巨厚松散层下采煤防砂煤岩柱留设的实践

两淮地区的大多煤系被巨厚松散层覆盖,而松散层底部的第四含水层直接覆于煤系之上,威胁煤矿安全生产。为防止“四含”水进入矿井,矿井留设了厚层防水煤岩柱,这使过多的浅部煤炭资源积压。通过淮北地区童亭、桃园、祁东等矿井开采实践,认为巨厚松散层下采煤煤岩柱的留设原则为:初期以防水为主,后期以防砂为主。      

贵州省腾龙煤矿溃水溃矸事故形成机制分析

腾龙煤矿10903工作面发生了离层水导致的溃水溃矸事故,通过事故现场、涌水情况、溃入物质及支护变化进行了事故类别判断。为研究溃水溃矸的形成机理,通过分析工作面顶板地质结构及含水层特征,阐明了工作面发育离层水的地质条件;基于采场顶板覆岩组成、离层相似模拟试验,指出煤层上部的长兴组灰岩是控制覆岩形成离层空间亚关键层,长兴灰岩水是离层水的主要补给水源。分析研究了事故发生前工作面迎头构造发育、采掘及顶板支护变化,指出离层水发育、断层破坏及支护缺陷导致顶板碎裂岩体架前切冒,形成了溃水溃矸。     

深部土煤系风化岩接触带类型划分及其意义

深部土岩接触带是指厚表土底部一定厚度的土层及其下一定厚度的煤系风化岩组成的土岩组合体。由于它由高压态土体、高压水和软弱破碎风化岩体组成,故具有整体不良的工程地质性质,在接近该带下采煤时易发生采场顶板矿压突变剧增、突泥溃砂、突水等重大安全问题。在煤田地质勘探资料的基础上,根据深部土层土性和岩层岩性将深部土岩接触带划分为4种类型：砂土-砂岩接触类型、砂土-泥岩接触类型、粘土-砂岩接触类型、粘土-泥岩接触类型,分析了每一种土岩接触带类型对应的工程地质意义,并对丁集矿井西南区13-1煤层的土岩接触带类型进行了划分,认为13-1煤层土岩接触带类型以砂土-泥岩、砂土-砂岩为主,近松散层工作面受到底含水的威胁比较严重,工作面溃泥、溃砂、压架出水的可能性比较大,开采设计时要充分考虑。     

水情监测预警系统在海下采煤中的应用

煤矿井下水情监测多用于对底板水的监测,而对顶板水的监测,以及对第四纪松散砂砾层水和海水溃入矿井的预警,目前尚未见报道。龙口矿业集团在海下采煤中,根据矿井水文地质条件,建立了以顶板含水层水位和矿井涌水水质为背景标志的水情监测预警系统。该系统可以在第四系水和海水溃入矿井前发出警报,以便及时采取应对措施。      

矿区深部含水层水-岩作用的同位素与水化学示踪分析

为了有效揭示华北隐伏型煤矿区煤炭开采进程中深部含水层水-岩作用机制,本文以淮北煤田宿县-临涣矿区为研究示范,收集与采集1985～2011年期间矿区松散层第四含水层、煤系砂岩裂隙含水层、石炭系太原组岩溶含水层与奥陶系岩溶含水层深部地下水样166个,分析与测试87Sr/86Sr、34S、13C同位素以及Na++K+、Ca2+、Mg2+、HCO-3、Cl-、SO2-4、CO2-3等常规组分,并开展基于同位素与水化学的水-岩作用示踪与分析。研究成果表明:在矿区主要充水含水层中,煤系砂岩裂隙含水层脱硫酸与阳离子交替吸附作用最为显著,而松散层第四含水层、石炭系太原组岩溶含水层与奥陶系岩溶含水层黄铁矿氧化或地下水硬化最为显著;受煤炭开采影响,煤系砂岩裂隙含水层、奥陶系岩溶含水层主要水-岩作用逐渐减弱,松散层第四含水层、石炭系太原组岩溶含水层主要水-岩作用或增强、或减弱,增强或减弱的程度取决于井田基岩面标高、主要断层的展布形态与隔水性能以及煤层开采扰动范围等。     

淮北煤田矿井充水因素与防治水措施研究

淮北矿区矿井突水的主要充水水源是老窑积水、新生界松散层底部含水层（组）水、煤层顶、底板砂岩裂隙水、太原组与奥陶系灰岩水。矿井众多重大突水事故表明，加强太原组、奥陶系石灰岩含水层和断层破碎带的探测与疏放工作，是降低煤矿突水风险的必要条件。     

蒙陕接壤区煤矿采空区水-岩系统中氟来源及释放规律

采空区是高氟矿井水形成的关键区域,其水-岩系统中氟的来源与溶解释放决定了矿井水中氟的富集或贫化。针对蒙陕接壤区3-1煤采空区矿井水氟来源及释放规律不清晰问题,采用水化学测试、岩石矿物成分分析、矿物扫描电镜与能谱检测,以及室内水-岩作用仿真模拟试验,查明矿井水氟物质来源与赋存载体,揭示岩石中氟释放规律。结果表明：研究区3-1煤矿井水水化学类型主要为HCO₃-Na与SO4-Na型,3-1煤采空区矿井水氟浓度高于3-1煤生产工作面的矿井水浓度,且采空区矿井水pH、Na⁺/Ca²⁺浓度比均大于工作面矿井水。3-1煤采空区矿井水F-的物质来源为泥岩与粉砂岩,2种岩石中氟平均含量分别为741、610 mg/kg,氟在固相中的主要赋存载体为蒙脱石、高岭石、伊利石及绿泥石。采空区水-岩系统中氟的释放受岩性、粒径、pH、温度及Na⁺/Ca²⁺浓度比5个因素影响。其中,泥岩及粉砂岩中的氟比细砂岩中的更容易释放进入水中;无论何种岩性,随着粒径的减小,氟释放F-的浓度增大;此外,碱性、高温及高钠低钙的...     

水泥-水玻璃双液浆在工作面顶板突水溃砂治理中的应用

煤矿顶板突水溃砂威胁矿井安全。基于煤层顶板突水溃砂区"人工假顶"再造的思路,提出了水泥-水玻璃混合液速凝封堵突水溃砂通道的技术。以鄂尔多斯盆地西缘某侏罗系煤矿上组煤开采发生的一次顶板突水溃砂事件为研究对象,提出了通过双浆并列管进行水泥和水玻璃孔口注浆、孔底混合的地面治理方案;利用三维地质模型构建技术,呈现了类"马鞍型"溃砂区空间形状特征,以及溃砂区中部向四周边缘变薄、且局部"孤峰"凸起的浆液-溃砂混合体空间形状特征;充水含水层水头动态特征、地下水流场变化特征以及瞬变电磁电阻率特征指标,综合指示突水溃砂通道实现了完全封堵。形成的堵水及评价技术在类似工程应用中具有一定的借鉴意义。      

近松散层采掘抗渗透破坏评价方法Ⅰ：临界水力坡度

抗渗透破坏评价是近松散含水层煤层开采溃水溃砂防控的重要基础工作,但至今尚未形成规范性方法和标准。松散层和风化带抗渗透破坏评价的关键是确定水力坡度和临界水力坡度。首先综述了流土和内部侵蚀发生的临界水力坡度确定方法,指出近松散层煤层采掘诱发溃水溃砂临界水力坡度与传统的临界水力坡度的不同特点。针对集中通道获得考虑临空面出口尺寸和岩土层物理力学性质的松散砂层、黏土层和基岩风化带的抗渗透破坏临界水力坡度的计算公式,采用试验结果验证,溃水溃砂临界水力坡度公式的适用性。通过单因素和多因素参数对临界水力坡度的敏感性分析结果表明,裂隙宽度是影响临界水力坡度大小的最重要因素,也表明在实际工程中通过控制采掘诱发的覆岩破坏是减少溃水溃砂灾害的关键措施。煤系风化带的临界水力坡度与其中黏土成分的含量、施加荷载大小有密切的关系,当黏土在风化岩石中占比(质量分数)为5%～40%时,其变化范围为2.9～67.2,给出了用高斯函数的拟合估算关系式和考虑上覆荷载的估算公式。研究结果将为近松散层开采溃水溃砂评价临界水力坡度计算提供参考。     

海底矿体开挖下的断裂带突水效应研究

矿井水害是因井巷和采掘工作面与含水层、地表水体或含水的裂隙带、溶洞、构造破碎带等接近或沟通而突然发生的出水事故,由于其突发性和出水量巨大的特点,常常影响矿山生产甚至造成淹井等严重后果。断裂带作为岩体内的低强度带,受矿体开挖影响常常产生断层活化现象,而有可能成为矿坑突水的通道。本文根据三山岛金矿新立矿区海底采矿的地质条件,结合实际工况,采取数值模拟方法,对矿床开采引起断裂带活化的状况以及上覆海底粘土隔水层的沉陷变形进行了分析。模拟结果表明:断裂带与上盘围岩接触带是受到开采扰动强烈的地带,断裂带和上覆海底粘土隔水层的阻水效应随着采场的逐渐上移而弱化,当开采至-135m水平时,海底矿山的生产安全将受到海水溃入的威胁。     

Patterns in groundwater chemistry resulting from groundwater flow

 Groundwater flow influences hydrochemical patterns because flow reduces mixing by diffusion, carries the chemical imprints of biological and anthropogenic changes in the recharge area, and leaches the aquifer system. Global patterns are mainly dictated by differences in the flux of meteoric water passing through the subsoil. Within individual hydrosomes (water bodies with a specific origin), the following prograde evolution lines (facies sequence) normally develop in the direction of groundwater flow: from strong to no fluctuations in water quality, from polluted to unpolluted, from acidic to basic, from oxic to anoxic–methanogenic, from no to significant base exchange, and from fresh to brackish. This is demonstrated for fresh coastal-dune groundwater in the Netherlands. In this hydrosome, the leaching of calcium carbonate as much as 15 m and of adsorbed marine cations (Na⁺, K⁺, and Mg²⁺) as much as 2500 m in the flow direction is shown to correspond with about 5000 yr of flushing since the beach barrier with dunes developed. Recharge focus areas in the dunes are evidenced by groundwater displaying a lower prograde quality evolution than the surrounding dune groundwater. Artificially recharged Rhine River water in the dunes provides distinct hydrochemical patterns, which display groundwater flow, mixing, and groundwater ages. Received, May 1998 · Revised, August 1998 · Accepted, October 1998     

地下水分层勘查技术在地下水流系统研究中的应用

地下水流是一种运动流体,空间上分布连续且能传递压力,在能量(势)差驱使下发生从水头高处向低处的运动.通常在补给(势源)区,地下水垂向上由上向下运动,而在排泄(势汇)区地下水由下向上运动,即地下水整个生命过程中总是由源到汇、向着能量减小的方向做径流运动,无论是在单个或多个透水岩层中都是如此.地下水分层勘查技术使在垂向上分...     

Estimation of unrecorded groundwater abstractions in Jordan through regional groundwater modelling

Jordan suffers from water scarcity and groundwater covers the majority of Jordan’s water supply. Therefore, there is an urgent need to manage this resource conscientiously. A regional numerical groundwater flow model, developed as part of a decision support system for the country of Jordan, allows for quantification of the overexploitation of groundwater resources and enables determination of the extent of unrecorded agricultural groundwater abstraction. Groundwater in Jordan is abstracted from three main aquifers partly separated by aquitards. With updated geological, structural, and hydrogeological data available in the country, a regional numerical groundwater flow model for the whole of Jordan and the southernmost part of Syria was developed using MODFLOW. It was first calibrated for a steady-state condition using data from the 1960s, when groundwater abstraction was negligible. After transient calibration using groundwater level measurements from all aquifers, model results reproduce the large groundwater-level declines experienced in the last decades, which have led to the drying out of numerous springs. They show a reversal of groundwater flow directions in some regions, due to over-abstraction, and demonstrate that documented abstractions are not sufficient to cause the observed groundwater-level decline. Only after considering irrigation water demand derived from remote sensing data, the model is able to simulate these declines. Illegal abstractions can be quantified and predictive scenarios show the potential impact of different management strategies on future groundwater resources.

     

福建厦门市地下水质量及开发利用建议

地下水质量和污染问题已成为制约城市发展的重要因素.该文对厦门市平原区地下水的有机和无机化学组分进行了系统全面的分析,根据"地下水标准"和"矿泉水标准"对地下水质量进行了综合评价.研究表明:厦门市地下水质量总体一般,可以直接饮用的水占22.9％,经过适当处理可以饮用的水占59.8％,不能饮用的占17.3％.有益人体健康的...     

河南某大型裂隙岩溶水源地地下水位动态分析

青多水源地岩溶地下水是济源市的主要供水水源,研究其地下水位动态变化特征及影响因素对地下水资源合理开发及生态环境保护意义重大,探明蟒河口水库是否补给水源地对城市安全供水具有重要意义。依托河南某大型裂隙岩溶水源地多年逐月（1994年6月—2019年12月）地下水位动态监测资料,对不同阶段、不同时段的地下水位动态进行分析,采用逐步回归分析方法定量确定水源地地下水位动态的影响因素,建立水位动态预测的逐步回归方程。结果表明:①第一阶段（蟒河口水库蓄水前）,水源地地下水位主要受降水和开采影响。其中,第1时段（1994年6月—2005年12月）,水源地开采量约2×104 m3/d,地下水位主要受降水量影响,开采量影响较小;第2时段（2006年1月—2014年8月）,水源地开采量由2.2×104 m3/d逐渐增大到约6.5×104 m3/d,地下水位受开采和降水双重因素影响,总体呈现下降趋势。②第二阶段（蟒河口水库蓄水后）,水源地开采量由2014年8月的6.5×104 m3/d增大到2019年6月的8.8×104 m3/d,岩溶地下水位不降反升,其水位主要受蟒河口水库蓄水和降水影响,开采量影响甚微。在不考虑蟒河口水库蓄水影响的情况下,应用建立的逐步回归方程对水源地地下水位进行预测,蟒河口水库蓄水后实测的水源地地下水位高于预测水位,并从水源地水文地质条件、蟒河口水库蓄水水位、水质特征等方面论证了蟒河口水库的补给效果。本研究可为水源地地下水资源评价、水资源可持续利用和管理提供科学依据,也可为类似地区地下水动态研究提供参考。     

石家庄市地下水脆弱性评价

采用DRASTIC评价模型,不考虑地形与土壤两个因素,将人类活动（抽取地下水）与其他5个因素作为评价指标,对石家庄地区的地下水进行评价,由结果可以看出在人类活动频繁地区,人类活动是地下水脆弱性重要影响因素.     

Confined groundwater system in Tokyo

The Musashino Terrace and the Shitamachi Lowland, the main urban areas in the Tokyo metropolis, are in the eastern part of Tokyo and are underlain by thick Quaternary sediments. The geologic structrue of these sediments has a general strike of WNW—ESE, with a gentle dip to the east in the western part of the Musashino Terrace, and strikes generally to the E—W with a gentle dip to the north in the eastern part of the terrace and strikes WNW—ESE to N—S with a very gentle dip to the east in the Shitamachi Lowland. The basal sediments in this area consist chiefly of massive thick silty layers, whereas the sediments overlying them consist of alternating layers of silt, sand, and gravel, which act as confined aquifers throughout the Musashino Terrace and the Shitamachi Lowland. Confined groundwater systems are being developed in the Tama District, the western part of the terrace, and are mainly recharged with river water from the Tama River. The unconfined groundwater system is being developed in the surface layers such as terrace sand and gravel formations and the Kanto Loam Formation. These confined aquifers that are being developed throughout the terrace and the lowland have been exploited for household water supplies and industrial and air-conditioning use for nearly seven decades. The heavy utilization of the confined groundwater, however, has caused a major lowering of groundwater levels. As a result of the lowering of groundwater levels, land subsidence has occurred all over the Lowland and the terrace. At this time the national government and the Tokyo Metropolitan Government restricted groundwater withdrawals for industrial, air-conditioning use and the others except for household supply. Owing to these restrictions, not only have the water levels recovered, but land subsidence has rapidly declined since around 1973.     

Promoting local management in groundwater

There is a strong case for making greater effort to promote local groundwater management—in addition to other measures that regulate groundwater use. Though scattered, there are several examples—from India, Pakistan, Yemen and Egypt—where groundwater users effectively self-imposed restrictions on the use of groundwater. There are a number of recurrent themes in such spontaneously-developed examples of local regulation: the importance of not excluding potential users; the importance of simple, low transaction cost rules; the power of correct and accessible hydrogeological information; the possibility of making more use of demand and supply management strategies; and the important supportive role of local governments. The case is made, using examples, for actively promoting local groundwater management as an important element in balancing groundwater uses. Two programmes for promoting local groundwater management in South India are described—one focussing on participatory hydrological monitoring, and one focussing on micro-resource planning and training. In both cases the response was very positive and the conclusion is that promoting local groundwater regulation is not difficult, costly or sensitive and can reach the necessary scale quickly.