基于镭同位素分布的黄海和东海垂直混合速率计算

在黄海和东海采样测定了水体中的镭同位素分布,用平流扩散模型描述镭同位素分布,最小二乘方法计算了垂直涡动扩散系数和上升流或下降流流速.结果给出北黄海中部、南黄海中部、浙江沿岸和台湾北部海域存在上升流,流速分别为0.46×10^-3cm·s^-1、0.17×10^-3~1.39×10^-3cm·s^-1、2.02×10^-3~3.04×10^-3 cm·s^-1和1.06×10^-3~2.51×10^-3 cm·s^-1.北黄海中部和东海东北部存在下降流.流速分别为-2.30×10^-3 cm·s^-1和-0.61×10^-3~-2.10×10^-3 cm·s^-1.计算同时给出的垂直涡动扩散系数为5.84~48.2 cm²·s^-1,平均值为22.3 cm²·s^-1.北黄海和浙江沿岸上升流流速与文献的结果一致;北黄海中部存在下降流与文献的结论一致.本研究结果与文献结果一致是对所建立的方法的肯定,也是对文献研究结果的支持.     

一种基于LEO卫星信标的电离层层析成像新算法

LEO卫星信标是电离层监测的重要手段之一. 利用电离层层析成像算法, LEO卫星信标能够实现区域电离层电子密度的快速重构. 针对LEO卫星信标的特点, 本文提出了一种函数基模型与像素基模型组合的电离层层析成像新算法. 选择差分相对电离层总电子含量作为输入数据源, 先通过函数基模型法获取电离层电子密度初始分布, 再利用像素基模型法对初始分布进行二次迭代重构, 该方法可有效降低电离层层析成像对背景电离层模型的依赖, 同时能够实现电离层小尺度扰动结构的有效反演. 利用数值仿真方法及低纬度电离层层析成像网的实测数据的反演结果验证了本文提出的新算法的可行性和可靠性.     

On the strength of electric currents and zonal magnetic fields at the top of the Earth''s core: Methodology and preliminary estimates

A new method is described for estimating: (a) the meridional electric current density, j_θ, (b) the vertical growth rate of the zonal magnetic field, ∂B_φ/∂r, or its scale-height, B_φ/∂B_φ/∂r) and (c) the vertical growth rate of the vertical current density, ∂j_r/∂r, at a few isolated points on the top surface of the Earth's core from observations of the internal geomagnetic field at the Earth's surface. The theoretical technique rests on combining unaccelerated, gravitationally-driven Boussinesq fluid dynamics of the core with frozen-flux electromagnetism, the mantle being treated as a spherically symmetric insulator.

Insertion into this theory of main field models for epochs 1965, 1975 leads to preliminary values for these quantities of magnitude: (a) j_θ 1 A/m², (b) ∂B_φ/∂r 10⁻⁶ T/m or B_φ/(∂B_φ/∂r) 10 m, (c) ∂j_r/∂r 10⁻⁶ A/m³. Some geophysical implications of these estimates are discussed.     

Implanted radiogenic and other noble gases in crustal diamonds from Northern Kazakhstan

Noble gases were extracted in steps from grain size fractions of microdiamonds ( < 100 μm) from the Kokchetav Massif, Northern Kazakhstan, by pyrolysis and combustion. The concentration of ⁴He in the diamonds proper (liberated by combustion) shows a 1/r dependence on grain size. For grain diameters > 15 μm the concentration also decreases with the combustion step. Both results are clear evidence that ⁴He has been implanted into the diamonds from -decaying elements in the surrounding matrix. The saturation concentration of ⁴He(5.6 × 10⁻⁴ cm³ STP/g) is among the very highest observed in any terrestrial diamonds. Fission xenon from the spontaneous fission of ²³⁸U accompanies the radiogenic ⁴He; the ¹³⁶Xe_f/⁴He ratio of (2.5 ± 0.3) × 10⁻⁹ agrees well with the production ratio of 2.3 × 10⁻⁹ expected in a reservoir where Th/U 3.3. Radiogenic ⁴⁰Ar is predominantly ( > 90%) set free upon combustion; it also resides in the diamonds and appears to have been incorporated into the diamonds upon their formation.

³He, on the other hand is mainly released during pyrolysis and hence is apparently carried by ‘contaminants’. The concentration in the diamonds proper is of the order of 4 × 10⁻¹² cm³ STP/g, with a ³He/⁴He ratio of 1 × 10⁻⁸. Excess ²¹Ne, similarly, appears to be present in contaminants as well as in diamonds proper. These two nuclides in the contaminants must have a nucleogenic origin, but it is difficult to explain their high concentrations.     

Understanding the effect of a static driving shear stress on the liquefaction resistance of medium dense granular soils

The influence of a driving static shear stress on the liquefaction resistance of medium dense granular soils is investigated. A laboratory study of the behavior of five sands (percentage of silt varying between 2 and 42%, and D₅₀ varying between 0.55 and 0.09 mm) was undertaken. These five sands were sampled from the foundations of two dams in Quebec (Canada). Sixty cyclic direct simple shear (DSS) tests were performed with and without a driving static shear stress. Relative densities D_r varied between 60 and 70%, and static shear stress ratios =τ_st/σ′_vc varied between 0.2 and 0.6. The presence of static shear stress increased the cyclic strength of these soils. A relation between and K() factor giving the effect of preshearing on cyclic shear resistance is obtained. The mechanical competence is examined as a function of D₅₀ and percentage of fines. The observed dilatancy yielded rather cyclic mobility than liquefaction.     

The S pole distribution on magnetic grains in pyroxenite determined by magnetotactic bacteria

North-seeking bacteria (NSB) with 1 μm diameters migrate to the S pole only. They were applied to identify the S pole determination on a polished surface of magnetite-rich pyroxenite whose natural remanent magnetization (NRM) intensity was 5.64 × 10⁻³ Am² kg⁻¹. The microscopic observations were performed under dark-field illumination in a controlled magnetic field to 10 μT. The NSB formed clusters on limited areas of magnetite grains and scattered over the whole magnetite grains.

The NRM decreased to 1.02 × 10⁻⁵ Am² kg⁻¹ by alternating field (AF) demagnetization to 60 mT but no clusters appeared, while small populations of the NSB scattered on each grain. These scattered bacteria may gather toward the S pole resulting from magnetic domain walls.

When the sample acquired saturation isothermal remanent magnetization (SIRM) to 1 T, the NSB formed dense clusters at the opposite side to the applied field direction on the many grains as expected. This evidence indicated that the NSB can be useful micro-organisms for the determination of fine magnetic structures. Some grains also had NSB clusters at the edge of the grains toward the field direction or did not exhibit any clusters. The complicated distribution of the clusters (the S poles) may be explained by shape anisotropy of the magnetic grains.     

Analysis of the time-scaling behaviour in the sequence of the aftershocks of the Bovec (Slovenia) April 12, 1998 earthquake

Analysis of the temporal fluctuations, described by a power spectral density S(f) decaying as 1/f with exponent >0, in the sequence of aftershocks of the Bovec (Slovenia) earthquake of April 12, 1998 has been performed, using the Allan Factor (AF) method. The sequence of the occurrence times of the events with threshold magnitude M_th≥2.0 is characterised by a scale-invariant behaviour from the time scale τ2·10⁴ s with a scaling coefficient 0.9, evaluated by a least-square method. By gradually increasing the threshold magnitude up to M_th=2.9, the AF curves, associated, respectively with the processes of selected events with magnitude M≥M_th, indicate a monotonic decrease of the value of the scaling exponent , in the range of time scales stretching from 10² to 5·10⁵ s. For all the thresholds considered, the AF curves increase monotonically with the counting time and are well fitted by an increasing power-law function for counting times greater than approximately 2·10⁴ s. This monotonic power-law increase indicates the presence of fluctuations on many time scales and therefore of fractal clustering.     

Dislocation microstructures in naturally deformed silicate garnets

Dislocation microstructures of naturally deformed silicate garnets and olivines in garnet-peridotites and silicate garnets in eclogites from four localities have been observed with a transmission electron microscope (TEM) to clarify the dislocation characteristics of silicate garnets. We have obtained the following results: (1) dislocation densities of garnets in all the garnet-peridotites (ρ = 10⁵−10⁷ cm⁻²) are always nearly an order of magnitude lower than those of co-existing olivines; (2) dislocation densities of garnets in eclogites (ρ = 10⁵−10⁸ cm⁻²) which are embedded in garnet-peridotites are almost an order of magnitude higher than those of garnets in the surrounding garnet-peridotites; (3) the dominant Burgers vector, b, of mainly edge dislocations in garnet is 100 for specimens with dislocation density ρ = 10⁵−10⁶ cm⁻², while b=1/2111 for specimens with ρ = 10⁷−10⁸ cm⁻². Result (1) indicates that the observed dislocations in garnets were formed by plastic deformation under the same stresses as for co-existing olivines, and that there is a similar relationship between applied stress and dislocation density for garnets as for olivines. Result (2) suggests that the stress concentration occurred around eclogites embedded in garnet-peridotites, and the resulting differential stress in garnets in eclogites was further elevated by the interlocking of neighboring hard garnet grains. Finally, result (3) indicates that the dominant Burgers vector of mainly edge dislocations in garnet changes from 100 to 1/2111 with increasing applied differential stress.     

随钻地层测试压力响应数学模型及物理实验考察

基于随钻地层测试基本原理和渗流理论,建立了圆柱坐标系下压力下降和压力恢复阶段的压力扩散微分方程,确定出随钻地层压力测试定解问题,通过对定解问题的边界进行齐次化处理,并采用有限差分方法建立了四维空间下的显格式差分方程,以解析方法和有限差分方法分析了点源单相单测试室均质球形渗流问题,两种方法计算误差小于2.00%,检验了有限差分方法的正确性.采用有限差分方法定量分析了不同渗透率（0.1×10-3μm2、1.0×10-3μm2和10.0×10-3μm2）地层下,表皮效应、储集效应、地层非均质性、抽吸速率、抽吸探头半径等因素对压力响应的影响,分析表明,这些因素对压力响应曲线的影响十分显著,主要表现在抽吸压降、压降速率、压力恢复速率、恢复时间等几个方面,而且不同渗透率地层的敏感程度差异比较大.建立了地层压力测试模拟实验平台,模拟了3种不同渗透率（108.81×10-3μm2、16.10×10-3μm2和4.79×10-3μm2）地层的压力抽吸测试,并采用有限差分方法对实验进行了数值模拟.结果表明,数值模拟与实测压力响应一致性非常好,二者绝对误差小于1.60 MPa,相对误差低于5.00%（最大误差4.92%）,验证了有限差分数值方法的正确性和准确性.     

Al depth profile in Apollo 15 drill core

Cosmic-ray-produced²⁶Al (t_1/2 = 7.05 × 10⁵ years) has been measured in the Apollo 15 long core (surface to 390 g/cm²—218 cm) for study of galactic cosmic ray production profiles, using accelerator mass spectrometry. The results are in general accord with non-destructive counting data obtained earlier, but systematically lower, and significantly higher precision. From this experiment the half-attenuation length for²⁶Al production can be calculated to be 122 g/cm² (150–400 g/cm² region) after normalizing the data to average chemical composition. The⁵³Mn (t_1/2 = 3.7 × 10⁶ years) production profile in deep cores was also compiled to date. The half-attenuation length for⁵³Mn production was calculated to be 123 g/cm² (150–400 g/cm² region).     

汶川地震断层带结构及渗透率

对汶川地震断层带进行了跨断层的渗透率测量.结果显示汶川地震断层由低渗的核部(2.4×10-19～3.8×10-16m2)、高渗的破碎带(3.7×10-16～3.0×10-15m2)以及含裂隙原岩(6.0×10-18～4.3×10-13 m2)组成(有效压力40 MPa),其中新鲜断层泥具有最低的渗透率.断层泥和两侧原岩...     

基于GRACE Follow-On卫星重力梯度法精确反演地球重力场

由于GRACE Follow-On双星系统等效于基线长为星间距离的一维水平重力梯度仪,因此本文基于GRACE Follow-On卫星重力梯度法开展了精确和快速反演下一代地球重力场的可行性论证研究. 研究结果表明：第一,基于GRACE Follow-On卫星重力梯度法（GFO-SGGM）,利用卫星轨道参数（轨道高度250 km、星间距离50 km、轨道倾角89°、轨道离心率0.001）、关键载荷测量精度（星间距离10-6 m、星间速度10-7 m·s-1、星间加速度10-10 m·s-2、轨道位置10-3 m、轨道速度10-6 m·s-1、非保守力10-11 m·s-2）、观测时间30天和采样间隔10 s反演了120阶地球重力场,在120阶处累计大地水准面精度为9.331×10-4 m. 第二,在120阶内,利用将来GRACE Follow-On双星反演地球重力场精度较现有GRACE双星平均提高61倍,因此GRACE Follow-On卫星重力梯度法是进一步提高地球重力场反演精度的优选方法. 第三,下一代GRACE Follow-On计划较当前GRACE计划的优点如下：轨道高度更低（200~300 km）、载荷精度更高（10-7 ~10-9 m·s-1）和星间距离更短（50~100 km）.     

Origin and age of thermal waters in Cieplice Spa, Sudeten, Poland, inferred from isotope, chemical and noble gas data

Isotope and hydrochemical data of the thermal water system in Cieplice laskie Zdrój (Spa) indicate the existence of two subsystems that greatly differ in volume and which meet at the fault zones of a granitic horst, where they discharge at an altitude of about 340m. One of the subsystems is very small (about 4 × 10³ m³) as indicated by the tritium age of the order of 10 years and a low outflow rate. Its recharge area found from the δ¹⁸O and δD values, is about 200m above the springs, most probably on the slopes of the foothills of the Karkonosze Mountains south-southwest of the spa. The large subsystem contains water which is free of tritium and whose ¹⁴C content is from 1 to 8 pmc with δ¹³C = −8.0 to −9.2‰. The isotopic composition of this water reflects either the climatic effect (low-altitude recharge during a cooler pre-Holocene climate) or the altitude effect (recharge in the early Holocene period at about 1000m at the heights of the Karkonosze assuming that the ¹⁴C concentration is strongly reduced by exchange with calcite in veins). For the former hypothesis, the recharge area of this water is probably either at the foot of the southeastern slopes of the Kaczawa Mountains or/and at the foot of the Rudawy Janowickie Mountains, to the east of Cieplice. The noble gas temperatures are more consistent with the pre-Holocene recharge. Similarly, the ⁴He excess and ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar ratio support the hypothesis of a pre-Holecene age. The constant ³He/⁴He ratio of 26 × 10⁻⁸ for highly different helium contents indicates crustal origin of helium. For the pre-Holocene age of water its volume is calculated at >- 10⁹m³ (stagnant water in micropores and mobile water in fractures) and the hydraulic conductivity of the host granite massif is estimated at about 7 × 10⁻⁸ ms⁻¹. Two outflows from this subsystem have different and variable fractions of a modern water component (bomb age), most probably originating from the bank infiltration of a nearby stream.     

Influence of artificial groundwater lakes on the abundance and activity of bacteria in adjacent subsurface systems

Bacterial abundances and activity, estimated by 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole staining (DAPI) and the reduction of 2-(p-iodophenyl)-3-(p-nitrophenyl)-5-phenyl tetrazolium chloride (INT), were investigated in two oligotrophic artificial groundwater lakes and the surrounding aquifers. To evaluate the effect of lake water on groundwater downstream, samples were taken from wells at different distances from the lakes, and the total number of bacteria and the number of active bacteria in these samples were compared with samples collected upstream. In addition, sterilized sandy sediments were exposed in groundwater wells to measure the number and activity of bacteria attached to particles. At one of the study sites, where the lake sediments were disturbed by dredging, total bacterial abundance and the number of respiring bacteria in the groundwater aquifer was clearly influenced by the lake water. The average bacterial abundances decreased from 2.6 ± 1.9 × 10⁵ cells ml⁻¹ in the well closest to the lake (S2) to 2.9 ± 3.8 × 10⁴ cells ml⁻¹ in the most distant one (S4), which was equivalent to cell numbers in the upstream well. The number of respiring bacteria showed a similar tendency with 1.3 ± 2.7 × 10⁴ active cells ml⁻¹ in S2 and 1.9 ± 1.5 × 10³ active cells ml⁻¹ in S4. At the second study site, which was not influenced by dredging, bacteria in the downstream wells seemed not to be affected by the lake water. The number and activity of bacteria, which colonized exposed sediments, were not significantly different in the upstream and downstream wells, indicating a minor influence of lake water on this habitat. Our results suggest that gravel-pit lakes may influence the free living bacterial assemblages in nearshore groundwater systems, but do not visibly affect numbers and activity of bacteria attached to the surface of aquifer sediments.     

U,U andTh in seawater

We have developed techniques to determine²³⁸U,²³⁴U and²³²Th concentrations in seawater by isotope dilution mass spectrometry. U measurements are made using a²³³U²³⁶U double spike to correct for instrumental fractionation. Measurements on uranium standards demonstrate that²³⁴U/²³⁸U ratios can be measured accurately and reproducibly.²³⁴U/²³⁸U can be measured routinely to ± 5‰ (2σ) for a sample of 5 × 10⁹ atoms of²³⁴U (3 × 10⁻⁸ g of total U, 10 ml of seawater). Data acquisition time is 1 hour. The small sample size, high precision and short data acquisition time are superior to-counting techniques.²³⁸U is measured to ± 2‰ (2σ) for a sample of 8 × 10¹² atoms of²³⁸U ( 3 × 10⁻⁹ g of U, 1 ml of seawater).²³²Th is measured to ± 20‰ with 3 × 10¹¹²³²Th atoms (10⁻¹⁰ g²³²Th, 1 1 of seawater). This small sample size will greatly facilitate investigation of the²³²Th concentration in the oceans. Using these techniques, we have measured²³⁸U,²³⁴U and²³²Th in vertical profiles of unfiltered, acidified seawater from the Atlantic and²³⁸U and²³⁴U in vertical profiles from the Pacific. Determinations of²³⁴U/²³⁸U at depths ranging from 0 to 4900 m in the Atlantic (7°44′N, 40°43′W) and the Pacific (14°41′N, 160°01′W) Oceans are the same within experimental error (± 5‰,2σ). The average of these²³⁴U/²³⁸U measurements is 144 ± 2‰ (2σ) higher than the equilibrium ratio of 5.472 × 10⁻⁵. U concentrations, normalized to 35‰ salinity, range from 3.162 to 3.281 ng/g, a range of 3.8%. The average concentration of the Pacific samples (31°4′N, 159°1′W) is 1% higher than that of the Atlantic (7°44′N, 40°43′W and 31°49′N, 64°6′W).²³²Th concentrations from an Atlantic profile range from 0.092 to 0.145 pg/g. The observed constancy of the²³⁴U/²³⁸U ratio is consistent with the predicted range of²³⁴U/²³⁸U using a simple two-☐ model and the residence time of deep water in the ocean determined from¹⁴C. The variation in salinity-normalized U concentrations suggests that U may be much more reactive in the marine environment than previously thought.     

Effect of Bioremediation on the Microbial Community in Oiled Mangrove Sediments

Bioremediation was conducted in the field on a mature Rhizophora stylosa mangrove stand on land to be reclaimed near Fisherman’s Landing Wharf, Gladstone Australia. Gippsland crude oil was added to six large plots (>40 m²) and three plots were left untreated as controls. Bioremediation was used to treat three oiled plots and the remaining three were maintained as oiled only plots. The bioremediation strategy consisted of actively aerating the sediment and adding a slow-release fertilizer in order to promote oil biodegradation by indigenous micro-organisms. Oil addition stimulated the numbers of alkane-degrading bacteria slightly to levels of 10⁴–10⁵/g sediment. Bioremediation of the oiled sediment had a marked effect on the alkane-degrading population, increasing the population size by three orders of magnitude from 10⁵ to 10⁸ cells/g of sediment. An effect of bioremediation on the growth of aromatic-degraders was detected with numbers of aromatic-degraders increasing from 10⁴ to 10⁶ cells/g of sediment. Active aeration and nutrient addition significantly stimulated the growth of hydrocarbon-degraders in oiled mangrove sediment in the field.     

Impacts of domestic sewage effluent on phytoplankton from Bedford Basin, eastern Canada

The impact of domestic sewage effluent (SE) on the dynamics of phytoplankton assemblages from Bedford Basin was evaluated in the laboratory. Phytoplankton production and chlorophyll a increased proportionally with SE enrichment. Phytoplankton species composition also changed. The potentially harmful diatoms, Pseudonitzschia spp., present initially in small numbers (600 cells 1⁻¹) in Bedford Basin seawater, and became dominant (3–5×10⁶ cells 1⁻¹) when the seawater was enriched with 0.5–5% untreated SE. With higher proportions of SE, other harmful species such as Fragilaria spp. and Euglena spp. became dominant (7−15×10⁶ and 2.2×10⁴ cells 1⁻¹, respectively). Treatment of SE with UV light or activated charcoal seems to favour growth of benign species, such as Chaetoceros socialis, Skeletonema costatum and Thalassiosira spp., but not harmful species such as Pseudonitzschia spp. Further research on UV treatment of domestic sewage is recommended.     

REE diffusion in calcite

Chemical diffusion of four rare-earth elements (La, Nd, Dy and Yb) has been measured in natural calcite under anhydrous conditions, using rare-earth carbonate powders as the source of diffusants. Experiments were run in sealed silica capsules along with finely ground calcite to ensure stability of the single-crystal samples during diffusion anneals. Rutherford backscattering spectroscopy (RBS) was used to measure diffusion profiles. The following Arrhenius relations were obtained over the temperature range 600–850°C: D_La =2.6×10⁻¹⁴ exp(−147±14 kJ mol⁻¹/RT) m² s⁻¹, D_Nd =2.4×10⁻¹⁴ exp(−150±13 kJ mol⁻¹/RT) m² s⁻¹, D_Dy =2.9×10⁻¹⁴ exp(−145±25 kJ mol⁻¹/RT) m² s⁻¹, D_Yb =3.9×10⁻¹² exp(−186±23 kJ mol⁻¹/RT) m² s⁻¹. In contrast to previous findings for refractory silicates (e.g. zircon), differences in transport rates among the REE are not pronounced over the range of temperature conditions investigated in this study. Diffusion of the REE is significantly slower than diffusion of the divalent cations Sr and Pb and slower than transport of Ca and C at temperatures above 650°C. Fine-scale zoning and isotopic and REE chemical signatures may be retained in calcites under many conditions if diffusion is the dominant process affecting alteration.     

1718年通渭M7.5地震滑坡特征分析——黄土高原历史强震触发滑坡数据库的应用

利用新技术、新方法,研究历史强震的发震构造及震害,是修订历史强震震源参数的重要内容.本文以1718年通渭M 7.5地震滑坡为研究对象,采用地质学“将今论古”原理,基于历史文献分析、遥感解译、野外验证等方法获得通渭地震滑坡数据库.研究发现,(1)总解译滑坡数量5019处,总面积635 km^2,滑坡密集沿通渭断裂分布,与X度等震线吻合,但范围均向西、向北各扩展约20 km;(2)与2008年汶川M8地震滑坡相比,面积<10^3 m^2的滑坡大量缺失,面积10^3~10^4 m^2的滑坡部分缺失,面积>10^4 m^2的滑坡数量相当;(3)尽管通渭地震滑坡数据库并不完整,但是能够反映极震区中大型滑坡的总体特征,可据此确定极震区范围;(4)通渭地震极震区至少有27处以“泄山”等记录地震滑坡的地名,这些受滑坡影响的居民点集中在通渭断裂两侧,占比超过50%,是致7万人死亡的重要致灾因素.研究认为,在黄土高原地区,确认密集的中大型滑坡体可能由单次历史强震触发,且排除其他远场强震影响之后,可以利用现今多时相的高分辨率卫星影像解译获得“相对完整”的历史地震滑坡数据库,为历史强震震源参数的修订提供基础资料.