The Characteristics of Cloud-to-Ground Lightning Activity with Severe Thunderstorm Wind in South and North China

The characteristics of cloud-to-ground（CG） lightning activity with severe thunderstorm wind（STW） in South and North China are analyzed using CG lightning data, radar data, and serious weather reports. The percentage of positive CG（PCG） flashes with STW in North China is larger than that in South China. STW takes place during the period when the total CG and PCG density is increasing fastest. STW also occurs close to the high-value center of CG and PCG density. In North China, the CG and PCG density in the grid of STW maximizes approximately 20 minutes after the STW occurs; while in South China, the PCG density and percentage of PCG in the grid of STW maximizes about 10 minutes before the occurrence of STW. The high-value centers of CG density and PCG density in North China move slightly faster than those in South China, which is opposite to the rate of increasing CG activity.     

辽宁省一次强对流天气的地闪特征

利用闪电定位系统、多普勒雷达和加密自动站资料对辽宁一次冷涡天气中暴雨、冰雹过程的地闪变化特征进行分析。结果表明,暴雨和冰雹过程均出现了地闪密集区,冰雹过程中正地闪占总地闪比例高于暴雨过程;暴雨过程以负地闪为主,主要分布在45 dBz以上的强回波区内,和暴雨持续时间相当,负地闪最密集区位于风暴的核心部位。负地闪频数比强回波面积提前30至70分钟到达峰值,对于短时暴雨预报预警具有一定意义。冰雹过程中,负地闪集中在雹云前部,正地闪位于雹云核心部位,与降雹区一致,正、负地闪发生区域分离。正地闪提前降雹30分钟左右发生,总地闪、正地闪频数在降雹前明显增加;降雹出现在总地闪、正地闪频数和强回波面积达到峰值及从峰值迅速下降时间段内;雹云减弱消散阶段总地闪次数减少但正闪增加。     

一次强对流过程中的闪电特征分析

利用闪电定位系统和多普勒雷达资料,通过2007年4月24日广东省一次强对流过程,剖析了不同阶段的闪电特征和雷达回波的关系。结果表明,(1)对流云带放电整体上呈带状分布,闪电随云带的移动而移动,强对流单体发生的闪电频数大且密集。(2)强降水过程中闪电活动呈双峰型分布,负闪占绝对优势,正负闪同步增加或减少,正闪电流平均幅值大于负闪,基本上是负闪的2倍。(3)闪电频数、强度和雷达回波强度在时间序列上对应较好;发生发展阶段,闪电出现位置超前雷达回波约10~40 min;在成熟和消散阶段,闪电主要发生在雷达回波>40 dBz和VIL>20 kg/m2所对应的区域,并在其周围形成一个小范围的闪电密集区。     

成都地区地闪时空特征分析

利用XDD03A型闪电定位仪所取得的3年资料,初步研究了成都周边地区地闪特征。地闪中正地闪占绝大多数,其平均强度为6045 A,略高于负地闪的5974 A。地闪强度基本集中在12000 A以下。地闪活动具有明显的日变化,总体呈单峰单谷形式,地闪频次在60以上的峰值时段是18:00~24:00和01:00,频次在10以下的谷值时段是10:00~13:00,夜间闪电活动明显大于日间。正地闪频次日变化趋势和总地闪相同,负地闪频次日变化趋势除一些小波动外,和正地闪、总地闪相同。正负地闪频次的月变化趋势相同,6、7、8月闪电数较多,4、5、9、10月闪电数较少。通过统计分析,发现各月地闪频次和对应的各月降水量有较好的相关性。成都周边地区地闪活动密集,6、7、8月的地闪密度大大超过4、5、9、10月。     

山东地区冰雹云的闪电活动特征

利用山东电力部门提供的雷电定位资料,对10次冰雹过程的地闪活动特征进行了分析。通过分析发现,雹暴中正地闪占总地闪的比例平均为57.39％,远高于当地正地闪比例的气候特征值13.48％。地面降雹区基本出现在正地闪密集（活跃）区或邻近区域。在雹云快速发展阶段,地闪频数存在明显的“跃增”;在减弱消散阶段,地闪频数显著减少,但正地闪比例有所提高。负地闪频数峰值的出现通常提前于降雹0～20 min,正地闪频数峰值的出现一般滞后于降雹发生时间。整个降雹阶段对应于正地闪的活跃阶段。另外,结合对卫星观测的总闪电资料分析,发现冰雹云的云闪与地闪的比值远高于一般的雷雨过程,其云闪密度也远高于雷雨过程。以上这些特征对于冰雹的识别和对冰雹的超短时预报具有指示意义。     

Optical Observations on Propagation Characteristics of Leaders in Cloud-to-Ground Lightning Flashes

Using 2 high-speed cameras, we have recorded 14 negative cloud-to-ground (CG) lightning flashes, half of which are natural and the others are artificially triggered. The two-dimensional (2D) propagation speed of different type leaders and the luminosity of lightning channel are analyzed in detail. Bidirectional leader processes are observed during the initial processes of two altitude triggered negative lightning (ATNL)flashes. The analysis shows: the propagation speed of the upward positive leader (UPL) before the initiation of the downward negative leader (DNL) is at the order of 104-105 m s-1; the UPL can be intensified by the initiation and development of the DNL in the way that the luminosity is enhanced and the speed is sped up; after initiation, the DNL in one ATNL flash propagates downward three times intermittently with interval of about 1 ms, while that in the other ATNL flash propagates downward continuously with a speed at the order of 105 m s-1. In the five classical triggered negative lightning (CTNL) flashes, the propagation speeds of the UPLs vary between 0.35×105 and 7.71×105 m s-1, and the variations of their luminosities and speeds are quite complex during the development processes. Among the four observed natural negative lightning flashes occurred on the land, three have only one return stoke (RS) each and all of their DNLs have many branches with an average speed at the order of 105 m s-1; while the another one has 13 RSs.In the CG flash with 13 RSs, the DNL before the first RS has no obvious branch below 1.4 km above the ground, and its speed ranges from 2.2×105 to 2.3×105 m s-1 between the heights of 0.7 and 1.4 km and exceeds 3.9×106 m s-1 below 0.7 km; preceding the 4th RS, an attempted leader is observed with a speed ranging from 1.1×105 to 1.1×106 m s-1 between 0.8 and 1.5 km. As for the three observed natural negative lightning flashes occurred on the sea, each has only one RS, and each DNL preceding the RS has a few branches, two of which have an average propagation speed at the order of 105 m s-1, and the other of 106m s-1, respectively. All the DNLs contained in the observed natural negative lightning flashes, except the attempted leader, propagate with gradually increasing luminosity and increasing speed in whole.     

闪电定位密度数据泰森多边形优化方法

从识别、修订闪电定位监测数据异常值、提高闪电定位监测产品准确度的目的出发,以闪电定位栅格密度图为研究对象,结合人工观测雷电日数据及国内外对小电流幅值闪电数据剔除的研究成果,引入泰森多边形、数据分布假设检验、异常值(五数概括)处理算法等模型,建立了可用于判别和优化闪电定位监测数据栅格密度异常值的方法,以福建省为例,对该方法进行了实例应用。结果表明,在福建省西、北部区域,闪电定位监测数据存在一定探测误差或数据丢失的情况,并使用人工观测雷电日数据对这些异常值所在的区域进行了修订,该方法适用于闪电定位仪覆盖数量较少区域的闪电定位监测数据异常值识别与优化应用。     

A Comparison of the Characteristics of Total and Cloud-to-Ground Lightning Activities in Hailstorms

The region of Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei is covered by two different lightning detection networks: SAFIR (Systeme d’Alerte Fondre par Interferometrie Radioelecctrique) for total lightning, including IntraCloud (IC) flashes and Cloud-to-Ground (CG) flashes, and the ADTD (ADvanced TOA and Direction system; TOA denotes time of arrival) network of China for CG lightning. Fourteen isolated hail-bearing thunderstorms in this region were examined in this study, using the data of SAFIR and ADTD. The peak of lightning frequency, for both total lightning and CG lightning, was often observed in advance of the occurrence of hailstones on the ground, with a trend of a rapid increase of lightning frequency before the hail was reported. The average lead times of the two types of lightning jump before hail events were obtained (total lightning: 32.2 min; CG: 25.4 min) through the 2σ lightning jump algorithm. Additionally, in hailstorms with a high ratio of positive CG flashes, the diameter of hail was larger and the duration of hail was longer; when negative CG flashes dominated, the diameter of hail was relatively small. The comparison of the characteristics of total lightning and CG flashes in hailstorms in this study is expected to serve as a supplementary tool for hail forecasting.     

湖北省雷暴日数与云地闪电密度关系研究

为了研究年雷暴日数与雷击大地年平均密度关系,以满足雷电防护工程设计、雷击风险评估和雷电灾害防御工作需要,采用湖北省ADTD雷电监测定位系统探测的2007--2010年云地闪电资料和雷电监测理论探测效率在95％以上的28个气象台站的年雷暴日数,对台站周围不同半径距离范围内年平均云地闪电次数与年平均雷暴日数进行统计分析。结果表明：在台站周围18～20km范围内,相关系数明显增大,其中18km范围内相关系数最大为0．8521。由此可以认为,观测人员一般只能听到观测站点周围18～20km左右的雷声。经统计计算,拟合年平均雷暴日数与雷击大地年平均密度关系式为：Nc=0．029Td^1.5。通过2011年检验表明,采用拟合方程：Nc=0．029Td^1.5计算各台站雷击大地年平均密度明显优于规范方程：Nc=0．024Td^1.3计算的效果。     

060814山西省局地大暴雨的地闪特征分析

利用闪电定位每分钟的实测资料和加密雨量站每分钟的雨量资料,对山西省2006年8月13~14日副热带高压东退南压过程中,产生的局地大暴雨过程的地闪特征进行了分析。结果表明:对流风暴中,负地闪出现在强度达40 dBz且与径向速度图的逆风区或附近正速度的大值区相重叠的区域内,正地闪出现在强度达30 dBz风暴后部的正速度小值区;混合性降水云系中,地闪出现在500 hPa 5880gpm与5840 gpm等高线所包围区域内的辐合带或逆风区,且正地闪靠近5840线一侧,负地闪靠近5880线一侧。局地地闪频数与雨强随时间的变化有很好的相关性,负地闪的出现及其频数的增加意味着影响该地区的对流风暴正在发展并向本地移来,地闪频数峰值的出现表示雨强峰值的迅速到来,正地闪的出现表示该对流风暴对本地区的影响即将结束。利用地闪频数峰值准确地预报强对流风暴产生的局地强降水只有30~45 min的提前量,而对于混合性强降水的预报则可有1~2 h的提前量;逆风区的水平尺度、垂直厚度、逆风区附近的正、负速度差值直接影响风暴降水的范围、强度和持续时间。     

Characteristics of a Negative Cloud-to-Ground Lightning Discharge Based on Locations of VHF Radiation Sources

The lightning very high frequency （VHF） radiation location system based on the short-baseline time-difference of arrival （TDOA） technique provides an effective approach to describe the temporal and spatial development of lightning discharge in two dimensions with high resolution. A negative single-stroke cloud-to- ground （CG） lightning flash was analyzed in detail using the radiation location results and synchronic fast/slow elec- tric field changes. The long-duration preliminary break- down process appeared to propagate with hi-directional leader channels. The two negative simultaneous discharge channels sloped down with a considerable horizontal com- ponent in the lower positive charge region at speeds of about 105 m s-1. The stepped leader was clearly converted from one channel of the preliminary breakdown process and spread downwards with branches. The speeds of the stepped leaders were about 105 m s -1. The K processes after the return stroke could either directly initiate from the start region with negative polarity lightning discharge, or initiate from a new region in the cloud as negative recoil streamers. All K processes propagated along the preceding electrified channel, while not all K processes initiated from the tips of positive breakdowns. The speeds of the K processes were about 106-107 m s-1.     

基于雷击分类体系的雷电电位差效应分析

鉴于雷击分类目前缺乏完整的体系,根据雷击危害方式对雷击进行了综合研究,将间接雷击分为两大类,由此提出了"雷电电位差效应"。对雷电反击、雷电地电位上升、雷电旁侧闪络等效应进行了阐述,并单独对接触电压和跨步电压进行分析。介绍了雷电电位差效应的防护方法,对安全距离做了说明。研究了雷电电位差效应与人身伤害的关系。分析表明:雷电电位差效应主要包括雷电反击、雷电地电位上升、雷电旁侧闪络以及与人身伤害有关的接触电压和跨步电压;雷电电位差效应的防护方法主要包括躲避、等电位连接和保持足够的安全距离。     

华北飑线系统中地闪活动与雷达回波顶高的关系及预警指标

选取代表华北地区经常出现的三类飑线系统--拖曳层状型(TS)、先导层状型(LS)、平行层状型(PS)的3次强雷暴过程为研究对象,利用天津塘沽多普勒雷达资料、京津冀ADTD型地闪监测网资料和北京探空资料,在对资料进行全面质量控制的基础上,运用粗网格化分析方法,分别以飑线系统整体和飑线系统上局部的强回波块为研究对象,探讨6分钟内地闪频数与雷达回波顶高的关系,找寻雷电预警指标.结果表明:3次过程中,出现在云顶达到8～12km 对流云塔中的地闪频数分别为85.8%、78.9%和80.5%;无论是在飑线系统整体,还是飑线系统上强回波块中,6分钟内地闪频数与对流云回波顶高高于11km或12km的回波面积有正相关关系;而且在飑线系统内的地闪活跃区,回波顶高高于11km的回波面积对地闪活动激烈程度具有预警意义.     

广东地闪时空特征及与降水关系分析

利用2016—2020年粤港澳闪电定位数据和广东86个国家地面观测站逐小时降水资料,分析了广东地闪频次和地闪强度的时空分布特征,以及地闪与降水量、强降水频次之间的相关关系。结果表明：(1)广东逐月地闪频次与降水变化均呈双峰型分布,峰值在6和8月,两者相关系数达到0.95。日变化中,地闪频次高值集中在12:00—20:00,占比为61.4%;地闪频次与逐时雨量均为单峰型,峰值出现在15:00,两者相关系数0.90。(2)地闪密度大值区以广州为中心向四周递减,中心值达到33次/(km²·年)以上;地闪强度分布与地闪密度相反,地闪密度大的地区,其平均地闪强度小。(3)全省大部分地区地闪密度与降水量、强降水频次相关性强,而在粤东及粤北地区相关性较差。相较于降水量,地闪密度大值区与强降水频次的相关性更好;而地闪强度与降水量的相关性,比其与强降水频次相关性要更好。     

用VLF/VHF信号大容量采集系统观测云地闪电放电过程

简述了一种高分辨、大容量闪电VLF/VHF信号记录系统,报道了一次包含12次对地回击、平均回击间隔70ms、持续时间超过800 ms的地闪放电过程的VLF/VHF辐射波形全景以及分析结果.这一个典型事例揭示了一些有趣的现象:(1)这次过程的头5 ms出现了强烈的VLF双极性大脉冲序列,标志着云内初始击穿过程启动;对应于一系列VLF辐射事件出现了强烈的VHF辐射爆发,总体上看,前380 ms期间VHF辐射异常强烈,呈现为间歇式准连续辐射,之后强烈VHF辐射则更多地表现为分立脉冲式爆发特征.(2)与回击主电流峰期间VHF辐射较弱不同,地闪最强的VHF辐射来自初始击穿过程和回击后云内放电通道扩展或者新通道形成过程;在初始击穿阶段和回击间歇期,出现了不止一次强烈的VHF辐射爆发并不伴随明显的VLF辐射.(3)回击间歇期间一类云中放电过程产生一系列半宽为3～4μs左右、出现频率约105Hz的VLF快脉冲串,整个脉冲串持续时间约1ms,频谱峰值区域在60～90 kHz,并伴随较强的VHF辐射,这些特征都与直窜先导特征一致.很可能这是一种云内K事件.(4)还给出了江淮地区地闪过程回击VLF/VHF辐射波形的统计特征,统计还显示当相继两次回击间隔小于40 ms时后面回击幅度倾向于比前面回击弱,当回击间隔时间大于100 ms时,后面回击比前面回击强的可能性大.     

河南省强雷暴地闪活动与雷达回波的关系探析

利用ADTD雷电定位显示监测系统资料和郑州714CD多普勒雷达回波资料,对河南省2004--2006年8次雷雨大风伴局地冰雹和强暴雨两类强雷暴天气的地闪和雷达回波的特征及关系进行了分析,从观测事实出发,分析了河南8次强雷暴地闪活动与雷达回波的关系。结果表明:大风冰雹类回波强度为50～60 dBz,暴雨回波强度一般为40～55 dBz。暴雨地闪频数明显多于大风冰雹类;大风冰雹类天气以正闪为主,正闪比例在50%以上,暴雨正闪比例在6%以下;最大正、负闪强度可以出现在强雷暴过程的开始、持续、结束时段。块状单体回波出现或出现前,地闪已经出现,移动过程中的强回波带,少量地闪出现在强回波移动方向的前方20～30 km内,此地闪能很好地预示强回波未来移动方向;对于暴雨类天气,地闪不能很好预示降水的开始,地闪频数的增加预示强暴雨进入持续阶段,地闪减弱比暴雨回波减弱有明显的提前量。雷雨大风冰雹和暴雨持续阶段其正闪密集区和负闪密集区都同40 dBz的强回波区有很好的对应关系。雷雨大风持续阶段地闪数频数突增,整个时段地闪频次具有单峰特征;暴雨整个时段地闪频次具有双峰或多峰值特点以及高频数地闪持续性特点;1小时地闪频数强暴雨远大于雷雨大风冰雹类。暴雨类0℃、-10℃、-20℃层高度及云顶高度一般高于大风冰雹类,△H_(-10～0℃),△H_(-20～0℃),△H_((?)～0℃)三层高度差也大于大风冰雹类。     

Analysis of the Winter Cloud-to-Ground Lightning Activity and Its Synoptic Background in China during 2010-20

Cloud-to-ground(CG)lightning data and the ECMWF ERA-Interim reanalysis dataset are analyzed to gain insight into the spatiotemporal distribution and synoptic background of winter-season CG flashes between December 2010 and February 2020 in China.We identify three Winter Lightning Frequent Areas(WLAs):the southwest side of the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau(WLA1),the east side of the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau(WLA2),and the Poyang Lake Plain(WLA3).The CG lightning flashes most frequently occur at local midnight and have a monthly peak in February.The CG lightning in WLA1 is mostly generated in non-frontal weather;however,the lightning in WLA2 and WLA3 mostly occurs in frontal systems.The frontal circulation situation is divided into four typical types:transversal trough after high pressure,low vortex,confrontational convergence,and asymptotic convergence.In all typical weather patterns,the lightning occurs downstream of a 500 hPa trough and is accompanied by a southwesterly low-level jet.The convective parameters of winter thunderstorms differ greatly from those of summer thunderstorms.The maximum convective available potential energy(MCAPE)and K-index(KI)are more useful metrics than convective available potential energy(CAPE)and Showalter index(SI)during winter.This study further deepens the understanding of the distribution characteristics of winter CG lightning in China,which motivates further research to improve the ability of winter thunderstorm prediction.     

雷击大地密度的计算与软件实现

雷击大地密度（Ng）是进行雷击风险评估的重要参数之一。雷击风险评估业务的传统方法中,通常采用当地气象部门提供的所在城市的年平均雷暴日（Td）来计算评估点的Ng值,而雷击分布受地理、地质、土壤、气象、环境等诸多因素的影响,因此,在一个城市甚至一个地区都取相同的Ng值的做法存在一定的局限性。从Ng的概念出发,对标定后的闪电定位系统（LLS）数据进行处理,使用C^#编程制作计算Ng的软件,以便快捷、精确地为雷击风险评估业务提供Ng的数据支持。     

雷击大地密度Ng数值研究

雷击大地密度Ng作为一个重要的气象参数,直接影响雷电灾害风险评估的科学计算。Ng数值的获取有两种方式:一种是由地闪定位网络系统提供,一种是按Ng≈0.1T_d(年均雷暴日)估算。在利用后一种方法获取Ng值时,简单地取0.1T_d并非科学。因为T_d是较大区域范围的平均值,未必是雷电灾害风险评估项目所处区域的真实值;况且Ng值不仅受T_d的影响,还与雷暴时间、雷暴路径、闪电特征、雷灾频次与强度有关。因此,利用后一种方法获取Ng值时,需计入其他气象因素的影响。基于对影响Ng的各种气象因素的分析,将焦作市按行政区划定为65个区域,根据各个区域的气象环境,分析出各个区域的雷电灾害风险等级;根据风险等级,设定风险系数,并结合周边区域气象因素对该区域的影响,计算出Ng的修正系数,修正Ng的取值,使修正后的Ng值更接近真实值。     

A Case Study of Cloud-to-Ground Lightning Activities in Hailstorms under Cold Eddy Synoptic Situation

There were three hailstorms in Shandong Province,caused by a same northeast cold eddy situation on 1 June 2002.Cloud-to-ground (CG) flashes occurring in the weather event were observed by Shandong Lightning Detection Network (SLDN),which consists of 10 sensors covering all over Shandong Province.The temporal and spatial distributions of CG lightning are investigated for the three hailstorms by using the data from SLDN,Doppler radar and satellite.The results show that different thunderstorms present different lightning features even if under the same synoptic situation.The percentage of positive CG lightning is very high during the period of hail falling.CG flashes mainly occurred in the region with a cloud top brightness temperature lower than -50°C.Negative CG flashes usually clustered in the lower temperature region and tended to occur in the region with maximum temperature gradient,while the positive ones usually spread discretely.Negative CG flashes usually occurred in intense echo regions with reflectivity greater than 50 dBz,while the positive CG flashes often occurred in weak and stable echo regions (10-30 dBz) or cloud anvils,although they can be observed in strong convective regions sometimes.Almost all hail falling took place in the stage with active positive flashes,and the peak positive flash rate is a little prior to the hail events.The thunderstorm could lead to disastrous weather when positive CG lightning activities occur in cluster.Severe thunderstorms sometimes present a low flash rate at its vigorous stage,which is probably caused by the"mechanism of chargeregion lift"through investigating the reflectivity evolution.Combined with the total lightning (intracloud and CG) data obtained by LIS onboard TRMM,the phenomenon of high ratio of intracloud flash to CG flash in severe hailstorm has been discussed.The competition of the same charge sources between different lightning types can also be helpful for explaining the cause of low CG lightning activities in severe storms.