青藏高原北部地区弱震空间图像特征与中短期地震预测方法

通过对青藏高原北部地区31次地震的研究,确定了震前地震活动图像的中短期预测指标以及中期向短期过渡的异常判据及预测方法。研究结果表明,中强地震前普遍存在地震空区、弱震条带、前兆地震或震群、地震活动增强和平静等异常图像,所表现出的异常时间存在很大的差异。具有中短期特征的弱震空区(段)和条带一般出现在震前1～3a,平均持续时间1a,在空区解体后1～6个月发生地震。大多数前兆地震或震群活动属于短临异常,一般出现在震前几天至6个月,震级差为1．0～2．3,距离震中5～60km,空间上主要集中在祁连山地震带。地震活动增强以应力集中为主,属于短期异常特征。异常图像在时间上表现为中期阶段以孕震空区、弱震条带、地震活动增强和平静等异常,异常比较显著且不同步;短临阶段出现前兆地震和地震空区停止活动而形成的临震前的相对平静。异常图像在空间上具有较明显的分区性,与区域活动构造有一定的关系。     

滇西南地震活动特征分析

对滇西南1970年以来所有M≥4.6级地震前的空间活动图像进行研究,用地震频度作为参数描述地震前区域的地震活动增强与平静现象,用空区、条带描述地震的孕震过程,得到以下认识:①地震频度增加是滇西南地区5级以上地震前的共性特征;②滇西南地区M≥4.6级地震前出现空区的比例随着地震震级的增加而有所增加,4.6~4.9级地震前只有60%的地震出现空区,5.0~5.9级地震前有90.9%的地震出现空区,而6.0级以上地震前全部出现空区;③空区平均持续时间也随着震级的加大而增加,空区平均持续时间为13.58个月,最短为3个月,最长为37个月;④主震位置(27/33)多发生在空区边缘(含长轴端12次、短轴端8次)。震前出现条带的规律则不明显。     

华北北部地区地震中短期前兆场的震中区前兆空区模式

华北北部地区３次强震的交兆场研究结果表明,在地震发生前几个至十几（或几十个）个月的时间尺度上,未来震中区表现为前兆平静或空白的特征,同期外转眍中小地震活动十分活跃,地震前兆异常也大量涌现。根据这些现象,提出了地震中短期前兆场的震中区前兆空区模式。     

川西地震重点监视防御区的近期地震趋势及分段发震概率

川西地震重点监视防御区的确定，首先基于本世纪第五强震活跃幕川滇地区强震活动空间分布图象的结构性转移；二是该区“第一类地震空区”或“空段”的存在及强地震复发周期接近；三是大地形变复测证实监测区内“闭锁段”和“隆起区”的存在；四是在其空段和闭锁段或隆起区近年曾发生注目的中等地震活动；五是测震和其它微观前兆趋势性异常出现，说明所圈定监视区的中期强震危险性存在。本文通过构造活动速率、历史地震计算的复发概率值和测震学及微观前兆异常信度的分析和综合信度运算，探讨了并给出了川西地震重点监视区及附近地区的近期分段发震概率。     

昆仑山口西8.1级地震前地震活动性异常特征

利用地震活动图像演化动态跟踪、地震活动参数时间扫描及震群判定等目前较为成熟的地震预测方法,研究了2001年昆仑山口西8.1级地震前地震活动性异常.结果显示8.1级地震前地震活动性异常有序性明显,地震空区、地震条带、震群活动异常突出,且呈现配套特征.研究认为地震空区图像演化对揭示特大地震的孕育场有所帮助;大范围前兆震群活动是特大地震前多点应力积累、释放的前兆反应;结合地震活动参数扫描异常综合分析,特大地震前可能做出一定的中期-短期预测.     

库尔勒5.2级地震的地震活动特征及前兆异常

自1927年以来,库尔勒地区Ms≥5.0级地震有平均10年左右的活动周期。1988年5月26日5.2级地震前,存在地震空区、条带、应变释放偏低等测震学前兆,形变、应力、地电、泉水流量等多项前兆观测均有不同程度的中期和短临异常显示。     

2007年5～6月滇西南地区M≥5成组地震活动中、短临异常特征及预测

给出了2007年滇西南地区中等地震丛集活动的跟踪预测过程,以及云南地区地震活动异常和前兆异常的动态演化图像。这组中等地震中期阶段的异常特征主要是:云南地区长达3年多和滇西南地区长达12年的6级地震平静,小震调制比、高水位和部分前兆的趋势异常显示滇西南从2006年以来处于应力水平相对较高状态;中短期阶段在滇西南出现3级地震活动增强,并形成空区,小的单元体破裂后把能量集中到更大单元体,发生更大地震;短临阶段小震活动不断向震中迁移,空区被打破。中等地震丛集活动过程中,每次新的M≥5地震发生前,滇西南均出现3级震群活动,前兆均有新的异常过程出现。     

姚安6．5级地震前兆异常动态演变特征

把研究区划分为孕震区和外围区 ,按层次分析地震前兆异常动态演变的方法 ,分析研究 2 0 0 0年 1月 1 5日云南省姚安 6 5级地震前 ,震源区及其周围中等地震活动空间分布、小震群活动、地震危险度D及地下流体、地磁、地电、地形变等前兆手段异常变化 ,得出了姚安 6 5级地震孕育过程前兆异常动态演变特征。其主要特征为 :1 .孕震区地震活动演变方式为活动增强 -异常平静 -发震 ;2 .孕震区外围附近地区地震活动表现为平静 -活动增强 ,当地震孕育进入中期阶段 ,地震活动形成地震密集区 ;3.地震孕育发展中短期阶段 ,地下流体、地磁、地电、地形变等多项前兆手段出现同步异常变化 ,至短临阶段 ,这些异常大多出现转折或恢复     

浙北地震空区探讨

分析探讨了浙江鄞县４．２级地震历史上浙北中强震前的地震前的地震空区现象,认为孕震空区可能是浙北中等及中强震的中期前兆,并提出浙北孕震空区的特征及判别方法。     

1987年寻乌地震前的地震活动性异常特征及其相关讨论

利用“八五”，“九五”地震预报攻关研究的成果。对1987年寻乌Ms5.5级地震前的地震活动性异常特征进行了再研究。结果表明，此次地震前出现小震活动空区，地震活动“增强-平静”，前兆性震群活动等多项明显的地震活动性异常。这些异常还表现出一些中期向短期过渡的特征。对将来主震的中短期预测具有一定的参考价值。     

A Monte Carlo study of rainfall forecasting with a stochastic model

A procedure for short-term rainfall forecasting in real-time is developed and a study of the role of sampling on forecast ability is conducted. Ground level rainfall fields are forecasted using a stochastic space-time rainfall model in state-space form. Updating of the rainfall field in real-time is accomplished using a distributed parameter Kalman filter to optimally combine measurement information and forecast model estimates. The influence of sampling density on forecast accuracy is evaluated using a series of a simulated rainfall events generated with the same stochastic rainfall model. Sampling was conducted at five different network spatial densities. The results quantify the influence of sampling network density on real-time rainfall field forecasting. Statistical analyses of the rainfall field residuals illustrate improvement in one hour lead time forecasts at higher measurement densities.     

Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Vibration Aims And Scope

正This journal is established by the Institute of Engineering Mechanics(IEM),China Earthquake Administration,to promote scientific exchange between Chinese and foreign scientists and engineers so as to improve the theory and practice of earthquake hazards mitigation,preparedness,and recovery.To accomplish this purpose,the journal aims to attract a balanced number of papers between Chinese and     

Foreword

Destructive earthquakes have caused great damage in China and the United States and collapsing buildings havecaused many deaths and injuries. The field of earthquake engineering studies earthquake hazards, the occurrence ofearthquakes of various magnitudes, the nature of the ground shaking during an earthquake, the vibration of structuresduring earthquakes, the strengthening of existing structures and the design of new structures to be earthquake resistant,and finally, how to cope with earthquake damage and restore a city to normal functioning. Such efforts are in progressin both countries, but unfortunately, the language barrier interferes with the free flow of information between China andthe Untied States. It would be mutually beneficial if some means could be developed to promote the exchangeof information across the Pacific Ocean. This new journal has been established for this purpose and its success willbe an important step in promoting earthquake engineering in China and the United States.     

WORLD ASSOCIATION FOR SEDIMENTATION AND EROSION RESEARCH(WASER)

正President:Giampaolo Di Silvio,Italy Vice Presidents:Ulrich C.E.Zanke,Germany Zhao-yin Wang,China The World Association for Sedimentation and Erosion Research(WASER),inaugurated on Oct.19,2004,is an independent non-governmental,non-profit organization.The mission of WASER is to promote international co-operation on the study     

Enhancing remote sensing research on global change to improve our understanding on Earth system processes

正Global Change includes climate change and other environmental changes caused by the joint interaction among various layers of Earth. From the positive side, global change provides new opportunities to human and other living forms on Earth. In the meantime, it creates tremendous challenges and negative impact. At present, the negative impacts have reached all primary processes of the global ecosystem and every aspect of human society, especially causing degradation of the ecosystem. For instance, intensive deforestation causes decline of biodiversity; global warming causes sea level rise and increases     

Solute concentrations in the lower niger river and the source rock contribution

Water quality analyses for the Niger River for the 1980/81 hydrological year are presented. The samples were collected from the main river at Lokoja, and from two main tributaries, the Kaduna and the Benue Rivers. Different water types were distinguished by the concentrations of major ions. The type Ca > Na > Mg > K - HCO₃ > SO₄ > Cl was represented at all stations during at least part of the year. Chloride was found to dominate the sulphate ion in the Kaduna and Niger, while the Benue maintained a higher concentration of sulphate relative to chloride all year round. Distinct patterns of seasonal variation in the ion concentrations were observed, particularly for the samples collected at Lokoja. Low ion concentrations were prominent during periods of high discharge, while low flow periods coincided with high dissolved ion concentrations. The contribution of rainwater to the total dissolved solids in the river waters was assessed indirectly using rainwater chemistry data from the Gulf of Guinea. The estimated rainwater contribution to the Lower Niger amounts to 5.15 mg 1^?1. Geochemical weathering calculations involving reactions of the four major minerals of granitic rocks - anorthite, biotite, albite, and K-feldspar - with carbon dioxide and water, can account for the average water composition of the Lower Niger. The proportion of the ionic components was also related to the occurrence of the respective element in the minerals.