Interlayer interference analysis based on trace elements in water produced from coalbed methane wells: a case study of the Upper Permian coal-bearing strata,Bide–Santang Basin,western Guizhou,China

Commingling coalbed methane (CBM) production will cause interlayer interference and severely impede the efficient drainage and pressure drop in coal seams. Effective recognition of interlayer interference is important during commingling CBM production. On the basis of water samples and trace element data from CBM wells in the Bide–Santang Basin, western Guizhou, China, the trace element dynamic characteristics and their significance for recognition of interlayer interference are discussed. As drainage proceeds, the trace element concentrations in the water tend to increase. Li, Ga, Rb, Sr, and Ba were selected as characteristic trace elements and were used to detect the water source apportionment of commingling production. The trace element concentrations in water derived from deep coal seams are relatively higher than those in water from shallow coal seams. The characteristic trace element concentrations in produced water exhibit good correlation with gas production and the interlayer span (the maximum vertical distance between produced coal seams in a well) of the CBM wells. Low trace element concentrations are indicative of interlayer interference. Wells with low gas production are characterized by a longer interlayer span, higher water production, and lower trace element concentrations. Wells with high gas production characteristically display a short interlayer span, lower water production, and higher trace element concentrations in produced water. Preliminary diagrams for recognition of interlayer interference are established based on characteristic trace elements in the produced water. The upper CBM system has poor commingling compatibility with the middle and lower CBM systems; thus, the middle and lower CBM systems should be a priority for future development.     

Sulfur isotopic composition of the Tianqiao Pb-Zn ore deposit,Northwest Guizhou Province,China：Implications for the source of sulfur in the ore-forming fluids

The Tianqiao Pb-Zn ore deposit of Guizhou Province, China, is located in the mid-east of the Si-chuan-Yunnan-Guizhou Pb-Zn-Ag multi-metallic mineralization area, which is representative of the Pb-Zn ore de-posits in this area. It consists of three main orebodies, whose Pb+Zn reserves are more than 0.2 million ton. This paper analyzes the sulfur isotopic composition of these orebodies. The data show that the ore minerals (galena, sphalerite, pyrite) in these orebodies are enriched in heavy sulfur, with δ34SV-CDT values varying between 8.35‰ and 14.44‰, i.e. the δ34SV-CDT values of pyrite are between 12.81‰ and 14.44‰, the mean value is 13.40‰; the δ34SV-CDT values of sphalerite are range from 10.87‰ to 14.00‰, the mean value is 12.53‰; the δ34SV-CDT values of galena are range from 8.35‰ to 9.83‰, the mean value is 8.84‰, and they have the feature of δ34Spyrite>δ34Ssphalerite>δ34Sgalena, which indicates the sulfur isotope in ore-forming fluids has attained equilibrium. The δ34S V-CDT values of the deposit are close to those of sulfates from carbonate strata of different ages in the ore-field (15‰), which suggests that the sulfur in the ore-forming fluids should be derived from the thermo-chemical sulfate reduction of sulfates from the sedimentary strata.     

Sulfur isotopic composition of the Bainiuchang super-large Ag polymetallic deposit, Yunnan Province, China： Implications for the source of sulfur in ore-forming fluids

The Bainiuchang deposit in Yunnan Province, China, is located geographically between the Gejiu ore field and the Dulong ore field. In addition to >7000 t Ag reserves, the deposit possesses large-scale Pb, Zn, Sn reserves and a mass of dispersed elements (i.e., In, Cd, Ge, Ga, etc.). Based on systematic studies of sulfur isotopic composition, the authors conclude: The Bainiuchang deposit experienced two epochs of metallogenesis, i.e., the Middle-Cambrian sea-floor exhalative sedimentary metallogenic epoch and the Yanshanian magmatic hydrothermal superimposition metallogenic epoch. In the two metallogenic epochs, the δ³⁴S values of sulfides were all near 0, showing a tendency of being enriched slightly in heavy sulfur. The δ³⁴S values of sulfides in the early metallogenic epoch are within the range of 2‰–5‰ with a peak value range of 2‰–3‰ and an average of 3.0‰, and those of sulfides in the late metallogenic epoch are within the range of 2‰–6‰ with a peak value of 3‰–4‰ and an average of 3.9‰. For the single metallogenic epoch, sulfur in the ore-forming fluids in the early epoch already reached isotopic equilibrium and was derived mainly from underneath the magma chamber or basement metamorphic igneous rocks. Sulfur in the sulfides in the late epoch was derived mainly from magmatic hydrothermal fluids formed in the process of remelting of the basement metamorphic igneous rocks.     

U–Pb zircon chronology,geochemistry and isotopes of the Changyi banded iron formation in the eastern Shandong Province: Constraints on BIF genesis and implications for Paleoproterozoic tectonic evolution of the North China Craton

The Changyi banded iron formation (BIF) in the eastern North China Craton (NCC) occurs within the Paleoproterozoic Fenzishan Group. The BIF shows alternating quartz-rich light and magnetite-rich dark bands with magnetite (15–65 vol.%), quartz (25–65 vol.%) and amphibole (15–30 vol.%) constituting the major minerals. Minor garnet, epidote, chlorite, calcite, biotite and pyrite occur locally. The BIF bands are interlayered with amphibolite, hornblende gneiss, biotite quartz schist, garnet biotite schist, biotite gneiss and leptynite, and are intruded by granites. LA-ICP-MS U–Pb dating on zircons separated from the BIF bands and the wallrocks constrains the depositional age as 2240–2193 Ma and metamorphic age as ~ 1864 Ma. The dominant composition of SiO₂ + Fe₂O₃^T (average value of 92.3 wt.%) of the BIF bands suggests their formation mainly through chemical precipitation. However, the widely varying contents of major elements such as Al₂O₃ (0.58–6.99 wt.%), MgO (1.00–3.86 wt.%), CaO (0.22–4.19 wt.%) and trace elements such as Rb (2.06–40.4 ppm), Sr (9.36–42.5 ppm), Zr (0.91–23.6 ppm), Hf (0.04–0.75 ppm), Cr (89.1–341 ppm), Co (2.94–30.4 ppm), and Ni (1.43–52.0 ppm) clearly indicate the incorporation of clastics, especially continental felsic clastics, as also confirmed by the presence of ancient detrital zircons in the BIF bands. When normalized against Post Archean Average Shale (PAAS), the seawater-like signatures of REE distribution patterns, such as LREE depletion, positive La and Y anomalies, and superchondritic Y/Ho ratios (average value of 36.3), support the deposition in seawater. Strong positive Eu anomalies (Eu/Eu*_PAAS = 1.14–2.86) also suggest the participation of hydrothermal fluids. In addition, the sympathetic correlation between Cr, Co and Ni as well as the Co + Ni + Cu vs. ∑ REE and the Al₂O₃ vs. SiO₂ relations further indicates that the iron and silica mainly originated from hydrothermal fluids. Combined with regional geological investigation and protolith restoration of the wallrocks, a continental rift environment is suggested for the Changyi BIF deposition. The appearance of negative Ce_PAAS anomalies might suggest the influence of the Great Oxidation Event at the time of deposition. The Changyi BIF witnessed the major Paleoproterozoic rifting–collision events in the NCC and their unique distribution in the NCC contrasts with other examples elsewhere in the world.     

淮南煤田煤层气成藏动力学系统的机制与地质模型研究

淮南煤田由次生生物成因和热成因气组成的混合型煤层气藏,受各种地质和水文地质条件的影响和控制。本文通过热流场和地温场、古构造应力场和原地应力场以及地下水动力场的系统分析,探讨了煤层气成藏动力学系统的形成机制,进而提出了相应的成藏地质模型。淮南煤田的煤层气藏虽然属向斜式(或盆心)聚气模型,但是,该模型强调,作为附加气源的次生生物气的补充,成藏动力学系统演化、构造样式和能量场的耦合关系,是混合型煤层气富集成藏的主因。     

Genetic mechanisms of coalbed methane in typical districts from Huaibei Coalfield,Eastern China

Taking insight into genetic mechanisms of coalbed methane (CBM) can provide an effective approach for evaluating the value of CBM resources. In this study, the geo-temperature and the thermal subsidence history were used to investigate the effect of the present geothermal field characteristic on the genetic mechanisms of CBM at the Huaibei Coalfield. The results showed that the Permian coal strata in the study areas had a relatively low geo-temperature (< 50°C), high vitrinite reflectance (R_o,max; 0.75%-1.2%) and a coal rank typical of intermediate-high metamorphic bituminous. Comprehensive analyses of the characteristics of the present geothermal field indicate that the CBM at the Huaibei Coalfield are dominated by secondary biogenic gases. Furthermore, the genetic mechanism towards CBM was further proposed based on the tectonic evolution history: (1) Tectonic thrusting contributed to R_o,max values ranging from 0.5% to 3.0%, with maximum geo-temperatures of 140–180°C, which resulted in the generation of thermogenic CBM. (2) An extensional regime contributed to gradual uplift of the Permian coal-bearing strata, with the gradual escape of CBM at burial depths greater than 700m. (3) A large number of faults and hydrodynamic environments greatly promoted the microbial degradation of the early thermogenic gases, resulting in generation of secondary biogenic gases.     

多层次模糊数学在煤层气开发潜力评价中的应用

对影响煤层气勘探开发潜力的各种因素进行了综合研究,确定了煤层气勘探开发潜力评价的4个二级指标(含气丰度、封盖性能、开采条件和产气性能)及相应的三级指标。采用模糊数学方法对各级因素指标赋予了权重,建立了用于煤层气勘探开发潜力评价的多层次模糊数学评判模型。利用该模型,对川南盆地群煤层气资源条件较好的古叙、松藻、筠连和芙蓉4个无烟煤矿区的煤层气开发潜力进行了评价,认为松藻矿区是川南盆地煤层气勘探开发的最佳试验区。建立的评价体系,可以作为高煤阶煤层气资源开发潜力评价的参考体系。     

煤层气采收率预测方法评述

综合评述了煤层气采收率预测方法。分别对类比法、解吸法、气含量降低估算法、等温吸附曲线法和气藏数值模拟法的原理、适用条件以及存在问题等进行了探讨,并对关键参数的确定方法进行了详细的介绍。文章指出:解吸法、气含量降低估算法和等温吸附曲线法虽然计算过程简单,但因其考虑因素少,确定的采收率可靠性差;类比法取决于研究者对研究区和类比区的研究程度以及自身的技术水平和经验;气藏数值模拟法确定的煤层气采收率比较准确,但适用的范围较窄,而且所需数据多,计算过程复杂。     

安徽淮南煤田阜凤推覆体之下的伸展构造及其形成机制

报道了淮南煤田阜凤推覆体之下包括犁式断层面、反向正断层、滚动背斜和小型负花状构造在内的伸展构造。这些伸展构造很显然是扬子克拉通和华北克拉通在三叠纪碰撞时,大别山造山带前陆位置岩石圈弯曲导致地壳上部产生非弹性变形的结果。根据大别山造山带的形成及相邻地区的构造演化过程判断,淮南煤田阜凤推覆体之下的伸展构造是在印支期初露端倪,燕山早期(早侏罗世)定型,燕山中晚期(中—晚侏罗世)就位的。     

煤层气地面开发的外部效应

煤层气是一种新能源和优质化工原料,地面开发可以节能减排,降低瓦斯灾害,具有极强的正外部性。但煤层气与煤炭共生在一起,开发一种会影响另一种。通过分析煤层气地面开发现状,探讨了它在地质勘探、矿井地质、矿井通风、综合开采、煤炭气化和环境保护等方面存在的负外部性。外部性影响和制约着煤层气产业的健康发展。正外部性可以通过国家补贴、税收和费用减免等措施来强化;负外部性则可以通过淘汰落后或不合理的产能技术,创新开发工艺,以及提高采收率等来减少,并通过明晰产权和联合开发,使部分负外部性转化为内部性,达到共赢之效果。     

煤层气开发中的层间矛盾问题——以柳林地区为例

直井分层压裂及合层排采能有效降低煤层气勘探开发成本,提高煤层气产能,但层间矛盾的干扰制约了这一排采工艺的推广。借鉴常规油气层间矛盾问题相关理论,首次提出并总结了煤层气开发中层间矛盾的概念、特点和影响因素。通过分析柳林地区典型井产能曲线特征,剖析了该区层间矛盾的特征和原因。结果表明:柳林地区合层排采太原组煤层（8号+9号）和合层排采山西组与太原组煤层（3号+4号+5号与8号+9号）时,层间矛盾问题严重;引起该层间矛盾的原因有煤层物性特征和煤层顶底板水文地质条件因素,其中8号煤层顶板水文地质条件是引发该区层间矛盾的主要因素。      

青海省天峻县木里煤田煤层气有利区块的 多层次模糊数学评判

对影响煤层气勘探开发潜力的各种因素进行了综合研究,确定了煤层气勘探开发潜力评价的3个二级指标(生气潜力、储层物性和封盖性能)及对应的三级指标。采用模糊数学方法对各级因素指标赋予权重,建立了用于煤层气勘探开发潜力评价的多层次模糊数学评判模型。利用该模型,对青海木里煤田中低煤阶煤层气资源勘探开发潜力进行了评价,认为江仓矿区是木里煤层气勘探开发的最佳试验区。所建立的评价体系可以作为中低煤阶煤层气资源开发潜力评价的参考体系。     

水平井开采煤层气藏生产动态计算新数学模型

基于朗格缪尔模型、菲克第二扩散定律和达西定律,综合考虑重力和气体压缩效应的影响,推导出描述煤层气和水渗流规律的基本偏微分方程组(并给出定解条件),且利用有限差分法对该数学模型进行了数值求解。计算结果表明,该模型能够有效模拟煤层气水平井的生产动态。通过对比是否考虑非稳态扩散和气体压缩效应时不同裂隙渗透率下的产气动态可知,忽略非稳态扩散和压缩效应,将人为缩短达到气体峰值产量的时间,增大产气峰值;将降低气体膨胀能,低估气井后期产能。煤岩裂隙渗透率越高,气井产能受渗透率回归效应影响越大,峰值产量的持续时间越短且产量下降速度快。因此在煤层气藏开采过程中,应根据气井的产气动态调整井底流压,建立合理的储层压力系统,以降低渗透率回归效应带来的不利影响。     

多分支水平井在煤层气开发中的应用机理分析

应用多分支水平井开发煤层气资源,受到煤层地质条件和分支井眼几何形态等主控因素的制约,只有将二者有机结合并进行井身结构优化,才能发挥多分支水平井的效率。多分支水平井增产机理在于能够有效沟通煤层割理和裂缝系统,增加各分支井眼的波及面积和泄气面积,降低裂隙内气液两相流的流动阻力,加速流体的排出,提高单井产量和采出程度。通过对沁水煤层气田的数值模拟与经济评价可知,用多分支水平井开发煤层气具有明显的经济效益优势。