焦家式金矿构造-流体成矿作用特征——以胶西北金城金矿床为例

焦家式金矿形成于从韧性构造到脆性构造的转折期,金城金矿床乃至焦家金矿田控矿构造从早到晚经历了左行韧性逆冲、右行脆性张剪、右行脆性压剪和正断层四个活动阶段。成矿作用从早到晚可分为5个阶段,石英钾长石阶段发育于韧性变形前,与围岩玲珑花岗岩有较大时差而与主成矿阶段时间相近,为成矿初期;石英铁碳酸盐黄铁矿阶段、石英黄铜矿阶段和黄铁绢英岩阶段为主成矿阶段,发生于脆性构造环境,前二者形成于右行张剪环境,后者在各个阶段均不同程度发育,但以右行压剪阶段最重要;碳酸盐阶段为成矿末期。     

云南墨江含金脆—韧剪切构造带中显微构造的矿物地球化学研究

墨江－元江镍金矿床是哀牢山构造－成矿带上一个十分典型和重要的矿床，在野外实测构造岩石地层层序、矿物学详细填图的基础上，采用X射线粉晶衍射分析、扫描电镜、电子探针微区分析及矿物－构造－地球化学等方法，对墨江镍金矿床中含金脆－韧性剪切构造带的物质组成进行详细研究。显微构造的矿物地球化学研究是一种构造筛分新方法。脆性构造主要表现为含镍金石英脉－硅质岩－黄铁矿硅质岩中普遍发育碎裂岩化及裂隙，碎裂岩化－裂隙构造是深源热流体叠加成矿的储矿构造和运移上升通道，脆性剪切变形过程中伴有粘土化蚀变，粘土矿物主要有铬水云母、铬高岭石、多水铬高岭石、绿铬高岭石、铬蒙脱石、铬迪开石、铬埃洛石和绿鳞石等。在含金脆－韧剪切构造带中，铬绢云母－铬水云母－铬伊利石系列和铬绿泥石的矿物具（脆）韧剪切变形特征，在韧剪切变形过程中伴有强烈的热流体以及H2O为主要组分的矿化剂作用。     

脆性变形序列构造煤纳米孔隙和粗糙度的原子力显微镜研究

煤孔隙结构是煤层气勘探开发与煤矿安全研究中的关键问题之一。构造煤相比于原生结构煤非均质性强,是煤储层研究中的热点和难点。采用原子力显微镜,结合NanoScope Analysis和Gwyddion分析软件,对脆性变形序列构造煤的孔隙结构和表面粗糙度特征进行研究。结果表明:构造作用整体上促进了脆性变形煤孔隙的发育,但不同脆性变形构造煤受构造作用影响的程度存在明显差异。根据煤受构造作用影响的程度,脆性变形煤孔隙结构演化可划分为强弱2个阶段:弱脆性变形阶段(原生结构煤—碎裂煤—片状煤—碎斑煤)构造作用对煤体的孔隙结构影响较小,平均孔数量缓慢增长,平均孔径缓慢减小,该阶段构造作用主要促进了100~200 nm大孔的发育;强脆性变形阶段(碎斑煤—碎粒煤—薄片煤)构造作用对煤体孔隙结构产生了显著影响,平均孔数量迅速增长,平均孔径迅速减小,这一阶段构造作用主要促进了10~50 nm介孔和50~100 nm大孔的发育。这表明脆性变形构造煤孔隙结构并非简单的线性演变。不同脆性变形煤的算术平均粗糙度和均方根粗糙度参数分别为3.00~6.05 nm和3.94~7.62 nm,其中,弱脆性变形阶段粗糙度整体较高且无明显变化,而强脆性变形阶段粗糙度迅速降低。通过AFM剖面分析,建立了煤表面孔隙形态的数学模型。基于该模型的算术平均粗糙度模拟结果表明,大孔是煤表面粗糙度的主要贡献者,构造作用主要通过影响煤中的孔隙结构,进而影响煤的表面粗糙度。      

煤体脆—韧性变形微观识别标志

以煤体的光学显微镜和扫描电镜观测为主,结合手标本和井下宏观观测,以华北西部部分矿区的主要煤层为研究对象,研究了煤体的脆-韧性变形标志,发现煤体在构造应力的作用下先后经历了脆性、脆—韧性和韧性变形阶段。脆性变形阶段以煤体破裂为主要特征,初期以格里菲斯裂隙为主,后期以剪性裂隙为主,偶尔见张性裂隙。处于脆-韧性变形阶段的煤体脆性和韧性变形的标志共存。典型韧性变形主要集中在糜棱煤中。岩石中发现的韧性变形标志在煤体中,除了重结晶现象,几乎都存在。      

含预制裂纹脆性岩石破坏数值模拟研究

岩石是经过变形、遭受过破坏的地质体。在外界荷载条件下岩石内部缺陷引起的渐进性破坏,这个过程与材料本身存在的缺陷有着密切的关系。应用数值模拟方法对含有预制裂纹的脆性岩石的破坏规律进行了初步的研究,分析了裂纹的存在对岩石破坏的影响机制。研究发现,在对带有预制裂纹的岩石试件进行加载试验过程中,预制裂纹的存在成为了影响岩石破裂方式的主要因素。与之相比,由材料非均质性所造成的影响便成了次要因素,而对于含有双预制裂纹的岩石试件裂纹的间距是影响岩石破坏型式的重要因素。     

Time-dependent cracking and brittle creep in crustal rocks: A review

Rock fracture under upper crustal conditions is driven not only by applied stresses, but also by time-dependent, chemically activated subcritical cracking processes. These subcritical processes are of great importance for the understanding of the mechanical behaviour of rocks over geological timescales. A macroscopic manifestation of time-dependency in the brittle field is the observation that rocks can deform and fail at constant applied stresses, a phenomenon known as brittle creep. Here, we review the available experimental evidence for brittle creep in crustal rocks, and the various models developed to explain the observations. Laboratory experiments have shown that brittle creep occurs in all major rock types, and that creep strain rates are extremely sensitive to the environmental conditions: differential stress, confining pressure, temperature and pore fluid composition. Even small changes in any of these parameters produce order of magnitude changes in creep strain rates (and times-to-failure). Three main classes of brittle creep model have been proposed to explain these observations: phenomenological, statistical, and micromechanical. Statistical and micromechanical models explain qualitatively how the increasing influence of microcrack interactions and/or the increasing accumulated damage produces the observed evolution of macroscopic deformation during brittle creep. However, no current model can predict quantitatively all of the observed features of brittle creep. Experimental data are limited by the timescale over which experiments are realistically feasible. Clearly, an extension of the range of available laboratory data to lower strain rates, and the development of new modelling approaches are needed to further improve our current understanding of time-dependent brittle deformation in rocks.     

三轴压缩条件下三峡坝基岩石破裂的分形特征

根据分形理论,系统地研究了在三轴压缩条件下三峡坝基岩石破裂系和破损物的分形结构。结果表明,在三轴压缩条件下,岩石脆性破裂的破裂系和岩石破损物的粒度分布均有很好的统计自相似性。在不同的围压和应变率下,岩石脆性破裂的分维值各不相同,体现了岩石脆性断裂机制的差异性。分维可作为描述岩石脆性断裂的定量参数     

高地应力硬脆性围岩破坏影响因素分析

地应力对硬脆性岩体稳定性具有极为重要作用,已有研究主要集中于脆性破坏方式及其是否发生的预测上,而对地应力、洞形等因素与脆性破坏深度间关系的研究较为少见。基于硬脆性岩体脆性破坏准则,利用Examine2D软件,分析不同地应力环境及洞形时围岩脆性破坏深度d_f变化情况。结果表明:最小主应力量值较低时,破坏深度d_f与主应力比k近似为直线关系,较高时则为非线性增长;随着k值增加,屈服范围逐渐偏离最小主应力方向45°夹角发展;洞室断面长宽相近时,主应力方向较主应力量值对d_f的影响小,相同应力量值不同主应力方向,破坏位置不同,深度变化较小。洞形不同应力集中系数不同,选择长短轴长度之比与应力比k相接近的椭圆形谐洞,可有效降低破坏深度。     

Brittle Rock Failure in the Steg Lateral Adit of the Lötschberg Base Tunnel

Summary  During the crossing of brittle rock formations at the L?tschberg base tunnel, failure phenomena have been observed both at the tunnel face and at the walls. A detailed analysis has been undertaken to explain these behaviours, based on the recent developments of Canadian research on brittle failure mechanisms. At the tunnel walls, a very good agreement is found between the calculated and observed damage and between two prediction methods, i.e. a semi-empirical failure criterion and elastic calculations with the “brittle Hoek-Brown parameters.” Near the face, due to the 3D nature of the stress conditions, some limitations of these approaches have been highlighted, and the growth of wall failure has been analysed. This research allowed a better understanding of the brittle rock mass behaviour at the L?tschberg base tunnel and showed that brittle failure processes dominate the behaviour of deep, highly stressed excavations in massive to moderately jointed rock. It also illustrates where improvements to the adopted approaches are required.     

脆性断层运动学研究新进展

本文概述了80年代以来脆性断层运动研究方面的某些成果。介绍了脆性断层带中的一些小构造和显微构造的几何特征以及它们的运动学意义。重点论述了从露头尺度到薄片尺度确定脆性断层运动方向的三种构造判据,既从属裂隙、岩桥构造和方解石e双晶判据。     

Effect of waste rubber particles on the shear behaviour of bio-cemented calcareous sand

Calcareous sand, a special type of sand commonly used for the construction of coastal engineering in tropical coasts, is usually required to be strengthened due to its poor engineering mechanical properties. Microbially induced carbonate precipitation has been proved to be a promising method for this purpose. A higher cementation level generally leads to a greater strength enhancement, but tends to cause brittle failure of bio-cemented calcareous sand, which in turn brings great potential risks for the coastal engineering. Therefore, the shear behaviour, especially the brittle behaviour, of bio-cemented calcareous sand needs to be understood properly, and taking some measures to improve its brittle behaviour is also necessary. In this regard, a series of triaxial compression tests were conducted to study the shear behaviour of bio-cemented calcareous sand with various cementation levels, and the waste rubber particles are used to improve the brittle behaviour of bio-cemented calcareous sand. The test results show that the shear strength of bio-cemented calcareous sand increases with the increase in cementation level, and the brittle behaviour is significant gradually. The waste rubber particles contribute to improve the brittle behaviour of bio-cemented calcareous sand, reducing the dilation of bio-cemented calcareous sand and slowing the changes in dilatancy with the increment of stress.

     

中国大陆科学钻探主孔2000米以上脆性变形构造应力场

在主孔2000米之内，存在复杂的脆性破裂系统和构造应力场。根据其充填物的特征，可划分为由石英、方解石和绿泥石等矿物充填的微破裂，发育石英、方解石等矿物薄膜或擦痕线理的微破裂和既无矿物充填、也无矿物薄膜的微破裂等3种不同类型的脆性应变现象，它们依次代表早、中、晚和深、中、浅3个不同构造层次的脆性变形。初步分析表明脆性变形阶段存在有以南东东-北西西向为主导的挤压作用、北东-南西向的区域挤压作用、南北向挤压作用和垂向伸展作用等4期构造应力场。郯庐断裂东侧的现代构造应力场在区域上具有极大的稳定性。在脆性和脆-韧性转换带，制约苏鲁高压-超高压变质带侵位的主导应力作用方式为自南东东往北西西方向的挤压，它在时间和空间上具有一定的稳定性。     

利用脆性岩石含量指数预测裂隙型含水层富水区

裂隙型含水层因其裂隙连通性较差,常规的矿井涌水量预计方法有时不适用。利用脆性岩石含量指数划分强、弱富水区不失为一种新的方法。一定厚度的地层内脆性岩石所占的比例越大,则受力后越容易产生张性裂隙,充水空间较发育,相应地其富水性也越强。本文将脆性岩石厚度占地层总厚度的百分比定义为脆性岩石含量指数,通过脆性岩石含量指数划分砂岩裂隙型含水层富水区。脆性岩石含量指数法不仅能进行富水性定性分区,结合已采区涌水量资料也可尝试进行未开采区涌水量预计,这为矿井防治水工作以及防排水系统的设计提供了一种新的技术支持。      

On the petrology of brittle precursors of shear zones – An expression of concomitant brittle deformation and fluid–rock interactions in the ‘ductile’ continental crust?

The inherited localization model for shear zone development suggests that ductile deformation in the middle and lower continental crust is localized on mechanical anisotropies, like fractures, referred to as shear zone brittle precursors. In the Neves area (Western Tauern Window, Eastern Alps), although the structural control of these brittle precursors on ductile strain localization is well established, the relative timing of the brittle deformation and associated localized fluid flow with respect to ductile deformation remains in most cases a matter of debate. The present petrological study, carried out on a brittle precursor of a shear zone affecting the Neves metagranodiorite, aims to determine whether brittle and ductile deformations are concomitant and therefore relate to the same tectonic event. The brittle precursor consists of a 100–500 µm wide recrystallized zone with a host mineral‐controlled stable mineral assemblage composed of plagioclase–garnet–quartz–biotite–zoisite±white mica±pyrite. Plagioclase and garnet preserve an internal compositional zoning interpreted as the fingerprint of Alpine metamorphism and fluid–rock interactions concomitant with the brittle deformation. Phase equilibrium modelling of this garnet‐bearing brittle precursor shows that metamorphic garnet and plagioclase both nucleated at 0.6 ± 0.05 GPa, 500 ± 20°C and then grew along a prograde path to 0.75 ± 0.05 GPa, 530 ± 20°C. These amphibolite facies conditions are similar to those inferred from ductile shear zones from the same area, suggesting that both brittle and ductile deformation were active in the ductile realm above 500°C for a depth range between 17 and 21 km. We speculate that the Neves area fulfils most of the required conditions to have hosted slow earthquakes during Alpine continental collision, that is, coupled frictional and viscous deformation under high‐fluid pressure conditions ~450°C. Further investigation of this potential geological record is required to demonstrate that slow earthquakes may not be restricted to subduction zones but are also very likely to occur in modern continental collision settings.     

Faults in crystalline rock and the estimation of their mechanical properties at the Olkiluoto site,western Finland

Brittle deformation zones at the Olkiluoto nuclear repository site in western Finland play critical roles in the strength and hydrology of the host rock mass. We present a procedure implemented there for incorporating information on deformation zones obtained through boreholes into quantitative engineering design. First, ductile and brittle deformation zones are classified based on their characteristics in drillhole cores as brittle joint clusters, brittle fault zones, or semi-brittle fault zones, with an awareness of the geologic processes that caused the zones to develop as they did. Next, it is shown that the mechanical properties of the brittle deformation zones can be calculated by one of several methods, each of which has advantages and disadvantages. The site geology must be kept in mind at all stages to arrive at meaningful estimates of the mechanical properties of the deformation zones.     

“彭灌杂岩”推覆体的构造变形特征

位于龙门山中段的“彭灌杂岩”推覆体，主要由中晚元古代的二长花岗岩、英云间长岩、钾长花岗岩、辉长岩等组成，用颗粒锆石法测其年龄值为６９９—８５９Ｍａ。该推覆体的推覆面（映秀断裂）为脆－韧性变形，且以脆性变形为主的逆冲推覆断裂，并且有走滑性质。推覆体内部早期为韧性变形，叠加晚期脆性改造，其断裂呈叠瓦状排列，中后部以韧脆性变形为主，至前部脆性变形增强，总体为一个由众多岩片叠置而成的韧脆性冲断推覆体。     

Strain-softening of brittle geologic materials

Stability equations for a strain-softening system are derived from expressions describing the energy variation in a variable stiffness stiff testing machine and a brittle rock specimen. A normal strain-softening expression and a shear strain-softening expression are derived to predict the stability of laboratory tests on brittle rocks, which through machine stiffness adjustment, exhibited critical stability in the strain-softening range. From these comparisons it was found that the shear strain-softening model gave consistently good results. The analytical and laboratory modelling indicates that strain-softening in brittle geologic media is closely connected with joints, faults, and interfaces where shear distortions take place.     

四川盆地龙马溪组页岩微裂缝发育的“甜点”效应与机制

系统认识和明确页岩“甜点”层段中有机质和脆性矿物促进微裂缝发育的效应和机制,对于提高水力压裂效率,促进页岩气增产稳产具有重要的工程实践意义。本文系统调研了国内外页岩中有机质和脆性矿物控制下的裂缝发育机理等的研究成果,结合数值模拟,对四川盆地龙马溪组页岩“甜点”层段中微裂缝发育的效应和机制进行了全面剖析和探究。研究结果表明：四川盆地龙马溪组页岩特殊的沉积背景为裂缝的发育提供了良好的物质基础。其中有机质的不同成熟度阶段、空间分布和形状、丰度和有机孔隙都在不同程度上控制着微裂缝的形成和发育。脆性矿物在岩石破坏过程中能量的高效转化和良好的脆性响应机制,促进了裂缝的复杂化。少量裂缝的发育还受控于有机质和脆性矿物接触的力学边界、有机酸的溶蚀以及脆性矿物的嵌入等相关效应与机制,进一步突显了裂缝成因的复杂化。由此,建议未来关于页岩储层的脆性评价工作向多元组分的精细化方向发展,同时注重微米—纳米尺度下有机质和脆性矿物力学性质的表征,对于促进并深化页岩破裂机理的认识具有一定的研究价值。     

花岗岩隧道脆性破坏的温度效应研究

目前深埋硬岩隧道的岩爆等脆性破坏研究还较少考虑到温度的作用效应。采用精细网格数值模型,提出热-脆性-精细力学计算方法,应用能反映高地应力下硬岩脆性破坏特点的岩体劣化模型,结合能量计算指标,开展了不同温度作用下隧道硬岩脆性破坏的热力耦合分析。以瑞典APSE花岗岩隧洞岩柱为例,进行不同地温下隧道破坏区、能量释放值和应力指标的定量化对比研究。研究结果表明,隧道地温的增加将使岩体产生附加温度应力,进而增大其脆性破坏程度,计算结果与隧道现场的破坏规律基本一致。热-脆性-精细力学计算能合理描述硬岩的损伤和渐进破坏过程,计算结果较好地揭示了花岗岩等硬岩深埋隧道脆性破坏的温度作用效应,对于高应力、高地温下深部工程的稳定性评价具有指导意义。     

西藏罗布莎豆荚状铬铁矿成矿演化的构造过程

摘要：通过对罗布莎铬铁矿区的构造解析,揭示出了豆荚状铬铁矿的成矿演化规律。由地幔韧性剪切带和脆－韧性剪切带组成的含铬剪切带是成矿期构造,被造山期发生的变形分解作用和脆性断裂作用改造,成矿演化经历了从上地幔到上地壳所发生的５个构造变形相的转换,即熔融流变变形相→地幔韧性剪切变形相→壳幔脆→韧性剪切变形相→塑性挤压变形相→脆性断裂变形相,可划分为中生代改造成矿和新生代矿床改造两个阶段,并概括为包含６个变形世代的构造成矿序列。