Geometry and pressure-temperature significance of the kyanite-sillimanite isograd in the Mica Creek area,British Columbia

Late Precambrian and Lower Paleozoic metapelitic rocks near Mica Creek, British Columbia, range in metamorphic grade from biotite zone to sillimanite zone. The kyanite-sillimanite isograd was established after phase 2 folding but was deformed by phase 3 folding. Topographic relief of about 2 km, combined with phase 3 folding, permits reasonably precise determination of the geometry of the isogradic surfaces. The effects of phase 3 folding have been accounted for and the isobaric surfaces at the time of metamorphism are inferred to have been dipping gently. Using the kyanite-sillimanite experimental phase diagram, intersection of the isobars and the isograd permits estimates of differences in temperature and pressure along a cross section. These estimates are about 400 bars and 20° C. Mineral geothermometry (garnet-biotite) and geobarometry (garnetplagioclase-Al ₂SiO₅-quartz) does not provide a fine enough resolution to detect these predicted differences.     

Prograde reactions and garnet zoning reversals in staurolite schist, British Columbia: significance for thermobarometric interpretations

Abstract An outcrop of staurolite-bearing pelitic schist from the Solitude Range in the south-western Rocky Mountains, British Columbia, was examined in order to determine the nature of prograde garnet- and staurolite-producing reactions using information from garnet zoning and inclusion mineralogy. Although not present as a matrix phase, chloritoid is present as inclusions in garnet and is interpreted to have participated in the simultaneous growth of garnet and staurolite by a reaction such as chloritoid + quartz = garnet + staurolite + H₂O.
A garnet zoning trend reversal, which is most pronounced with respect to almandine and grossular components, is present in the outer core of garnets. The location of the zoning reversal corresponds to the outer limit of chloritoid inclusions in garnet. As there is no evidence for polymetamorphism, the zoning reversal is interpreted to indicate continued garnet growth by prograde reaction(s) during a single metamorphic event after the exhaustion of chloritoid as a matrix phase.
Metamorphic conditions recorded by mineral rim compositions are 550–600° C at 6–7 kbar. Because there is no evidence for partial resorption of garnet during production of staurolite, we interpret these results to represent peak conditions.     

豫南史庄一带金伯利岩中石榴子石矿物学特征及其形成条件的约束

豫南史庄一带位于华北地台南缘,分布有金伯利岩,为了确定岩石中的石榴子石矿物种类及其与金刚石的关系,通过人工重砂鉴定,对挑选出的40件石榴子石矿物单晶进行了电子探针微区化学成分分析。结果显示,区内石榴子石矿物族化学通式A3B2 [SiO4]3中的A组阳离子主要由Mg2+、Fe2+和少量Ca2+占位,B主组阳离子主要由Al3+和少量Fe3+、Cr3+、Mn3+占位,表明区内石榴子石主要为铁铝榴石(Alm)-镁铝榴石(Pry)-钙铝榴石(Gro)系列组合。根据矿物化学特征,区内镁铝榴石为榴辉岩型(E型),具有含钛钙低铬富铁的特征,属Grutter等划分的G4-G5组(含钛、钙)镁铝-铁铝榴石,与金伯利岩、金刚石包体或者A组榴辉岩中的石榴子石特征相同。区内发现有超硅石榴子石,经计算其形成压力范围为10.2~10.9 GPa,对应深度超过250 km。     

Petrologic variations in quaternary volcanic rocks,British Columbia,and the nature of the underlying upper mantle

Volcanic activity has produced Late Tertiary and Quaternary cinder cones and flows between the Snake River Plain, U.S.A. and the Yukon Territory, Canada. The rock types include basanites, alkali olivine basalts, high-iron basalts, hawaiites, ankaramites, nephelinites, and olivine tholeiites. The alkali olivine basalts, basanites and hawaiites sampled are chemically similar to rocks from the mid-Atlantic islands. Associated with the volcanic rocks are xenoliths of ultramafic rocks, gabbros, granites and granulites.Seismic data indicate that the Moho throughout the region dips eastward at a very shallow angle. The low velocity zone has been located beneath southern British Columbia and displays a topographic high trending northwest-southeast. The nephelinite was erupted from near the crest of this high with less undersaturated lavas erupted from along its flanks.The suite of ultramafic xenoliths spans a greater variety of rock types than can be generated by maximum amounts of partial melting of a uniform source material to produce the lavas in the region. Calculated residual olivine compositions in equilibrium with the magmas at low velocity zone depths and liquidii temperatures are more iron-rich than the typical lherzolite xenolith olivine. This suggests that the residua from the partial melting episodes which produced the volcanic rocks are different from the upper mantle lid above the low velocity zone as represented by the ultramafic xenoliths.     

Long length scales of element transport during reaction texture development in orthoamphibole-cordierite gneiss: Thor-Odin dome,British Columbia,Canada

First-order factors controlling the textural and chemical evolution of metamorphic rocks are bulk composition and pressure–temperature–time (P–T–t) path. Although it is common to assume that major element bulk composition does not change during regional metamorphism, rocks with reaction textures such as corona structures record evidence for major changes in effective bulk composition (EBC) and therefore provide significant insight into the scale, pathways, and mechanisms of element transport during metamorphism. Quantifying changes in EBC is essential for petrologic applications such as calculation of phase diagrams (pseudosections). The progressive growth of complex corona structures on garnet and Al₂SiO₅ porphyroblasts in orthoamphibole-cordierite gneiss Thor-Odin dome (British Columbia, Canada) reduced the EBC volume of the rock during metamorphism and therefore had a dramatic effect on the evolution of the stable mineral assemblage. These rocks contain a chemical and textural record of metamorphic reactions and preserve 3D networks (reaction pathways) connecting corona structures. These coronal networks record long (>cm) length scales of localized element transport during metamorphism. P–T, T–X, and P–X pseudosections are used to investigate the control of effective bulk composition on phase assemblage evolution. Despite textural complexity and evidence for disequilibrium, mineral assemblages and compositions were successfully modeled and peak metamorphic conditions estimated at 750°C and 9 kbar. These results illustrate how textural and chemical changes during metamorphism can be evaluated using an integrated petrographic and pseudosection approach, highlight the importance of effective bulk composition choice for application of phase equilibria methods in metamorphic rocks, and show how corona structures can be used to understand the scale of compositional change and element transport during metamorphism.     

The composition of garnet in garnet-rich rocks in the southern Proterozoic Curnamona Province, Australia: an indicator of the premetamorphic physicochemical conditions of formation

Garnet-rich rocks occur throughout the Proterozoic southern Curnamona Province, Australia, where they are, in places, spatially related to Broken Hill-type Pb-Zn-Ag deposits. Fine-scale bedding in these rocks, their conformable relationship with enclosing metasedimentary rocks, and their enrichment in Mn and Fe suggest that they are metamorphosed chemical precipitates. They formed on the floor of a 1.69?Ga continental rift basin from hydrothermal fluids mixed with seawater and detritus. Garnet in garnet-quartz and garnet-amphibole rocks is generally light rare earth element (LREE) depleted, and has flat heavy REE (HREE) enriched chondrite-normalized REE patterns, and negative Eu anomalies (Eu/Eu*?<?1). Garnet in garnet-rich rocks from the giant Broken Hill deposit has similar REE patterns and either positive (Eu/Eu*?>?1) or negative Eu anomalies. Manganese- and Mn-Ca-rich, Fe-poor garnets in garnetite, garnet-hedenbergite, and garnet-cummingtonite rocks at Broken Hill have Eu/Eu*?>?1, whereas garnet in Mn-poor, Fe-rich quartz garnetite and quartz-garnet-gahnite rocks from Broken Hill, and quartz garnetite from other locations have Eu/Eu*?<?1. The REE patterns of garnet and its host rock and interelement correlations among REEs and major element contents in garnet and its host rock indicate that the Eu anomaly in garnet reflects that of its host rock and is related to the major element composition of garnet and its host rock. The value of Eu/Eu* in garnet is related to its Mn, Fe, and Ca content and that of its host rock, and the distribution of REEs among garnet and accessory phases (e.g., feldspar). Positive Eu anomalies reflect high amounts of Eu that was preferentially incorporated into Mn- and Mn-Ca-rich oxides and carbonates in the protolith. In contrast, Eu/Eu*?<?1 indicates the preferential discrimination against Eu by Fe-rich, Mn-poor precursor minerals. Precursors to Mn-rich garnets at Broken Hill formed by precipitation from cooler and more oxidized hydrothermal fluids compared to those that formed precursors to Mn-poor, Fe-rich garnet at Broken Hill and the other locations. Garnet from the Broken Hill deposit is enriched in Zn (> 400?ppm), Cr (> 140?ppm), and Eu (up to 6?ppm and positive Eu anomalies), and depleted in Co, Ti, and Y compared to garnet in garnet-rich rocks from other localities. These values, as well as MnO contents ?>?15 wt. % and Eu/Eu*?>?1 are only found at the Broken Hill deposit and are good indicators of the presence of Broken Hill-type mineralization.     

Point bar and floodplain formation of the meandering Beatton River, northeastern British Columbia, Canada

This study examines the morphology, sedimentology and genesis of the point bars and floodplain of the Beatton River. The formation of point bars occurs in distinct stages. An initial point bar platform composed mainly of coarse sediment is formed adjacent to the convex bank of a migrating meander bend, and is the base on which develops a single scroll bar of fine traction and suspended load. With continued sedimentation, the scroll bar grows, eventually supporting vegetation and becoming a floodplain ridge. Scroll bars form with greatest size and frequency in rapidly migrating bends, and the shape of the meander bend appears to determine both the location of the initial bar deposit, and its direction of growth up or downstream. Approximately one-half of the floodplain sediment is derived from suspended load, and the initiation of a scroll bar appears to be due to excessive deposition of suspended load in a zone of flow separation over a point bar platform. The critical flow condition for the initiation of a scroll bar does not occur with the same recurrence interval on different shaped meander bends, however, the average recurrence interval within the study reach is approximately every 30 years. Sedimentation rates on point bars and on the floodplain indicate two relatively distinct stages of floodplain alluviation. The most rapid is for surfaces less than 50 years old, although sediment accumulation still persists on surfaces up to 250 years in age. Although frequently flooded, surfaces older than this accumulate very little sediment. Despite 2–3 m of overbank deposition, the amplitude of floodplain ridges is maintained by secondary currents which sweep sediment from the swales towards the ridge crests.     

Advance of alpine glaciers during final retreat of the Cordilleran ice sheet in the Finlay River area, northern British Columbia, Canada

Sharp-crested moraines, up to 120 m high and 9 km beyond Little Ice Age glacier limits, record a late Pleistocene advance of alpine glaciers in the Finlay River area in northern British Columbia. The moraines are regional in extent and record climatic deterioration near the end of the last glaciation. Several lateral moraines are crosscut by meltwater channels that record downwasting of trunk valley ice of the northern Cordilleran ice sheet. Other lateral moraines merge with ice-stagnation deposits in trunk valleys. These relationships confirm the interaction of advancing alpine glaciers with the regionally decaying Cordilleran ice sheet and verify a late-glacial age for the moraines. Sediment cores were collected from eight lakes dammed by the moraines. Two tephras occur in basal sediments of five lakes, demonstrating that the moraines are the same age. Plant macrofossils from sediment cores provide a minimum limiting age of 10,550-10,250 cal yr BP (9230 ± 50 ¹⁴C yr BP) for abandonment of the moraines. The advance that left the moraines may date to the Younger Dryas period. The Finlay moraines demonstrate that the timing and style of regional deglaciation was important in determining the magnitude of late-glacial glacier advances.     

Phlogopite-chlorite reaction mechanisms and physical conditions during retrograde reactions in the Marble Formation,Franklin, New Jersey

A retrograde assemblage in a specimen from the Franklin Marble Formation containing an unusual occurrence of three micas has been studied. Microprobe analyses of the margarite, muscovite and phlogopite reveal significant sodium and fluorine but otherwise show little mutual solid solution. The conditions that prevailed during the retrogression estimated from phase equilibria are T=370–450° C and =0.03–0.3 at an assumed pressure of 2 kb.Examination of the phlogopite by TEM revealed replacement of phlogopite by chlorite. The chlorite occurred as small packets of layers interlayered with phlogopite. AEM analyses revealed that the chlorite composition approximates that of clinochlore. Transformations from a single phlogopite layer to one chlorite layer (a 11 reaction) and also from two phlogopite layers to one chlorite layer (a 21 reaction) have been observed. Both reactions result in a large volume change causing local strain at transition fronts. An apparently strain-free, volume-preserving transformation of 14 phlogopite layers terminating against 10 chlorite layers was observed which indicates that pervasive replacement may occur through a combination of both reactions. Topological and site occupancy changes during the transformation suggest that the reaction involves not only gain and loss of layer units, but also considerable local rupturing and reformation of bonds, concomitant with ion diffusion and interchange. Dislocations (layer terminations) at the transition front imply the existence of pathways for the fluid flow and ion transport required for mass balance.Contribution No. 397 from the Mineralogical Laboratory, Department of Geological Sciences, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA     

The effects of surface area, grain size and mineralogy on organic matter sedimentation and preservation across the modern Squamish Delta, British Columbia: the potential role of sediment surface area in the formation of petroleum source rocks

Surface sediment samples were collected from the Squamish River Delta, British Columbia, in order to determine the role of sediment surface area in the preservation of organic matter (OM) in a paralic sedimentary environment. The Squamish Delta is an actively prograding delta, located at the head of Howe Sound.Bulk total organic carbon (TOC) values across the Squamish Delta are low, ranging from 0.1 to 1.0 wt.%. The carbon/total nitrogen ratio (C_org/N) ranges from 6 to 17, which is attributed to changes in OM type and facies variations. The <25-μm fraction has TOC concentrations up to 2.0 wt.%, and a C_org/N ratio that ranges from 14 to 16. The 53–106-μm fraction has higher TOC concentrations and C_org/N ratios relative to the 25–53-μm fraction. The C_org/N ratio ranges from 9 to 18 in the 53–106-μm fraction and 5.5–10.5 in the 25–53-μm fraction. Surface area values for bulk sediments are low (0.5–3.0 m²/g) due to the large proportion of silt size material. Good correlation between surface area and TOC in bulk samples suggests that OM is adsorbed to mineral surfaces. Similar relationships between surface area and TOC were observed in size-fractionated samples. Mineralogy and elemental composition did not correlate with TOC concentration.The relationships between surface area, TOC and total nitrogen (TN) can be linked to the hydrodynamic and sedimentological conditions of the Squamish Delta. As a result, the Squamish Delta is a useful modern analogue for the formation of petroleum source rocks in ancient deltaic environments, where TOC concentrations are often significantly lower than those in source rocks formed in other geological settings.     

Physical partitioning of mercury in till: an example from central British Columbia, Canada

The physical partitioning of Hg into different grain size fractions of till is predominantly controlled by the primary bedrock mineralogy, the distance of glacial transport, and the relative stability of cinnabar (HgS) in the soil weathering environment. At sites located short distances down-ice from bedrock cinnabar mineralization, the highest Hg concentrations in unoxidized till were measured in the sand- and granule-sized fractions reflecting the abundance of cinnabar in those size ranges. Similar partitioning was measured in oxidized till as cinnabar was found to be relatively resistant to postglacial weathering. Discrete clay-sized cinnabar grains obtained from the unoxidized till were viewed under the scanning electron microscope and suggest that the terminal grade of cinnabar is in the clay-sized range. In till collected from areas barren of cinnabar mineralization, the highest Hg levels were found in the clay-sized fraction which is attributed to the high adsorption of Hg by clay minerals.     

An automated method for the calculation of P–T paths from garnet zoning,with application to metapelitic schist from the Kootenay Arc,British Columbia,Canada

An automated method for the calculation of P–T paths based on garnet zoning is presented and used to interpret zoning in metapelitic schist from the southern Canadian Cordillera. The approach adopted to reconstruct the P–T path is to match garnet compositions along a radial transect with predictions from thermodynamic forward models, while iteratively modifying the composition to account for fractional crystallization. The method is applied to a representative sample of garnet‐ and staurolite‐bearing schist from an amphibolite facies Barrovian belt in the southern Canadian Omineca belt. Garnet zoning in these schists is concentric and largely continuous from core to rim. Three zones are present, the first two of which coincide with sector‐zoned cores of garnet crystals. Similar zoning is developed in rocks that contain or lack staurolite, respectively, suggesting garnet growth was restricted to the initial part of the prograde P–T path prior to the development of staurolite. Growth zoning in large garnet crystals has not been significantly modified by diffusion. This interpretation is based on zoning characteristics of garnet crystals and is further supported by results of a forward model incorporating the effects of simultaneous fractional crystallization and intracrystalline diffusion. The P–T path calculated for this rock includes an initial, linear stage with a high dP/dT, and a later stage dominated by heating. The approach adopted in this study may have application to other garnet‐bearing rocks in which growth zoning is preserved.     

The Engineer Mine,British Columbia: An example of epithermal Au-Ag mineralization with mixed alkaline and subalkaline characteristics

The Engineer Mine epithermal precious metal deposit in British Columbia, Canada, is related to Eocene Sloko-Skukum-Group (SSG) volcanism and, according to previous studies, contains roscoelite in intimate association with electrum. Roscoelite, a vanadian mica, is considered characteristic of low-sulfidation epithermal deposits related to alkaline magmatism. This contradicts the fact that the SSG volcanics are subalkaline. In order to address this ambiguity and to accurately classify the style of epithermal mineralization at the Engineer Mine we conducted detailed petrographic, mineralogical, geochronological, fluid inclusion, and stable isotope studies.The principal ore assemblage of the Engineer Mine epithermal veins precipitated in response to boiling during a hydrothermal event at 49.90 Ma ± 0.25 Ma. During this event electrum, arsenopyrite, pyrite ± chalcopyrite ± sphalerite ± löllingite ± tetrahedrite-group phases ± allargentum ± acanthite ± hessite ± dyscrasite ± stibarsen ± galena and an unidentified Ag-rich phase were deposited in conjunction with amorphous silica, platy and rhombic calcite, K-feldspar, and vanadian illite. Fluid inclusion and stable isotope data suggest that the ore-forming fluid was boiling at ∼220 °C during vein mineralization and had an isotopic composition derived from local meteoric water. Based on these results the Engineer Mine is classified as an epithermal low-sulfidation deposit, which shares similarities with alkaline and subalkaline epithermal low-sulfidation deposits. This is attributed to the fact that the SSG volcanic rocks are borderline subalkaline to alkaline in character and that the sedimentary host rocks are vanadium-bearing. These sedimentary rocks contributed the bulk of the vanadium to the Engineer Mine epithermal system. The presence of roscoelite at the Engineer Mine could not be confirmed during this study. The mica referred to as roscoelite in previous publications instead is vanadian illite. To our knowledge the only alkaline low-sulfidation epithermal precious metal deposit that contains V-mica which exclusively qualifies as true roscoelite is the Porgera deposit, Papua New Guinea.     

An AEM study of garnet clinopyroxenite from the Sulu ultrahigh-pressure terrane: formation mechanisms of oriented ilmenite,spinel, magnetite,amphibole and garnet inclusions in clinopyroxene

Optical microscopy, secondary electron microscopy and analytical electron microscopy were used to characterize crystallographic orientation relationships between oriented mineral inclusions and clinopyroxene (Cpx) host from the Hujialing garnet clinopyroxenite within the Sulu ultrahigh-pressure (UHP) terrane, eastern China. One garnet clinopyroxenite sample (2HJ-2C) and one megacrystic garnet-bearing garnet clinopyroxenite (RZ-11D) were studied. Porphyroblastic clinopyroxene from sample 2HJ-2C contains oriented inclusions of ilmenite (Ilm), spinel (Spl), magnetite and garnet, whereas clinopyroxene inclusions within megacrystic garnet from sample RZ-11D contain oriented inclusions of ilmenite and amphibole. Specific crystallographic relationships were observed between ilmenite/spinel plates and host clinopyroxene in sample 2HJ-2C and between ilmenite plates and host clinopyroxene in sample RZ-11D, i.e. [1[`1]00 1\bar{1}00 ]<sub>Ilm</sub>//[0[`1]0 0\bar{1}0 ]_Cpx (0001)_Ilm//(100)_Cpx; and [110]_Spl//[0[`1]0 0\bar{1}0 ]<sub>Cpx</sub> ([`1]11 \bar{1}11 )_Spl//(100)_Cpx. These inclusions are suggested to be primary precipitates via solid-state exsolutions. Most of the needle-like magnetite/spinel inclusions generally occur at the rims or along fractures of clinopyroxene within sample 2HJ-2C. Despite the epitaxial relation with host clinopyroxene, these magnetite/spinel needles would have resulted from fluid/melt infiltrations. Non-epitaxial garnet lamellae in clinopyroxene of sample 2HJ-2C were formed via fluid infiltration-deposition primarily along (010) and subordinately along (100) partings. Epitaxial amphibole plates (with a thickness <1 μm) and lamellae (with a thickness = 1–10 μm) in host clinopyroxene of sample RZ-11D were probably results of hydration processes, although amphibole plates could otherwise be interpreted as exsolution products. Temporal relations between mineral inclusions in each sample can be established, and a semi-quantitative P–T path for this garnet clinopyroxenite body was derived accordingly. The present results show that the Hujialing garnet clinopyroxenite may not have subducted to mantle depths as deep as 250 km during UHP metamorphism as suggested by previous studies. This study demonstrates that the crystallographic and temporal/spatial relationships between aligned inclusions and host minerals are essential to a correct genetic interpretation of metamorphic rocks.     

Debris flows in the Lushan earthquake area: formation characteristics,rainfall conditions,and evolutionary tendency

Debris flows often occur in the mountainous watersheds of earthquake-affected areas, and in the Lushan earthquake area of southwestern China, they have become a significant hazard. In this study, the influencing factors and spatial distribution of debris flows were analyzed through a review of their occurrence history. Debris flows are mainly distributed in the northwestern part of the study area, which hosts the greatest density of active faults. The debris flows are generally formed by the ‘progressive bulking’ effect in channels, and deep incision, lateral erosion, and blockage breaking are common processes that amplify the magnitude of such debris flows. Rainfall thresholds for different types of debris flow were proposed to explain the spatial differences between debris-flow regions, and the temporal variations of those thresholds highlighted how the rainfall conditions required for the occurrence of debris flows have changed. Natural vegetation recovery, reduction in the availability of solid material, and artificial debris-flow control projects play important roles in raising the threshold of the rainfall conditions required for triggering debris flows.

     

Interplay between equilibrium and kinetics in prograde metamorphism of pelites: an example from the Nelson aureole, British Columbia

The distribution of metapelitic mineral assemblages in the Nelson aureole, British Columbia, generally conforms to what is predicted from phase equilibria. However, in detail, the sequence and spacing of isograds, mineral textures and mineral compositions and mineral chemical zoning do not. Two of the main disequilibrium features in the aureole are: (i) delay in the onset and progress of several reactions, i.e. overstepping in temperature; and (ii) unreactivity of staurolite and especially garnet porphyroblasts when they are reactants in prograde reactions. The thermal overstepping is ascribed to difficulty of nucleation of the product porphyroblasts and sluggishness of dissolution of porphyroblasts when they are reactants. The extent to which these kinetic barriers delay the onset of reaction is related to the reaction affinity of each reaction, defined herein as the Gibbs free‐energy difference between the thermodynamically stable, but not‐yet‐crystallized, products and the metastable reactants. For oversteps in temperature (ΔT), reaction affinity is, in turn, related to the difference in entropy (ΔS) between these two states through the relation A = ΔT * ΔS. Mineral reactions which release large quantities of H₂O, such as chlorite‐consuming reactions, have a higher entropy change per unit of temperature overstep, and therefore a higher reaction affinity, than those which release little or no H₂O, such as the chlorite‐free staurolite‐consuming reaction. Thermal overstepping is consequently expected to be less for the former than for the latter, as was estimated in the aureole where 0 to 30 °C overstepping was required for garnet, staurolite and andalusite growth from a muscovite + chlorite‐bearing precursor rock and ～70 °C overstepping was required for the growth of Al₂SiO₅ from a staurolite‐bearing, chlorite‐free precursor. In all cases, reaction progress was strongly influenced by the presence or absence of fluid, with presence of fluid lowering kinetic barriers to nucleation and growth and therefore the degree of thermal overstepping. Textural features of rocks from the nearly coincident garnet, staurolite and andalusite isograds are suggestive of a fluid‐catalysed ‘cascade effect’ in which reaction took place in a narrow temperature interval; several competing muscovite + chlorite‐consuming reactions, some metastable, appear to have occurred in parallel. Metamorphic reaction, fluid release and possibly fluid presence in general in the aureole were episodic rather than continuous, and in several cases well removed from equilibrium conditions. The extent to which these findings apply to regional metamorphism depends on several factors, a major one being enhanced deformation, which is expected to lower kinetic barriers to nucleation and growth.     

Petrographic and geochemical characteristics of organic matter associated with stream sediments in Trail area British Columbia,Canada

Fifty-six samples of stream sediments from 12 creeks in the vicinity of Trail, British Columbia, Canada were examined to determine their origin, characterize their organic matter and their relation to natural/geogenic and anthropogenic sources. The samples were initially screened by Rock-Eval® 6 pyrolysis for their TOC, HI, and OI contents and then examined by both reflected (polarized) and fluorescent light microscopy. It was found that organic matter in stream sediments is mostly from natural/biological sources from local vegetation, such as woody tissue, suberin, spores, and pollen, as well as altered natural/biological input from char formed due to forest fires. Anthropogenic organic matter, mostly coke particles, was also found in the stream sediments. The coke particles have anisotropic properties with medium grained texture formed from medium volatile bituminous coal. The occurrence of coke particles is limited to Ryan Creek located close to an area were some small gold, nickel, and lead smelting operations previously occurred. There is no evidence to indicate that the coke particles found in the creek are emitted from the lead and zinc smelter currently in operation in the area. There are no coal-bearing strata in the area that may have a direct input of coal fragments in any of the creeks.     

临江市老三队地热水形成条件及成因探讨

介绍了临江市老三队地热水的自然地理概况和区域地质水文地质概况,分析了它的物理化学特征,含水岩组,补、径、排条件以及热储层、隔热盖层、地热水源等,最后探讨了其形成条件及成因。