A Model Describing the Time Course and Variability in Toxicity of Hydrophobic Chemicals to Aquatic Organisms-Toxicity of chlorinated benzenes to marine algae

The growth of Chlorella marine, Nannochloris oculate, Pyramimonaos sp., Platymonas subcordiformis and Phaeodactylum tricornutum exposed to chlorobenzene, 1,2-dichlorobenzene, 1, 2, 3, 4-tetrachlorobenzene and pentachlorobenzene was tested. The Boltzman equation was used to describe organism growth. The time course for uptake of hydrophobic organic chemicals (HOCs) by aquatic organisms was expressed by incorporating growth and, if desired, the effect of metabolism into the HOC bioconcentration process. The probability of any given concentration of HOCs in the organisms causing a specified toxic endpoint was expressed with a modified Weibull distribution function. The combined bioconcentration and probability equations were tested with data for time course of incubation of algae exposed to chlorinated benzenes (CBs). A set of parameters, including the uptake rate constant k1, the elimination rate constant k2 and thereafter the bioconcentration factor on a dry weight basis, BCFD, the critical HOC concentration in the organism resulting in a specified toxic endpoint, C*A, and the spread factor, S, could be obtained by fitting only experimental data for percent growth inhibition(%)-time-CB exposure concentration. The average coefficients of variation within CBs were 15.2% for BCFD, 21.0%for k1, 18.3% for k2, 8.1% for C*A and 9.7% for S. The variability in toxicity (such as EC10, EC50, ECg0) derived from the model equations agreed well with those experimentally observed.     

A model describing the time course and variability in toxicity of hydrophobic chemicals to aquatic organisms

The growth of Chlorella marine, Nannochloris oculate, Pyramimonaos sp., Platymonas subcordiformis and Phaeodactylum tricornutum exposed to chlorobenzene, 1,2-dichlorobenzene, 1,2,3,4-tetrachlorobenzene and pentachlorobenzene was tested. The Boltzman equation was used to describe organism growth. The time course for uptake of hydrophobic organic chemicals (HOCs) by aquatic organisms was expressed by incorporating growth and, if desired, the effect of metabolism into the HOC bioconcentration process. The probability of any given concentration of HOCs in the organisms causing a specified toxic endpoint was expressed with a modified Weibull distribution function. The combined bioconcentration and probability equations were tested with data for time course of incubation of algae exposed to chlorinated benzenes (CBs). A set of parameters, including the uptake rate constant k ₁, the elimination rate constant k ₂ and thereafter the bioconcentration factor on a dry weight basis, BCF _D, the critical HOC concentration in the organism resulting in a specified toxic endpoint, C _A ^* , and the spread factor, S, could be obtained by fitting only experimental data for percent growth inhibition(%)-time-CB exposure concentration. The average coefficients of variation within CBs were 15.2% for BCF _D, 21.0% for k ₁, 18.3% for k ₂, 8.1% for C _A ^* and 9.7% for S. The variability in toxicity (such as EC₁₀, EC₅₀, EC₉₀) derived from the model equations agreed well with those experimentally observed.     

Bromophenols from marine algae with potential anti-diabetic activities

Marine algae contain various bromophenols with a variety of biological activities,including antimicrobial,anticancer,and anti-diabetic effects.Here,we briefly review the recent progress in researches on the biomaterials from marine algae,emphasizing the relationship between the structure and the potential anti-diabetic applications.Bromophenols from marine algae display their hyperglycemic effects by inhibiting the activities of protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B,α-glucosidase,as well as other mechanisms.     

SCREENING OF AGGLUTININS IN MARINE ALGAE FROM FUJIAN COAST OF CHINA

Thirty-three species of marine algae belonging to Rhodophyta, Phaeophyta and Chlorophyta from the Fujian coast were examined for agglutinins with different animal and human erythrocytes. Protein extracts from 26 species were active against at least one type of the erythrocytes tested. There were 3 species (Grateloupia imbricata, lshigefoliacea and Entermorpha prolifera) whose extracts could agglutinate all the erythrocytes used. The lowest protein concentration required to produce erythrocyte agglutination varied remarkably, from 3.1μg/ml to 500μg/ml . The strongest activity was found in the agglutina-tion of rabbit erythrocytes by Gloiopeltis furcata extract. Inhibition assays performed with nine mono- and bisaccharides indicated that agglutinations of rabbit erythrocytes by extracts of 7 species were inhibited by one or more types of the sugars assayed. The agglutinating activity shown by extracts of most species wasnot affected when the test solution was heated to 90℃, but was lost at 95℃ - 100℃. A few extracts losttheir activity at 60 RS, 65 RS and 75 RS, respectively.     

The auxin concentration in sixteen Chinese marine algae

1 INTRODUCTION Auxins are plant hormones. They play impor- tant roles in regulating plant activities, including phototropism, fruit development, root initiation and so on. In early 1940, Thirmann and Scoog (1940) found that auxin was present in more than …     

The isolation of prophyra-334 from marine algae and its UV-absorption behavior

1 INTRODUCTIONSolar ultraviolet radiation on the earth's surfaceincreases with the depletion of stratospheric ozone(Crutzen, 1992; Kerr and McElroy, 1993; Mad-ronich et al., 1998). Ultraviolet radiation is a highlyactive component of solar spectrum. The excessiveUV radiation has deleterious effects on all plant,animal and microbial groups exposed to solar radia-tion, including the destruction of DNA, proteins andother molecules (Harm, 1980), inhibition of photo-synthesis and growth (W…     

BIOCONCENTRATION OF TETRACHLOROBENZENE IN MARINE ALGAE

INTRODUCTIONChlrinatal~arewidelyedinindusnyandhouseholds,andsoisofsboi-ficantenviID~lcom,hauseitisoftenndaswaste.contributingtothepoilutantsinalltyPesofwater(Afghanetal.,l979).AlthoughsornedataontoxidtyandbioconnitionofchiorinatalboinaquaticorganismSwerepublishedopbasetal.,l987,LohnerCtal.,l987,Maunot,l987,Kuhnctal.,l99O),thebioCOntritionpotritinlparade,indudingk,,k,andBCF,werenotdetenninWelldriusethernehodsford~ngtheparaIneterswereleSsthanaccurate(Wangetal.,l996).Thepresentstudyab…     

SCREENING FOR ANTIBACTERIAL AND ANTIFUNGAL ACTIVITIES IN SOME MARINE ALGAE FROM THE FUJIAN COAST OF CHINA WITH THREE DIFFERENT SOLVENTS

Three different solvents viz ethanol, acetone and methanol-toluene (3:1) were used to extract antibiotics from 23 species of marine algae belonging to the Chlomphyta, Phaeophyta and Rhodophyta. Their crude extracts were tested for antibacterial and antifungal activities. Among them, the ethanol extract showed the strongest activity against the bacteria and fungi tested. Four species of the Rhodophyta (Laurenc/a okamurai, Dasya scoparia, Grateloupia filicina and plocamium telfairiae ) showed a wide spectrum of antibacterial activity. Every solvent extract from the four species was active against all the bacteria tested. The test bacterium Pseudomonas solancearum and the fungus Penicilium citrinum were most sensitive to the extracts of marine algae. In general, the extracts of seaweeds inhibited bacteria more strongly than fungi and species of the Rhodophyta showed the greatest activity against the bacteria and fungi tested.     

EFFECTS OF DCMU ON CHLOROPHYLL FLUORESCENCE RATIO F685/F735 IN MARINE RED,BROWN AND GREEN ALGAE

The chorophyll fluorescence ratio F685/F735 in vivo can be a useful indicator for stress detection inhigher plants and seaweed. DCMU [3 - (3, 4 - dichlorophenyl ) - 1, 1 - dimethylurea] treatment influencesthis ratio. Th effects of DCMU on F685/F735 of marine red, brown and green algae under excitationlight of different wavelengths were investigted. In the brown algae, Laminaria japonica and Undariapinnatifida,DCMU did not increase this ratio under blue light excitation but increased the ratio slightlyunder excitation by green light. For the red algea, Halymenia sinensis, DCMU increased the ratiomarkedly under both blue and green ligh excitation. The percentage increase could reach 50% (undergreen light excitation) and was due to unequal enhancement at the two emission maxima by DCMU. Afraction of chlorophyll which contributed to fluorescence in the 735 nm region was less sensitive toDCMU and was likely from photosystem I of red algae. In the green alga, Ulva pertusa, DCMU causeda slight increase in F685     

A review of heavy metal adsorption by marine algae

ＩＮＴＲＯＤＵＣＴＩＯＮＴｈｅｔｏｘｉｃｉｔｙｏｆｈｅａｖｙｍｅｔａｌｓｒｅｌｅａｓｅｄｉｎｔｏｔｈｅｅｎｖｉｒｏｎｍｅｎｔｈａｓｒｅｃｅｎｔｌｙｔｒｉｇｇｅｒｅｄａｎｕｍｂｅｒｏｆｓｔｕｄｉｅｓａｉｍｉｎｇａｔｔｈｅｒｅｍｏｖａｌｏｆｍｅｔａｌｉｏｎｓｆｒｏｍａｑｕｅｏｕｓｓｏｌｕｔｉｏｎｓ (ＦｏｕｒｅｓｔａｎｄＶｏｌｅｓｋｙ ,1 997;ＦｅｈｒｍａｎｎａｎｄＰｏｈｌ,1 993 ;ＫｕｙｕｃａｋａｎｄＶｏｌｅｓｋｙ,1 989) .Ｉｔｗａｓｆｏｕｎｄｔｈａｔｔｈｅａｃｃｕｍｕｌａｔｉｏｎｏｆｈｅａｖｙｍｅｔａ…     

THE AVAILABILITY OF DISSOLVED ORGANIC PHOSPHORUS COMPOUNDS TO MARINE PHYTOPLANKTON

The availability of three dissolved organic phosphorus (DOP) compounds as nutrient sources for experimentalcultare of three algae was studied. Results indicated that these compounds could be utilized byalgae, and that dissolved inorganic phosphorus (DIP) was first to be uptaken when various forms ofphosphorus (DIP and DOP) co-existed. Dicrateria zhanjiangensis' uptake of sodium glycerophosphatewas faster than that of D-ribose-5-phosphate. The increase of sodium glycerphosphate had little effecton the maximum uptake rate(V_(max)) of Chlorella sp., but increased the semisaturation constant(K_s) remarkably;the photosynthesis rates(PR) of Dicrateria zhanjiangensis and Chlorella sp. were rarely affected byusing various forms of phosphorus in the culture experiments. The possible DOP pathways utilizedby algae are discussed.     

Application of rotifer Brachionus plicatilis in detecting the toxicity of harmful algae

The toxicity of seven major HAB (harmful algal bloom) species/strains, Prorocentrum donghaiense, Phaeocystis globosa, Prorocentrum micans, Alexandrium tamarense (AT-6, non-PSP producer), Alexandrium lusitanicum, Alexandrum tamarense (ATHK) and Heterosigma akashiwo were studied against rotifer Brachionus plicatilis under laboratory conditions. The results show that P. donghaiense, P. globosa, P. micans, A. tamarense (AT-6), or A. lusitanicum could maintain the individual survival and reproduction, as well as the population increase of the rotifer, but the individual reproduction would decrease when exposed to these five algae at higher densities for nine days; H. akashiwo could decrease the individual survival and reproduction, as well as population increase of the rotifer, which is similar to that of the starvation group, indicating that starvation might be its one lethal factor except for the algal toxins; A. tamarense (ATHK) has strong lethal effect on the rotifer with 48h LC50 at 800 cells/mL. The experiment on ingestion ability indicated by gut pigment change shows that P.donghaiense, P. globosa, P. micans, A. tamarense (AT-6) and A. lusitanicum can be taken by the rotifers as food, but A. tamarense (ATHK) or H. akashiwo can be ingested by the rotifers. The results indicate that all the indexes of individual survival and reproduction, population increase, gut pigment change of the rotifers are good and convenient to be used to reflect the toxicities of HAB species. Therefore, rotifer is suggested as one of the toxicity testing organisms in detecting the toxicity of harmful algae.     

Polyclonal antibodies to light-harvesting CHL-protein of PSII (LHC II) in marine green algaeBryopsis corticulans

Polyc·lonal antibodies raised against LHC II isolated from SDS-solubilizedBryopsis corticulans thylakiod membranes by SDS-PAGE, were characterised by double immunodiffusion, Rocket immunoelectrophoresis and antigen-antibody crossed immunoelectro-phoresis assays showed the antibodies had strong cross-reaction with allB. corticulans LHC II components (even with those which were incubated in boiling water) and showed immunological cross-reactivity with LHC II polypeptides of spinach and the marine green algaCodium fragile. The results suggested that LHC II of different species had similar antigenic determinants and also conservation of amino acid sequences of the polypeptides during evolution, and that the antibodies could cross react with apoproteins of D₂ proteins (which contain P₆₈₀) fromB. corticulans, spinach andC. fragile, but not with apoproteins of P₇₀₀ Chl-proteins. Our results indicated some similarities in primary structure between LHC II of different species, and between LHC II and D₂ proteins of marine green algae and spinach. Our finding that D₂ and P₇₀₀ Chl-proteins are not immunologically related suggested that P₇₀₀ Chl-proteins and D₂ proteins pass through independent evolutionary pathways. Contribution No 1717 from the Institute of Oceanology, Academia Sinica, This subject was supported by the National Science Foundation of China.     

Tests to evaluate the ecological impact of treated ballast water on three Chinese marine species

Ballast water has been a topic of concern for some time because of its potential to introduce invasive species to new habitats. To comply with the International Convention for the Control and Management of Ships＇ Ballast Water and Sediments, members of the International Maritime Organization （IMO） must equip their ships with on-board treatment systems to eliminate organism release with ballast water. There are many challenges associated with the implementation of this IMO guideline, one of which is the selection of species for testing the ecological impacts of the treated ballast water. In the United States, ballast water toxicity test methods have been defined by the United States Environmental Protection Agency. However, the test methods had not been finalized in China until the toxicity test methods for ballast water were established in 2008. The Chinese methods have been based on species from three trophic levels： Skeletonema costatum, Neomysis awatschensis, and Ctenogobius gymnauchen. All three species live in broad estuarine and open sea areas of China; they are sensitive to reference toxicants and acclimatize easily to different conditions. In this paper, the biological characteristics, test processes and statistical analysis methods are presented for the three species. Results indicate that the methods for evaluating these three organisms can be included in the ecological toxicity tests for treated ballast water in China.     

半叶马尾藻多糖的一般生殖毒性

交配前雄性大鼠分别按每 kg 体质量1.25、2.50、5.00 g 的剂量灌服半叶马尾藻多糖,连续灌胃60 d,雌性大鼠分别以相同剂量连续灌胃14 d,以雄雌1∶1的比例合笼5 d,每天做阴道分泌物涂片检查,见精子者记为妊娠第1天,交配后雄鼠处死,测定血清睾酮(T)水平,取雄鼠附睾进行精子成活率、精子计数和精子畸形率测定,计算睾丸、附睾脏器比,并进行病理组织学检查;雌鼠继续灌胃至妊娠7 d,于妊娠14 d 处死,计算受孕率、着床数、黄体数、死胎、活胎和吸收胎,测定血清促卵泡生成素(FSH)、黄体生成素(LH)和雌二醇(E2)水平,计算脏器比并进行病理组织学检查.结果显示,给药组大鼠的精子成活率、精子计数、精子畸形率、受孕率、着床数、黄体数、死胎、活胎、吸收胎、睾丸、附睾和卵巢脏器比以及血清 T、FSH、LH 和 E2水平与对照组相比差异无统计学意义(P >0.05),生殖器官病理组织学检查未见明显异常.在本实验条件下,半叶马尾藻多糖对大鼠无明显生殖毒性     

A preliminary approach to the regionalization of the marine comprehensive economic region in Liaoning Province

China is a country with a vast marine territory whose area covers one third of the total land territory area. With the exploitation of marine resources and the development of marine economy, marine economic regions have been formed gradually. We shouldn’t ignore them when we divide economic regions throughout the whole nation, especially in our country. In this paper, we’ Il expand division principles, practice and methods of marine comprehensive economic region. Liaoning Province, facing the Yellow Sea and the Bohai sea, is not only a part of Round-the-Bohai Sea Economic Region, but a part of national marine econemic region. Through evaluating marine resources of Liaoning, and analyzing development of marine economy, composition of marine industries and distributional characteristic of marine economy, Liaoning marine region is divided into Bohai Sea marine economic region and Yellow Sea marine economic region based on differences of marine economy. Thereby we go further into the formation of regional marine economic region and distributional mechanism of regional marine economy. Foundation item: Subsidized by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(49671022). Biography: ZHANG Yao-guang(1934–), male, a native of Shanghai City, professor. His research interest includes marine economic geography.     

Marine Engineering Geological Exploration Information System（MEGEIS）：A GIS-based Application to Marine Resources Exploitation

Based on the ArcGIS geographic information system and the ORACLE database management system,this paper reports our studies on the technology of Marine Engineering Geological Exploration Information System(MEGEIS). By analyzing system structure,designing function modules and discussing data management,this paper systematically proposes a framework of technol-ogy to integrate,manage,and analyze the seabed information comprehensively. Then,the technology is applied to the design and development of the Bohai Sea Oilfield Paradigm Area Information System. The system can not only meet the practical demands of marine resources exploration and exploitation in the Bohai Sea oilfield,but also serve as a preparatory work in theory and technology for the realization of the 'Digital Seabed'.     

Application of rotifer Brachionus plicatilis in detecting the toxicity of harmful algae

The toxicity of seven major HAB (harmful algal bloom) species/strains, Prorocentrum donghaiense, Phaeocystis globosa, Prorocentrum micans, Alexandrium tamarense (AT-6, non-PSP producer), Alexandrium lusitanicum, Alexandrum tamarense (ATHK) and Heterosigma akashiwo were studied against rotifer Brachionus plicatilis under laboratory conditions. The results show that P. donghaiense, P. globosa, P. micans, A. tamarense (AT-6), or A. lusitanicum could maintain the individual survival and reproduction, as well as the population increase of the rotifer, but the individual reproduction would decrease when exposed to these five algae at higher densities for nine days; H. akashiwo could decrease the individual survival and reproduction, as well as population increase of the rotifer, which is similar to that of the starvation group, indicating that starvation might be its one lethal factor except for the algal toxins; A. tamarense (ATHK) has strong lethal effect on the rotifer with 48h LC₅₀ at 800 cells/mL. The experiment on ingestion ability indicated by gut pigment change shows that P. donghaiense, P. globosa, P. micans, A. tamarense (AT-6) and A. lusitanicum can be taken by the rotifers as food, but A. tamarense (ATHK) or H. akashiwo can be ingested by the rotifers. The results indicate that all the indexes of individual survival and reproduction, population increase, gut pigment change of the rotifers are good and convenient to be used to reflect the toxicities of HAB species. Therefore, rotifer is suggested as one of the toxicity testing organisms in detecting the toxicity of harmful algae. Supported by the Knowledge Innovation Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences (No. KZCX2-YW-208), National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 40821004, U0733006) and National Basic Research Program of China (973 Program, No. 2001CB409700)     

Acute Toxicities of Potassium Permanganate, Formalin, and Lugol's Iodine Solution to a Marine Ciliate,Pleuronema coronatum ( Ciliophora, Scuticociliatida)

Acute toxicities of potassium permanganate, formalin, and Lugol's iodine solution to a commonly occurred ma-rine ciliate Pleuronema coronatum (Ciliophora, Scuticociliatida) were measured. Linear regression analysis of the resultshighlighted the close relationships between doses of the medicines and mortalities of the organisms, thus providing a capabili-ty to predict toxicity effects from the dose. Toxic effects of the medicines on the ciliates were described in the present paper,and the median lethal concentrations (LC50 values) were given. Results of measurements indicated that 2 h-LC50 and 12 h-LC50 values of formalin on P. coronatum were 59.00 × 10-6 and 43.57 × 10 6, while those of Lugol's solutions were 90.13 and67.84 × 10 6 respectively. The tolerance of P. coronatum to formalin is apparently lower than that to Lugol' s iodine solutionand potassium permanganate is a suitable medicine to kill ciliates in short time.     

Acute toxicities of potassium permanganate, formalin, and Lugol’s iodine solution to a marine ciliate, Pleuronema coronatum (ciliophora, scuticociliatida)

Acute toxicities of potassium permanganate, formalin, and Lugol’s iodine solution to a commonly occurred marine ciliate Pleuronema coronatum (Ciliophora, Scuticociliatida) were measured. Linear regression analysis of the results highlighted the close relationships between doses of the medicines and mortalities of the organisms, thus providing a capability to predict toxicity effects from the dose. Toxic effects of the medicines on the ciliates were described in the present paper, and the median lethal concentrations (LC₅₀ values) were given. Results of measurements indicated that 2 h-LC₅₀ and 12 h-LC₅₀ values of formalin on P. coronatum were 59.00×10⁻⁶ and 43.57×10⁻⁶, while those of Lugol’s solutions were 90.13 and 67.84×10⁻⁶ respectively. The tolerance of P. coronatum to formalin is apparently lower than that to Lugol’s iodine solution and potassium permanganate is a suitable medicine to kill ciliates in short time.