20世纪古生物学的重大进展及21世纪战略重点

20世纪人类积累了大量的生物学、分类学和生物地层数据，这些数据的积累使用进化论和门德尔遗传学结合起来，如遗传学和物种起源、分类学和物种起源、演化的速率和模式、分支系统学等的运用使得古生物学在研究方法上有了新的进展。并提出了21世纪古生物学的战略重点。     

古生物学研究的新进展及发展趋势

从近年来古生物学领域研究的新进展出发,探讨古生物学的发展趋势,认为在今后若干年内,利用新技术、新手段对古生物已有门类的重新鉴定,新属种的填平补齐以及演化谱系分类等方面的研究仍然是古生物学研究中非常重要的任务;应用古生物学、古生物学的边缘学科(如古生态学)将得到蓬勃发展:“间断平衡论”作为新的生物进化模式将得到验证和发展;“生物地质学”的研究扩大了古生物学家和地质学家研究古生物的范围和古生物学研究的实际意义,将逐渐完善和发展成为一门独立的边缘学科;从而对古生物学研究的选题方向有一定的指导作用。     

地质体中主要生物分子的研究方法及应用

现代分子生物学,生物化学及有机地球化学等领域的发展,为古生物研究者在发子水平上探索地质生物世界提供了新的概念和技术手段,本文着重讨论了可用于分子古生物学研究的生物分子,例如,维管植物的木质素等稳定生物聚合物,古生物细胞内的类脂化合物,碳水化合物,蛋白质及氨基酸和含遗传信息的核酸,分子古生物资料可用于探讨化石埋藏学,古生物分子系统学,生物演化模式与机制,分子演化速率,古生态环境再造等问题,本文较详细     

古生物地理学

古生物地理学是研究地质历程中动物群和植物群的地理分布规律和演变的科学。它出自古生物学与生物地理学的结合。生物地理学原于19世纪中叶,林奈最早认识到在不同地域只要环境相似,便会出现相似的生物群。凯道尔(Candolle,1820)首次将植物地理学分为生态的和区系的两类。华莱士(Wallace,1855,1876)区分了亚洲和澳洲两大生物区系,之间的分界线被命名为华莱士线。达尔文则把生物的地理分布当作有机体一样是演化的,这种思想促进了古生物学与生物地理学的结合。由于固定论在地质学领域内统治了近百年,古生物地理学长期以来     

分支系统学及微板块假设——国外古生物学新动向之二

本文介绍古生物学新理论的另外二个方面:分类学方面的分支系统学及古生物地理学的新应用领域——微板块假设。 一、分支系统学Cladistics 或系谱系统学Phylogenetic Systematics Ⅰ.含义 这一名词顾名思义是主张严格地按照演化的系谱进行分类。Cladistics一词来自clade(分支)。分支是由一个单个祖先系列演发出的各系列的总和,犹如带有各桠枝的一段树枝,祖先系列是其主干,各后代系列是桠枝。分支系统学认为生物分类应当首先搞清各系列的亲缘关系,建立分支,作为分类基础,而排斥任何非亲缘关系的分类。分枝系统学的基本     

前寒武纪古生物研究新进展

前寒武纪古生物学是前寒武纪地质学的一个分支学科，同时也是生物学，地球化学和古生物学的交叉学科，它包括了生命起源，原核生物，真核生物，后生植物，后生动物的发生与演化，文中介绍了以上各点的最新研究进展，指出这些重要演化过程均发生在前寒武纪并在其间完成，因此，前寒武纪古生物学是当前地学研究中的热点之一。     

进化序列系统学——以二叠纪瓦岗珊瑚类为例

进化序列系统学是古生物学中研究物种间和类别间的系统发育关系为目的的学科, 包括研究物种或类别间的亲缘关系, 并确定它们形成的先后序列.表型-分支系统学是该系统学的基础.分支系统学的许多重要概念在该系统学中加入了时间的含义, 例如, 认为最亲近的姐妹种之间的时间间隔不会超过它们母种的生存期.姐妹群和性状镶嵌分析是进化序列研究的主要方法, 而理解性状镶嵌分布是关键.这些分析可由计算机程序实现.以二叠纪瓦岗珊瑚类作为研究进化序列系统学的实例, 该类在特提斯地区广泛分布.通过对瓦岗珊瑚类的特征分析确定了17个性状用于研究, 并且每一性状确定了几个变化状态.根据最广布的性状状态、化石记录和个体发生等原则分辨出近祖性状状态, 并根据性状在系统发育中的重要性确定性状分级.然后, 确定了姐妹群间的关系和物种间的进化序列.在姐妹群与进化序列分析相互检验中可发现性状退化、平行演化和多向分支等古生物学重要现象, 并分辨出物种的异常顺序.在检验生物地层学首次出现事件讨论中推测了一些化石首次出现的可能层位.      

理论古生物学

理论古生物学旨在探求地质历史时期生物圈发展的规律,在研究生物进化型式及其控制因素的同时,从理论上探讨生物界重大变革的根本原因。近二十年来,国际上理论古生物学领域的日趋活跃和化古生物学(Palaeobiology)的蓬勃兴起,是当今古生物学进入新阶段的主要标志。 古生物学几乎是和地质学同步发展起来的。在“描述古生物学”(Palaeontography)方面,一百多年来,各国古生物学者识别和描述了难以数计的化石分类单元,建立了地史时期大部分生物门类的分类系统,使人们对生物界的演变历史有较深的了解。古生物学的研究迄今为     

面向古生物学家的DNA序列：来自古老分子的新挑战

分子古生物是近年来迅猛发展起来的介于传统古生物学、分子生物学和有机地球化学之间的一门新兴边缘学科，是目前世界上古生物学领域的一个前沿阵地，分子古生物学研究不仅可以使人们以分子水平上认识，解决演化生物学问题，而且可以广泛应用于第四纪地质，能源科学，高分辨率地层学，考古学，环境科学，法医学等诸多领域。本文重点介绍了如何利用现代和化石ＤＮＡ资料，去研究演化生物学的问题，并简易，通俗地介绍了这一研究领域的     

“间断平衡论”风靡欧美——国外古生物学新动向之一

近年来欧美古生物学的新理论(如分支系统学),新技术(数学方法,电镜、特种显影),新领域(前寒武纪化石、超微体、遗迹,生态地层学、微板块假设等)很多。本文只介绍一种新的演化理论——间断平衡论(Punctuated equilibria)。 一、含义 间断平衡论认为演化是突变(间断)与渐变(平衡)的结合。它与传统的演化论主要区别有三。 首先,传统学说认为演化是物种在自然选择作用下逐渐演变的过程,在时间——性状演变座标上呈斜线的形式(图1A)。间断平衡论认为演化有两种过程。大多数物种的形成是在地质上可以忽略不计的短时间内完成的,这个过程叫成种作用(Speciation)。成种作用以及种以上单位的迅速形成过程笼统地称为大演化(Macroevolution)。物种形成后在选择作     

东秦岭古生代生物古地理

秦岭褶皱带位于华北板块和扬子板块结合部位,其在河南省内的部分多划为东秦岭。东秦岭以商南-镇平缝合带分为东秦岭北部和东秦岭南部。东秦岭古生代生物古地理演变可以划分为6个阶段。在寒武纪至中奥陶世早期,东秦岭北部二郎坪海槽的寒武纪放射虫和早奥陶世牙形石与东秦岭南部淅川陆棚北部的寒武纪三叶虫、早奥陶世牙形石和头足类属华南生物省,而淅川陆棚南部的寒武纪三叶虫和早奥陶世牙形石属于华南生物省,兼有华北生物省分子。在中奥陶世晚期至奥陶纪末,二郎坪海槽的腹足类、头足类和珊瑚与淅川陆棚的牙形石、珊瑚、腕足类、头足类和三叶虫均属华北生物省。在早志留世,二郎坪海槽的珊瑚与淅川陆棚的笔石属华南生物省。在中志留世至早泥盆世,东秦岭未发现古生物化石,很可能为陆地,并与华北陆块联为一体。在中泥盆世至早石炭世,东秦岭北部柿树园海槽与东秦岭南部南湾海槽的孢子及淅川陆棚的晚泥盆世珊瑚、腕足类和古植物及早石炭世蜓属华南生物省。晚石炭世至二叠纪末,柿树园海槽的孢子见于华北生物省,东秦岭南部缺乏海相沉积。总之,在古生代,东秦岭经历了由华南生物省→华北生物省→华南生物省→华北陆→华南生物省→华北生物省6个阶段,组成3个演变旋回。东秦岭北部和南部生物古地理具有明显的演变方向的统一性和演变时间的相似性。     

扬子陆块西缘晚古生代玄武岩浆的性质和演化——玄武岩-辉绿玢岩稀土元素-微量元素地球化学研究

以四川和云南晚二叠世-早三叠世形成的峨嵋山玄武岩和同期形成的龙门山、墨江辉绿玢岩为主要研究对象,结合与勉略、三江蛇绿岩套内的玄武岩的对比,从岩石的化学成分、稀土元素和微量元素的含量和特征比值分析,提出晚古生代扬子陆块西缘的基性岩浆活动经历了由特提斯洋壳俯冲诱发陆块内玄武岩浆的发生、洋壳消减和陆块内大规模玄武岩浆喷发及局部小规模岩浆活动的萎缩消亡3个发展演化阶段.扬子陆块内玄武岩浆主要来源于正常或富集型地幔,在发生和萎缩阶段部分岩浆源自亏损型地幔.扬子陆块西缘晚古生代时期的基性岩浆活动是全球岩石圈构造活动的局域表现,与特提斯洋的俯冲-封闭有直接联系.     

MONTMORILLONITIZATION OF HYDROMICAS AS A CRITERION OF TERTIARY 0IL-BEARING FORMATIONS IN DAGESTAN

Sinitsin's approach to the mercury-antimony mineralization of the Tien Shan and Alay was through a systematic study of the tectonics and geomorphological evolution of the area. In affirming an upper Paleozoic age for the mercury mineralization, Sinitsin stressed the study of Paleozoic structure and sedimentation. The principal factors controlling the origin, nature and distribution of ore deposits such as the combination of facies, folding, and the position of mineralization channels are determined by the tectonic development of the housing structure, beginning with the sedimentation period. Sinitsin believed that the historical approach is the only Way to attack the most intricate and controversial problems in geology, including those of mineralization and ore deposits distribution. Chapter I gives a brief survey of the Precambrian outcrops and the influence of pre-Paleozoic trends on Paleozoic and younger structures., Chapter II contains the bulk of the data on tectonic development on the Paleozoic of West Tien Shan and Alay and shows that the ore zones are located along the junction of older and younger major structures, largely within the first. Chapter III deals with Mesozoic structures of the Fergana Mountains. Chapter V, “Arrangement of the Principal Structural Elements,” considers first the problem of the relationship among Paleozoic structures of the Tien Shan and Alay; second, the problem posed by the Talas -Fergana fault: and third, relations between Alay and the Pamirs. Chapter VI presents a summary and conclusions and opens with an original genetic classification of folded structure in the province under study. First order folds, represented by anticlinoria tens of kilometers across, usually coincide with troughs of the later geosynclinal stages. First order structures have deep plutonic roots. Second order folds are anticlines and synclines measuring a few kilometers across. Third order folds, fen to hundreds of meters across, usually are local features. First order folded structures often are separated by marginal faults which are of prime importance in mineralization control. — C. E. Sears.     

物种特征在生物绝灭事件中的作用

本文从居群生态学的角度出发,结合生物演化的更替速率、成种速率及灭绝速率讨论了物种的生物学特征在生物绝灭事件中的可能影响。监管蜓类、菊石、珊瑚及腕足动物的资料表明,生物的“抗灾变能力和生物的地理分布范围成正比,和生物的演化速率成反比。同时,生物在绝灭事件中的命运也和它们当时所处的演化阶段有密切的关系。     

The evolution of modern corals and their early history

Scleractinians are a group of calcified anthozoan corals, many of which populate shallow-water tropical to subtropical reefs. Most of these corals calcify rapidly and their success on reefs is related to a symbiotic association with zooxanthellae. These one-celled algal symbionts live in the endodermal tissues of their coral host and are thought responsible for promoting rapid calcification. The evolutionary significance of this symbiosis and the implications it holds for explaining the success of corals is of paramount importance. Scleractinia stands out as one of the few orders of calcified metazoans that arose in Triassic time, long after a greater proliferation of calcified metazoan orders in the Paleozoic. The origin of this coral group, so important in reefs of today, has remained an unsolved problem in paleontology. The idea that Scleractinia evolved from older Paleozoic rugose corals that somehow survived the Permian mass extinction persists among some schools of thought. Paleozoic scleractiniamorphs also have been presented as possible ancestors. The paleontological record shows the first appearance of fossils currently classified within the order Scleractinia to be in the Middle Triassic. These earliest Scleractinia provide a picture of unexpectedly robust taxonomic diversity and high colony integration. Results from molecular biology support a polyphyletic evolution for living Scleractinia and the molecular clock, calibrated against the fossil record, suggests that two major groups of ancestors could extend back to late Paleozoic time. The idea that Scleractinia were derived from soft-bodied, “anemone-like” ancestors that survived the Permian mass extinction, has become a widely considered hypothesis. The 14-million year Mesozoic coral gap stands as a fundamental obstacle to verification of many of these ideas. However, this obstacle is not a barrier for derivation of scleractinians from anemone-like, soft-bodied ancestors. The hypothesis of the ephemeral, “naked coral”, presents the greatest potential for solution of the enigma of the origin of scleractinians. It states that different groups of soft-bodied, unrelated “anemone-like” anthozoans gave rise to various calcified scleractinian-like corals through aragonitic biomineralization. Although there is evidence for this phenomenon being more universal in the mid-Triassic interval, following a lengthy Early Triassic post-extinction perturbation, it appears to have occurred at least three other times prior to this interval. This idea suggests that, because of ephemeral characteristics, the skeleton does not represent a clade of zoantharian evolution but instead represents a grade of organization. In the fossil record, skeletons may have appeared and disappeared at different times as some clades reverted to soft-bodied existence and these phenomena could account for notable gaps in the taxonomic and fossil record. A fuller understanding and possible solution to the problem of the origin of modern corals may be forthcoming. However, it will require synthesis of diverse kinds of data and an integration of findings from paleobiology, stratigraphy, molecular biology, carbonate geochemistry, biochemistry and invertebrate physiology.     

滇黔桂盆地及其邻区晚古生代层序地层格架及相对海平面变化

受同生断裂的控制 ,在晚古生代滇黔桂盆地及邻区形成特殊的“台—盆—丘—槽”的古地理格局 ,发育了复杂而有序的盆地充填序列。根据三级沉积层序的两大特性 ,在滇黔桂盆地及邻区的晚古生代地层中识别出 2 5个三级沉积层序 ;以地层记录中的的两种相变面和两种穿时性界面为关键 ,建立了晚古生代的区域层序地层格架。研究表明 ,地层记录中的层序界面大致可以划分为 4种类型 ,即构造不整合面、沉积不整合面、淹没不整合面以及它们的相关面 ,而且它们还可以进一步归为暴露间断面以及加深间断面两种范畴的界面。     

新疆古生代构造—生物古地理

通过6幅图表达了新疆古生代板块的构造－生物古地理区系。早古生代，包括劳伦，波罗的、西伯利亚和哈萨克斯坦4陆块的亚帕特斯古陆（Iapetusa)群，与由其余陆块构成的冈瓦纳古陆群隔原特提斯洋相对峙。石炭－二叠纪，欧美、安加拉、太平洋和冈瓦纳4古陆共存并立。西伯利亚和哈萨克斯担板块经历了早古生代亚伯特斯古陆、晚古生代安加拉古陆和早二叠世晚期以来欧亚大陆3个发展阶段。塔里木、中朝、华南－东南亚板块经历了早古生代冈瓦纳古陆、晚古生代太平洋古陆和早二叠世晚期以来欧亚大陆3个发展阶段。指出在中晚寒武世和晚奥陶世哈萨克斯坦板块靠近塔里木、中朝和华南－东南亚板块；在早古生代其余时期它接近西伯利亚板块。伊犁和托克逊－雅满苏地体是在中泥盆世之前裂解自塔里木板块，尔后在早二叠世晚期接近安加拉古陆。塔里木板块北东缘北山地区在早二叠世早期首先靠近安加拉古陆。塔里木与西伯利亚－哈萨克斯坦板块之间缝合时代大抵上和土耳其－中伊朗－冈底斯与华南－东南亚板块之间缝合时代一致。缝合事件发生在早二叠世早期，而相应的构造运动出现在早晚二叠世之交。     

Structural evolution of Vendian and early to Middle Paleozoic complexes in Uraltau Zone and Sakmara allochthons,Southern Urals

The structural evolution of the Late Precambrian and Early to Middle Paleozoic complexes is considered for the southern part of the Uraltau Zone and its extension in the Ebeta Antiform, as well as for the northeastern and northwestern frameworks of the ophiolitic Khabarny Allochthon, where the Late Precambrian and Paleozoic complexes of the continental margin in combination with ophiolites are drawn together in packets of tectonic nappes. The formation of the regional structure took place during several stages in various geodynamic settings. Five deformation stages have been recognized in the regional structural evolution from new data on mesostructural parageneses, which consist of folds that developed within outcrops and their relationships in rocks differing in age. The first stage is related to the Late Precambrian Timanian, or Cadomian Orogeny, and four subsequent deformation stages characterize Paleozoic tectonic evolution of the region. The geodynamic nature of the second stage remains unknown; the third stage is related to overthrusting of ophiolites in the Early Devonian; the fourth stage of deformations marks Late Paleozoic continental collision. The fifth stage of postcollisional strike-slip deformations completes the regional structural evolution.     

中国及邻区石炭纪构造古地理及生物古地理

本文包括3部分:（1）扼要回顾了中国及邻区晚海西阶段的地质构造背景和构造古地理特征。根据全球构造活动论和地壳发展阶段论的观点,把中国及邻区晚海西阶段的大地构造单元分为4个构造域,10个亚构造域。（2）论述中国和世界石炭纪生物古地理分区。根据四射珊瑚和腕足动物群分析,把全球早石炭世生物古地理区系分为两个生物大区、6个生物区和8个生物亚区。在中国境内对生物亚区内部生物地方中心的分异作了进一步划分。（3）简述中国石炭纪古地理和某些有关的沉积矿产。中国石炭系矿产除了重要的煤以外,还有石膏矿、铝土矿和不同类型的铁矿。这些沉积矿产的分布主要受到古气候、古地理和构造条件的控制。