储层横向预测技术系列；人机联作综合解释技术系列。针对山区资料特点，采用叠后深度偏移技术、山区静校正技术、去炕席干扰技术、高分辨率处理技术等，使构造成果精度大幅度提高。在新的处理解释技术推广区，地震解释的构造目的层深度与实钻结果的相对误差小于３％，其中７６％左     

Formation mechanisms of ultradeep sedimentary basins: the North Barents basin. Petroleum potential implications

Consolidated crust in the North Barents basin with sediments 16–18 km thick is attenuated approximately by two times. The normal faults in the basin basement ensure only 10-15% stretching, which caused the deposition of 2–3 km sediments during the early evolution of the basin. The overlying 16 km of sediments have accumulated since the Late Devonian. Judging by the undisturbed reflectors to a depth of 8 s, crustal subsidence was not accompanied by any significant stretching throughout that time. Dramatic subsidence under such conditions required considerable contraction of lithospheric rocks. The contraction was mainly due to high-grade metamorphism in mafic rocks in the lower crust. The metamorphism was favored by increasing pressure and temperature in the lower crust with the accumulation of a thick layer of sediments. According to gravity data, the Moho in the basin is underlain by large masses of high-velocity eclogites, which are denser than mantle peridotites. The same is typical of some other ultradeep basins: North Caspian, South Caspian, North Chukchi, and Gulf of Mexico basins. From Late Devonian to Late Jurassic, several episodes of rapid crustal subsidence took place in the North Barents basin, which is typical of large petroleum basins. The subsidence was due to metamorphism in the lower crust, when it was infiltrated by mantle-source fluids in several episodes. The metamorphic contraction in the lower crust gave rise to deep-water basins with sediments with a high content of unoxidized organic matter. Along with numerous structural and nonstructural traps in the cover of the North Barents basin, this is strong evidence that the North Barents basin is a large hydrocarbon basin.     

塔里木盆地下古生界碳酸盐岩油气藏特征及其分类

塔里木盆地下古生界寒武系-奥陶系碳酸盐岩油气藏复杂多样,依据圈闭类型可划分为构造类、地层岩性类、复合类等三大类油气藏.其中地层岩性油气藏还可分为风化壳型、礁滩型、白云岩型三个亚类.根据圈闭与储层特征,三大类油气藏可进一步细分为12个类型.构造类油气藏受局部构造圈闭控制,储层发育,横向连通性好,油气分布比较均一,油气水界...     

渤海湾地区X型正断层及油气意义

本文主要利用地震资料解释成果,对渤海湾地区广泛发育的X型正断层的剖面变形特征、形成演化过程和机理及其油气意义进行分析。渤海湾地区X型正断层可分为新生型和继承型两类,在剖面上组合形成对称或非对称的X型形态。新生型和继承型X型正断层具有不同的形成演化过程与控制机理。新生型X型正断层与断裂带的右行走滑作用有关,是在断层的同步滑动过程中形成的。而继承型X型正断层的形成与基底先存断裂的继承性活动密切相关,是基底断裂优先活动的结果。渤海湾地区X型正断层对油气聚集成藏的有利作用主要表现在：有利于构造和地层圈闭的形成,有利于油气发生运移;有利于改善储层物性。与X型正断层相关的构造和地层圈闭是渤海湾地区值得关注的重要油气勘探领域。     

A possible Caledonide arm through the Barents Sea imaged by OBS data

The assembly of the crystalline basement of the western Barents Sea is related to the Caledonian orogeny during the Silurian. However, the development southeast of Svalbard is not well understood, as conventional seismic reflection data does not provide reliable mapping below the Permian sequence. A wide-angle seismic survey from 1998, conducted with ocean bottom seismometers in the northwestern Barents Sea, provides data that enables the identification and mapping of the depths to crystalline basement and Moho by ray tracing and inversion. The four profiles modeled show pre-Permian basins and highs with a configuration distinct from later Mesozoic structural elements. Several strong reflections from within the crystalline crust indicate an inhomogeneous basement terrain. Refractions from the top of the basement together with reflections from the Moho constrain the basement velocity to increase from 6.3 km s⁻¹ at the top to 6.6 km s⁻¹ at the base of the crust. On two profiles, the Moho deepens locally into root structures, which are associated with high top mantle velocities of 8.5 km s⁻¹. Combined P- and S-wave data indicate a mixed sand/clay/carbonate lithology for the sedimentary section, and a predominantly felsic to intermediate crystalline crust. In general, the top basement and Moho surfaces exhibit poor correlation with the observed gravity field, and the gravity models required high-density bodies in the basement and upper mantle to account for the positive gravity anomalies in the area. Comparisons with the Ural suture zone suggest that the Barents Sea data may be interpreted in terms of a proto-Caledonian subduction zone dipping to the southeast, with a crustal root representing remnant of the continental collision, and high mantle velocities and densities representing eclogitized oceanic crust. High-density bodies within the crystalline crust may be accreted island arc or oceanic terrain. The mapped trend of the suture resembles a previously published model of the Caledonian orogeny. This model postulates a separate branch extending into central parts of the Barents Sea coupled with the northerly trending Svalbard Caledonides, and a microcontinent consisting of Svalbard and northern parts of the Barents Sea independent of Laurentia and Baltica at the time. Later, compressional faulting within the suture zone apparently formed the Sentralbanken High.     

东濮凹陷文留油田盐岩地震反射特征及相关油藏类型

利用地震资料, 结合地质、钻井资料, 对东濮凹陷文留地区盐岩的物理性质、地震反射特征、几何形态、与盐岩相关油气藏的类型进行了研究。发现盐岩具有密度恒定特性(低密度)和速度稳定特性(高速度), 基本不随深度变化。盐岩与砂泥岩体之间有较强的波阻抗差, 因而其界面反射特征明显。但盐岩的流动特性造成盐岩体有多种赋存状态, 它们的地震反射特征各不相同, 这是盐岩解释的主要困难。利用地震资料识别归纳出盐层(体)解释判定模式, 认为本区盐岩主要有3种赋存状态:原生板状盐岩、后生变形盐岩和次生盐墙。盐岩流动变形及相变形成了3类油气藏:盐上堑式背斜油气藏、盐侧向封堵油气藏和盐下盐背斜油气藏。