Seasonal and interannual variations of carbon exchange over a rice-wheat rotation system on the North China Plain

Rice-wheat (R-W) rotation systems are ubiquitous in South and East Asia, and play an important role in modulating the carbon cycle and climate. Long-term, continuous flux measurements help in better understanding the seasonal and interannual variation of the carbon budget over R-W rotation systems. In this study, measurements of CO2 fluxes and meteorological variables over an R-W rotation system on the North China Plain from 2007 to 2010 were analyzed. To analyze the abiotic factors regulating Net Ecosystem Exchange (NEE), NEE was partitioned into gross primary production (GPP) and ecosystem respiration. Nighttime NEE or ecosystem respiration was controlled primarily by soil temperature, while daytime NEE was mainly determined by photosythetically active radiation (PAR). The responses of nighttime NEE to soil temperature and daytime NEE to light were closely associated with crop development and photosynthetic activity, respectively. Moreover, the interannual variation in GPP and NEE mainly depended on precipitation and PAR. Overall, NEE was negative on the annual scale and the rotation system behaved as a carbon sink of 982 g C m-2 per year over the three years. The winter wheat field took up more CO2 than the rice paddy during the longer growing season, while the daily NEE for wheat and rice were -2.35 and -3.96 g C m-2, respectively. After the grain harvest was subtracted from the NEE, the winter wheat field became a moderately strong carbon sink of 251-334 g C m-2 per season, whereas the rice paddy switched to a weak carbon sink of 107-132 per season.     

玉米农田生态系统CO2通量的动态变化

利用2008年辽宁锦州农田生态系统野外观测站涡动相关系统通量观测资料,分析了玉米农田生态系统生长季(5-10月)及非生长季CO₂通量动态变化。结果表明：玉米农田生态系统的非生长季日动态趋势不明显;生长季日动态明显,呈明显的U型曲线,CO₂通量最大值出现在12:00时,为-1.19 mg·m^-2·s^-1;不同物候期的日动态也呈现U型曲线,各发育期CO₂通量日最大值范围为0.07～-0.23 mg·m^-2·s^-1;玉米农田生长季生态系统净CO₂交换日累积（NEE）为-652.8 g·m^-2,非生长季NEE499.8 g·m^-2,2008年碳收支-153.0 g·m^-2,表现为碳汇。     

东北雨养玉米田碳交换年际变化及影响因素北大核心CSCD

在气候变化背景下,农田净生态系统生产力变化趋势和影响因素不确定性大,为有效评估农田生态系统的固碳潜力,利用2005-2020年东北雨养春玉米田涡动相关数据分析该区域碳通量年际变化趋势及其气象、土壤和生物影响因素。结果表明:东北雨养春玉米田净生态系统生产力为272±109g·m^(-2)·a^(-1),且无显著变化趋势;与生态系统呼吸相比,净生态系统生产力年际变化主要受总生态系统生产力影响。气象因素的降水量和生物因素的作物水分利用效率是净生态系统生产力年际变化的主要影响因素,影响权重分别为28.4%和31.4%;气象、土壤和生物因素对总生态系统生产力年际变化的影响权重分别为61.0%,43.8%和62.8%;土壤因素和生物因素是生态系统呼吸年际变化的主要影响因素,且土壤因素对生态系统呼吸年际变化的影响权重(39.3%)大于生物因素(29.2%)。在气候变暖背景下,东北雨养春玉米田对水分更为敏感,同时日照和温度通过影响饱和水汽压差和土壤湿度间接影响净生态系统生产力的年际变化。     

中国半干旱区草甸草原和典型草原碳通量日变化特征

半干旱草原碳收支对陆地生态系统碳源汇功能变化具有重要影响。本文基于通榆草甸草原站2011～2017年和毛登典型草原站2013~2017年涡动相关法观测数据,分析了生长季碳通量日变化特征,研究了碳通量日变化过程对主要环境因子的响应。结果表明:两处草原7月碳吸收活动最强,草甸草原生长季各月总初级生产力（gross primary production, GPP）、生态系统呼吸（ecosystem respiration, R_e）和净碳交换量（net ecosystem exchange, NEE）的峰值均高于典型草原。NEE的日变化以单峰型为主,但7月、8月饱和水汽压差较高时,GPP在正午前后降低,引起NEE的双峰型日变化。光合有效辐射是草甸草原NEE日变化的主导因子,而在典型草原,浅层土壤含水量（5 cm）也主导了NEE日变化。水分亏缺使草原碳交换速率显著降低,草甸草原固碳速率对水分亏缺的敏感性强于典型草原。同时,水分亏缺也改变了GPP、R_e和NEE对温度和光合有效辐射的响应关系。     

Carbon dioxide concentration and flux in an urban residential area in Seoul,Korea

The carbon dioxide （CO2） concentrations and fluxes measured at a height of 17.5 m above the ground by a sonic anemometer and an open-path gas analyzer at an urban residential site in Seoul, Korea from February 2011 to January 2012 were analyzed. The annual mean CO2 concentration was found to be 750 mg m-3, with a maximum monthly mean concentration of 827 mg m-3 in January and a minimum value of 679 mg m-3 in August. Meanwhile, the annual mean CO2 flux was found to be 0.45 mg m-2 s-1, with a maximum monthly mean flux of 0.91 mg m-2 s-1 in January and a minimum value of 0.19 mg m-2 s-1 in June. The hourly mean CO2 concentration was found to show a significant diurnal variation; a maximum at 0700-0900 LST and a minimum at 1400-1600 LST, with a large diurnal range in winter and a small one in summer, mainly caused by diurnal changes in mixing height, CO2 flux, and surface complexity. The hourly mean CO2 flux was also found to show a significant diurnal variation, but it showed two maxima at 0700-0900 LST and 2100-2400 LST, and two minima at 1100-1500 LST and 0300-0500 LST, mainly caused by a diurnal pattern in CO2 emissions and sinks from road traffic, domestic heating and cooking by liquefied natural gas use, and the different horizontal distribution of CO2 sources and sinks near the site. Differential advection with respect to wind direction was also found to be a cause of diurnal variations in both the CO2 concentration and flux.     

Response of carbon dioxide exchange to grazing intensity over typical steppes in a semi-arid area of Inner Mongolia

The eddy covariance technique was used to measure the CO₂ flux over four differently grazed Leymus chinensis steppe ecosystems (ungrazed since 1979 (UG79), winter grazed (WG), continuously grazed (CG), and heavily grazed (HG) sites) during four growing seasons (May to September) from 2005 to 2008, to investigate the response of the net ecosystem exchange (NEE) over grassland ecosystems to meteorological factors and grazing intensity. At UG79, the optimal air temperature for the half-hourly NEE occurred between 17 and 20 °C, which was relatively low for semi-arid grasslands. The saturated NEE (NEE_sat) and temperature sensitivity coefficient (Q ₁₀) of ecosystem respiration (RE) exhibited clear seasonal and interannual variations, which increased with canopy development and the soil water content (SWC, at 5 cm). The total NEE values for the growing seasons from 2005 to 2008 were ?32.0, ?41.5, ?66.1, and ?89.8 g C m^?2, respectively. Both the amounts and distribution of precipitation during the growing season affected the NEE. The effects of grazing on the CO₂ flux increased with the grazing intensity. During the peak growth stage, heavy grazing and winter grazing decreased NEE_sat and gross primary production (45 % for HG and 34 % for WG) due to leaf area removal. Both RE and Q ₁₀ were clearly reduced by heavy grazing. Heavy grazing changed the ecosystem from a CO₂ sink into a CO₂ source, and winter grazing reduced the total CO₂ uptake by 79 %. In the early growing season, there was no difference in the NEE between CG and UG79. In addition to the grazing intensity, the effects of grazing on the CO₂ flux also varied with the vegetation growth stages and SWC.     

小麦秸秆还田量对晋南地区裸地土壤—大气间甲烷、二氧化碳、氧化亚氮和一氧化氮交换的影响

采用静态暗箱采样—气相色谱/化学发光分析相结合的方法,对晋南地区盐碱地不同小麦秸秆还田量裸地土壤夏、秋季(2008年6～10月)的甲烷(CH4)、二氧化碳(CO2)、氧化亚氮(N2O)和一氧化氮(NO)交换通量进行了原位观测。结果表明:观测期内,秸秆全还田(FS)、秸秆一半还田(HS)和秸秆不还田(NS)处理土壤—大气间CH4、CO2、N2O和NO平均交换通量分别为-0.8±2.7、-1.4±2.3、-6.5±1.8μg(C).m-2.h-1(CH4),267.1±23.1、212.0±17.8、188.5±13.6mg(C).m-2.h-1(CO2),20.7±3.0、16.3±2.3、14.7±1.7μg(N).m-2.h-1(N2O),3.9±0.5、3.4±0.5、3.0±0.4μg(N).m-2.h-1(NO)。交换通量表现出明显的季节变化趋势,灌溉、降雨和温度变化是影响该趋势的主要因素。相对于NS处理,FS和HS处理降低了累积CH4吸收量(66%和59%),增加了累积CO2(42%和12%)、N2O(41%和9%)和NO(30%和13%)排放量,因此,秸秆还田促进了农田土壤总的温室气体排放。计算得到FS和HS处理小麦秸秆的CO2、N2O、NO排放系数分别为73.4%±1.6%和43.3%±1.0%(CO2)、0.37%±0.01%和0.17%±0.00%(N2O)、0.06%±0.00%和0.05%±0.00%(NO),FS处理的排放系数显著高于HS处理,且均低于同一实验地种植玉米、施肥农田的小麦秸秆排放系数(N2O和NO排放系数分别为2.32%和0.42%)。可见,在采用排放因子方法估算还田秸秆CO2、N2O和NO排放量时,应考虑秸秆还田量、农作物种植和施肥因素的影响。     

典型温带针阔叶混交林碳收支对温度的响应特征

森林生态系统是一个庞大的碳储备系统,在当前气候变暖条件下,温度变化会对森林生态系统的碳收支过程产生重要影响。该文选择长白山温带针阔混交林森林生态系统（CBS）作为研究对象,利用多年通量及小气候观测资料分析该生态系统碳收支过程对温度的响应特征,结果显示该温带森林碳交换的季节变化特征十分明显。生态系统总初级生产力GPP、生态系统呼吸R_e和净生态系统碳交换NEE在2003—2008年的月平均变化显示,碳收支3个组分最大值均出现在夏季,GPP最大值出现在7月,R_e最大值主要出现在8月,NEE负方向的最大值主要出现在6月或7月,表现为碳吸收。在日尺度和月尺度对温度的响应上,GPP和R_e都是随温度（气温和5 cm土壤温度）呈显著的指数升高形式。在日尺度上和月尺度上, NEE对气温的响应皆是分段线性形式,先是随气温的上升而正向增大,表现为碳排放;当超过临界温度,随气温的继续上升而负值增大,表现为碳吸收。根据温度、GPP、R_e以及NEE的季节的变化,每年达到最大的GPP、R_e以及NEE的最适温度均不同,这表明了在气温变化的背景下,生态系统的最适温度也在随之改变,也表明了不考虑其它因素的影响,在气候变暖的背景下,长白山针阔混交林森林生态系统的GPP、R_e随气温的升高增大,而NEE随气温的升高而减小。     

Calibration of a land-surface model using data from primary forest sites in Amazonia

Summary A land-surface model (MOSES) was tested against observed fluxes of heat, water vapour and carbon dioxide for two primary forest sites near Manaus, Brazil. Flux data from one site (called C14) were used to calibrate the model, and data from the other site (called K34) were used to validate the calibrated model. Long-term fluxes of water vapour at C14 and K34 simulated by the uncalibrated model were good, whereas modelled net ecosystem exchange (NEE) was poor. The uncalibrated model persistently underpredicted canopy conductance (g _c ) from mid-morning to mid-afternoon due to saturation of the response to solar radiation at low light levels. This in turn caused a poor simulation of the diurnal cycles of water vapour and carbon fluxes. Calibration of the stomatal conductance/photosynthesis sub-model of MOSES improved the simulated diurnal cycle of g _c and increased the diurnal maximum NEE, but at the expense of degrading long-term water vapour fluxes. Seasonality in observed canopy conductance due to soil moisture change was not captured by the model. Introducing realistic depth-dependent soil parameters decreased the amount of moisture available for transpiration at each depth and led to the model experiencing soil moisture limitation on canopy conductance during the dry season. However, this limitation had only a limited effect on the seasonality in modelled NEE.     

麦田通量数据质量控制及能量闭合性分析

近地面层能量不闭合是涡度相关系统观测中普遍存在的难点问题。为了提高涡度相关系统通量观测数据的质量,选取郑州农业气象试验站2009年10月—2010年6月整个冬小麦生长季的通量观测资料,对30 min通量数据进行野点剔除、数据插补和Webb-Pearman-Leuning(WPL)校正等数据预处理。用两种方法(OLS和EBR)评价了该地区麦田生态系统能量平衡状况。结果表明:处理后的数据质量有明显提升,日平均湍流能增加7.09 W·m~(-2),日平均CO2通量减少0.0730 mg·m~(-2)·s~(-1)。农田涡度相关系统观测的能量平衡比率(EBR)日变化规律明显:早晨和傍晚昼夜交替时EBR波动最大,白天能量闭合状况优于夜间;暖季EBR大部分都在1左右浮动,能量平衡闭合程度较高,而冬季能量平衡闭合程度比暖季偏低。能量通量和湍流通量有较强的相关性,决定系数R2=0.8066,能量闭合度为88%,存在能量不闭合现象。     

Quantification of ecosystem carbon exchange characteristics in a dominant subtropical evergreen forest ecosystem

CO₂ fluxes were measured continuously for three years (2003?C2005) using the eddy covariance technique for the canopy layer with a height of 27 m above the ground in a dominant subtropical evergreen forest in Dinghushan, South China. By applying gapfilling methods, we quantified the different components of the carbon fluxes (net ecosystem exchange (NEE)), gross primary production (GPP) and ecosystem respiration (R_eco) in order to assess the effects of meteorological variables on these fluxes and the atmospherecanopy interactions on the forest carbon cycle. Our results showed that monthly average daily maximum net CO₂ exchange of the whole ecosystem varied from ?3.79 to ?14.24 ??mol m^?2 s^?1 and was linearly related to photosynthetic active radiation. The Dinghushan forest acted as a net carbon sink of ?488 g C m^?2 y^?1, with a GPP of 1448 g Cm^?2 y^?1, and a R_eco of 961 g C m^?2 y^?1. Using a carboxylase-based model, we compared the predicted fluxes of CO₂ with measurements. GPP was modelled as 1443 g C m^?2 y^?1, and the model inversion results helped to explain ca. 90% of temporal variability of the measured ecosystem fluxes. Contribution of CO₂ fluxes in the subtropical forest in the dry season (October-March) was 62.2% of the annual total from the whole forest ecosystem. On average, 43.3% of the net annual carbon sink occurred between October and December, indicating that this time period is an important stage for uptake of CO₂ by the forest ecosystem from the atmosphere. Carbon uptake in the evergreen forest ecosystem is an indicator of the interaction of between the atmosphere and the canopy, especially in terms of driving climate factors such as temperature and rainfall events. We found that the Dinghushan evergreen forest is acting as a carbon sink almost year-round. The study can improve the evaluation of the net carbon uptake of tropical monsoon evergreen forest ecosystem in south China region under climate change conditions.     

Temperature and snow-melt controls on interannual variability in carbon exchange in the high Arctic

Summary Net Ecosystem CO₂ Exchange (NEE) was studied during the summer season (June–August) at a high Arctic heath ecosystem for 5 years in Zackenberg, NE Greenland. Integrated over the 80 day summer season, the heath is presently a sink ranging from −1.4 g C m⁻² in 1997 to −23.3 g C m⁻² in 2003. The results indicate that photosynthesis might be more variable than ecosystem respiration on the seasonal timescale. The years focused on in this paper differ climatically, which is reflected in the measured fluxes. The environmental conditions during the five years strongly indicated that time of snow-melt and air temperature during the growing season are closely related to the interannual variation in the measured fluxes of CO₂ at the heath. Our estimates suggest that net ecosystem CO₂ uptake is enhanced by 0.16 g C m⁻² per increase in growing degree-days during the period of growth. This study emphasises that increased summer time air temperatures are favourable for this particular ecosystem in terms of carbon accumulation.     

Seasonal variations of net CO2 exchange in European Arctic ecosystems

Summary  The carbon dioxide exchange in arctic and subarctic terrestrial ecosystems has been measured using the eddy-covariance method at sites representing the latitudinal and longitudinal extremes of the European Arctic sea areas as part of the Land Arctic Physical Processes (LAPP) project. The sites include two fen (Kaamanen and Kevo) and one mountain birch ecosystems in subarctic northern Finland (69° N); fen, heathland, and snowbed willow ecosystems in northeastern Greenland (74° N); and a polar semidesert site in Svalbard (79° N). The measurement results, which are given as weekly average diurnal cycles, show the striking seasonal development of the net CO₂ fluxes. The seasonal periods important for the net CO₂ fluxes, i.e. winter, thaw, pre-leaf, summer, and autumn can be identified from measurements of the physical environment, such as temperature, albedo, and greenness. During the late winter period continuous efflux is observed at the permafrost-free Kaamanen site. At the permafrost sites, efflux begins during the thaw period, which lasts about 3–5 weeks, in contrast to the Kaamanen site where efflux continues at the same rate as during the winter. Seasonal efflux maximum is during the pre-leaf period, which lasts about 2–5 weeks. The summer period lasts 6 weeks in NE Greenland but 10–14 weeks in northern Finland. During a high summer week, the mountain birch ecosystem had the highest gross photosynthetic capacity, GP _max, followed by the fen ecosystems. The polar semidesert ecosystem had the lowest GP _max. By the middle of August, noon uptake fluxes start to decrease as the solar elevation angle decreases and senescence begins within the vascular plants. At the end of the autumn period, which lasts 2–5 weeks, topsoil begins to freeze at the end of August in Svalbard; at the end of September at sites in eastern Greenland; and one month later at sites in northern Finland. Received March 1, 2000 Revised October 2, 2000     

Multi-level CO2 fluxes over Beijing megacity with the eddy covariance method

本文基于北京325米气象塔在47,140,和280米三层高度的5年涡动相关观测资料,研究了城市下垫面与大气间的CO2交换过程.由于北京市2011年开始实行工作日汽车尾号限行,140米高度CO2通量的年增长率由2008-2010年的7.8％降低到2010-2012年的2.3％.140米高度通量源区内植被比例最小且人口密度最大,因此140米高度的5年平均CO2通量年总量)6.41 kg C m-2 yr-1(大于47米)5.78 kg C m-2 yr-1(和280米)3.99 kg C m-2 yr-1(.在年尺度上,北京汽车总保有量和总人口是最重要的CO2通量控制因子.CO2通量随风向的变化主要与风向对应的通量源区内下垫面土地利用方式有关.三层高度的夏季CO2通量均与道路的比例呈正相关关系.47,140,和280米的决定系数分别为0.69,0.57,和0.54(P＜0.05).植被比例的下降,会导致CO2年总量上升,两者存在近似于指数的关系.城市人口密度的上升会引起CO2年总量上升.     

Impacts of Seasonal Fossil and Ocean Emissions on the Seasonal Cycle of Atmospheric CO2

The seasonal cycle of atmospheric CO2 at surface observation stations in the northern hemisphere is driven primarily by net ecosystem production (NEP) fluxes from terrestrial ecosystems. In addition to NEP from terrestrial ecosystems, surface fluxes from fossil fuel combustion and ocean exchange also contribute to the seasonal cycle of atmospheric CO2. Here the authors use the Goddard Earth Observing System-Chemistry (GEOS-Chem) model (version 8-02-01), with modifications, to assess the impact of these fluxes on the seasonal cycle of atmospheric CO2 in 2005. Modifications include monthly fossil and ocean emission inventories. CO2 simulations with monthly varying and annual emission inventories were carried out separately. The sources and sinks of monthly averaged net surface flux are different from those of annual emission inventories for every month. Results indicate that changes in monthly averaged net surface flux have a greater impact on the average concentration of atmospheric CO2 in the northern hemisphere than on the average concentration for latitudes 30-90°S in July. The concentration values differ little between both emission inventories over the latitudinal range from the equator to 30°S in January and July. The accumulated impacts of the monthly averaged fossil and ocean emissions contribute to an increase of the total global monthly average of CO2 from May to December.An apparent discrepancy for global average CO2 concentration between model results and observation was because the observation stations were not sufficiently representative. More accurate values for monthly varying net surface flux will be necessary in future to run the CO2 simulation.     

Northern Canadian Wetlands: Net Ecosystem CO2 Exchange and Climatic Change

Northern Canadian peatlands represent a long term sink for atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2), however there is concern they may become a net source of CO2 due to climatic change. Climatic change is expected to result in significant changes in regional hydrology in boreal and subarctic regions of Canada. A hydrologic model predicted a summer water table drop of 0.14 m in northern Canadian fens given an increase in summer temperature and rainfall of 3°C and 1 mm d-1, respectively. Moreover, surface peat temperature increased by 2.3°C. Net ecosystem exchange of CO2 was modelled using these modelled hydrologic and thermal changes with respiration:peat temperature and water table:net ecosystem production relationships developed from measurements at wetlands in northern Sweden and near Churchill, Manitoba. Model results indicate that the net atmospheric CO2 sink function of fens may be enhanced under future 2 × CO2 scenarios, while bogs may become a net source of atmospheric CO2. If the net ecosystem productivity response to the new hydrologic conditions was ignored then the model predicts a decrease in summer carbon storage for all peatland types.     

不同土壤类型的热通量变化特征

利用2004—2007年中国科学院中国生态系统研究网络(CERN)生态站实测土壤热通量、辐射等资料,分析了不同土壤类型表层热通量的日变化和季节变化,以及不同土壤类型的热通量与总辐射、净辐射的关系。结果表明,由于导热率越大,热量传输就越快;热容量越小,热量传输也越快,造成土壤热通量的日较差和年较差较大,所以黄绵土和紫色土的表层热通量日较差最大(220～280 W.m-2),高寒草甸土和水稻土最小(55W.m-2);季节变化中土壤表层热通量的年较差变化范围在12～28W.m-2之间,灰漠土最大,为28W.m-2,热通量年较差从大到小依次为灰漠土、黄绵土、盐碱潮土、红壤土、紫色土、沼泽土、水稻土和高寒潮土,高寒潮土最小,为12W.m-2。不同土壤类型的热通量与总辐射、净辐射呈正相关关系,但不同土壤类型的土壤热通量在12:00(地方时)所占净辐射的比例各不相同,高寒草甸土最小,约为8%;黄绵土最大,为38%,多数土壤的热通量占净辐射的比例在15%～20%之间,这充分表明不同土壤类型表层热通量的传输存在很大差异。     

基于RegCM4.6的中国地区云对地表太阳辐射的影响研究

使用RegCM4.6区域气候模式，选取Emanuel和Mix（Grell+Emanuel）两种积云对流参数化方案，以2016年为例，分别对中国地区云短波辐射强迫及其涉及的物理量进行数值模拟，揭示其时空分布特征，并探究两种积云对流参数方案模拟效果的差异及其原因。结果表明：从季节平均来看，全国地表云短波辐射强迫均为负值，云对地表为冷却效应，冬季最小，春夏季较大。塔里木盆地四季均为辐射强迫低值区，夏季冷却效应最弱，辐射强迫绝对值低于40 W·m-2；全天空地表净短波辐射分布也呈显著季节差异，除夏季外均呈由南向北逐渐递减的分布趋势；晴空地表净短波辐射在横断山脉处和塔里木盆地处均比较低，其中春季最为明显；两个方案所得的季节空间分布特征大致相同，但在数值上存在差异。春季时全国大部分地区全天空地表净短波辐射通量差异最大，在55 W·m-2左右，晴空地表净短波辐射通量在青藏高原处差异在60W·m-2左右。     

古尔班通古特沙漠土壤物理参数时间变化特征及其影响因子研究

以古尔班通古特沙漠为研究靶区,利用2020年全年克拉美丽陆-气相互作用观测试验站连续观测数据,分析了古尔班通古特沙漠土壤温湿度、土壤热通量、土壤盐分及导热率等主要土壤参数变化特征及影响因子。结果表明：（1）古尔班通古特沙漠土壤温度年日均值变化呈倒“U”型,季节变化特征明显,总体表现为夏季>春季>秋季>冬季,浅层土壤温度的变化幅度大于深层,湿度变化特征为春夏高,秋冬低,通常表现为随土壤深度增加土壤湿度逐渐升高;土壤热通量变化总体表现为春夏高,秋冬低,日变化幅度春夏秋冬依次递减。（2）古尔班通古特沙漠土壤导热率年均值为0.832 W·m-1·K-1,导热率与降水呈显著的正相关,土壤温湿度、土壤盐分是影响沙漠区土壤导热率的主要因子。在冻土条件下,土壤导热率平均为0.634 W·m-1·K-1,且其随土壤湿度增加而增加,冻土时导热随湿度增加的速率约为非冻土时的2.5倍;在降水条件下,土壤含水量小于0.06 m3·m-3时土壤导热率呈现缓慢增加趋势,大于0.06 m3·m-3时随湿度上升而迅速增加;在融雪时期,土壤含水量小于0.11 m3·m-3时土壤导热率随湿度上升缓慢增加,大于0.11 m3·m-3时土壤导热率迅速上升。