A commentary on the shape of loess particles assuming a spatial exponential distribution for the cracks in quartz

An important property of loess is a tendency to collapse on loading and wetting (hydroconsolidation) which can have serious consequences worldwide for civil engineering projects. Randomly generated particles are classified according to Zingg shape categories: disc, sphere, blade and rod. This paper differs from the previous by the same author [8] in that a uniform distribution is no longer assumed for the underlying spatial distribution. Randomly placed faults in the quartz mother-rock lead naturally to an exponential distribution for the linear dimension of the basic particle. Monte Carlo processes and analytical formulae are used to calculate the average dimensions for particles in the blade category, into which most loess has been shown to fall.     

黄土颗粒结构特征及其对剪切行为的影响

微结构控制着黄土的宏观力学行为,进而影响着工程土体稳定性.本文通过X射线CT试验研究了陕西泾阳Q2黄土试样的三维颗粒结构特征,结合三轴剪切试验建立了黄土的颗粒流离散元数值计算模型,探讨了颗粒尺寸、形态和排列等结构特征对黄土剪切行为的影响.结果表明黄土试样颗粒的等效直径分布满足Weibull概率分布,球度分布符合Gamm...     

Thermoluminescence dating of an upper pleistocene site,Northern Pakistan

Thermoluminescence (TL) dates are presented for the Upper Pleistocene loess sequence that overlies a Paleolithic site 14.5 km southeast of Rawalpindi, northern Pakistan (lat. 33° 30′ 30″ long. 73° 10′ 40″). These dates provide the first dating of Pleistocene blade assemblages in Pakistan, and also indicate that the loess is associated with the last, and not just the penultimate, glaciation of the Himalayas as had been previously thought. The site includes the remains of a structure and numerous blade tools, and may have been used for skin-working or some comparable activity. The ten TL dates presented span the age range 64–24 ka, and imply an early date for blade industries in the northern part of the Indian sub-continent of ca. 45–42 ka.     

延安晚更新世黄土颗粒微观各向异性特征及其成因分析

土颗粒的形状及其空间方位的择优取向是导致宏观土体各向异性的重要原因之一.以具有明显各向异性的晚更新世马兰黄土为研究对象,借助Quanta FEG型电子显微镜扫描照片所包含的相关信息,揭示其微结构在水平向和垂直向上的差异,并对该微观结构的各向异性成因进行了分析.发现:(1)水平向和垂直向切片中颗粒的圆形度R0具有正态分布...     

长江三角洲第一硬质黏土层粒度多元统计分析及沉积环境判别

长江三角洲第一硬质黏土层成因是长期争论的问题。对上海市青浦区第一硬质黏土层全样粒度多元统计分析,并与南京周家山下蜀黄土、长江悬浮颗粒物对比,探索长江三角洲第一硬质黏土层成因。第一硬质黏土层机械颗粒组成均一,频率曲线呈正偏态、中等或尖锐峰形的双峰分布,频率累积曲线呈"S"型分布,具有风成沉积特性。粒度特征分析为沉积环境判别提供沉积学证据时,综合运用多元统计分析可以使分析结果更准确。聚类分析将硬黏土与典型风成沉积物下蜀黄土粒度分布归为一类,长江悬浮颗粒物单独为一类,表明硬黏土与下蜀黄土成因一致。下蜀黄土与长江悬浮颗粒物粒度参数判别函数,将绝大部分硬黏土样品判定为风成沉积。粒级—标准偏差曲线结合现代风场,显示硬黏土粒度特征存在高空西风和低空西北季风两个主控因子。表明长江三角洲第一硬质黏土层是由西风和西北季风控制的风成成因堆积物。     

Grain size characteristics and genesis of the Muxing loess in the Muling-Xingkai Plain,Northeast China

Thick loess is deposited on the platform in the piedmont zone of Muling-Xingkai Plain(Muxing Plain), but the genesis of the Muxing loess is still unclear. The aims of this study are to analyze the grain size characteristics of Muxing loess collected from the cores of a typical borehole(ZK1) in the piedmont zone of Muxing Plain, and to verify its genesis. The Muxing loess is mainly composed of the particles with diameter less than 50 μm, with an average content of 92.48%. The coarse silt particles with diameter of 10-50 μm are the basic composition of aeolian sediments, and their average content is 44.34% for the Muxing loess, which is the mode class among the particles with different diameters. The grain size parameters and frequency curves are similar to those of the typical aeolian sediments. The distribution characteristic of the Muxing loess in the C-M scatter diagram is consistent with that of the Xi Feng loess. In addition, the discriminant analysis shows the Muxing loess mostly consists of aeolian sediments. Therefore, it can be concluded that the Muxing loess mainly resulted from aeolian deposition based on the grain size characteristics. Muxing Plain is dominated by the monsoon climate, and the wind-blown dusts are gradually deposited after being transported over long distances.     

辽西黄土的物质组成与微观结构特征

黄土的物质组成和结构特征对深入研究黄土的工程地质特性和湿陷机理具有重要的意义。利用颗分试验、X射线衍射技术、化学分析技术及扫描电镜测试技术,对阜新一朝阳高速公路沿线黄土的颗粒组成、化学成分、矿物成分、易溶盐,以及原状黄土的微观结构进行了测试、分析。结果表明：①黄土的颗粒成分以粉粒为主,粉粒中又以粗粉粒为主;粘粒含量变化较大;②黄土中的碎屑矿物以石英和长石为主,粘土矿物以伊利石、伊蒙混层为主;③黄土中的易溶盐和难溶盐较其他地区偏低;④浅层黄土结构较松散,为支架大孔微胶结结构和支架大孔-镶嵌微孔半胶结结构;深层黄土结构较为密实,多为絮凝状胶结结构和凝块状胶结结构。     

生石灰改良黄土的微观机制试验研究

为探究石灰掺量对黄土强度的影响规律及其微观机制,采用不同比例的生石灰对黄土进行改良。开展了直剪试验、压汞试验及扫描电镜测试,定性和定量分析素黄土及不同石灰掺量改良黄土的强度特性和微观结构变化规律,并对石灰改良黄土的微观机理进行较为深入的分析。结果表明:石灰改良黄土的抗剪强度参数随着石灰掺量的增大出现先增大再减小的变化规律,在石灰掺量约为8%时,其黏聚力和内摩擦角达到最大值;石灰的掺入使黄土骨架颗粒之间及其表面附着的胶结物逐渐增多,孔隙被胶结物质填充,土体中的不稳定孔隙逐渐减少,整体性增强;但当石灰掺量过大时,多余的石灰会堆积于团粒之间,影响团粒之间的胶结。石灰改良黄土强度提高的原因是石灰水化反应生成的胶结物质增强了土颗粒之间的胶结程度,增大颗粒间的相互摩擦,使土体结构更加稳定,提高土体强度;石灰掺量过高时,改良黄土抗剪强度降低是因为过量的石灰影响了土颗粒之间的胶结作用。研究成果既是对黄土强度特性及微观结构理论研究的丰富与充实,又可以为改良黄土工程设计的相关参数选取提供参考依据。      

黄土地区活动断层的显微构造和显微沉积学探测

以发育在黄土地层的陕西省西安市临潼—长安断裂为对象,采用显微构造和显微沉积学分析的方法,从微观的角度探讨黄土地层中的活动断层。观测了该断裂上的7个露头剖面和一条探槽剖面,采集样品42件。在室内对所采集的样品进行了显微构造、超微构造和能谱测定(扫描电镜)以及显微沉积学分析。研究结果表明,野外宏观观测难以辨认的断层迹象,在断层带样品的切片(大薄片)上肉眼即可清楚辨别。显微构造观测发现,断层在微观上可以表现为错动面、较宽的断层带、断层破碎带、变形条带、泥质条带和愈合的张裂隙等。扫描电镜观测和能谱测定显示,断层破碎带或泥质条带与其外围地层具有不同的超微结构,而且成分有所变化,表明断层活动过程中有流体的参与,并导致某些元素的带出和带入。粒度分析结果发现,断层样品相对于外围样品,粒度>0.03mm的颗粒减少,<0.03mm的颗粒和粘土质增加,表明黄土地层的断层活动仍有碎裂作用发生。分形分析结果表明,黄土地层的碎屑颗粒分形特征呈弧形分布,但断层样品更趋于线性分布。此外,在其中一个剖面的样品中,发现了震击物(seismite)的一些微观标志,如球状体构造、负荷构造和流体通道构造等。所有研究结果表明,显微构造和显微沉积学分析是黄土地层中活动断层研究的有效手段。     

Dust transport and the question of desert loess formation

Although contemporary dust storms are frequent in arid and semi-arid areas, desert loess deposits are poorly developed. Much of the World's loess occurs in mid-latitude areas which experienced glaciation during the Pleistocene. Ocean core evidence indicates that dust transport from sub-tropical deserts increased during cold stages of the Pleistocene, but loess formed only on certain desert margins, for reasons which have not been fully explained. This paper re-examines the mechanisms of dust transport and deposition, and the circumstances leading to the accumulation of thick loess. Typical loess is composed mainly of medium silt grains which are transported in short-term suspension a few metres above the ground. Significant thicknesses of loess form only when dust is trapped within a limited area, often relatively close to the source. Dust particles finer than 20 μm are transported mainly in long-term suspension over a greater height range and may be widely dispersed. The availability of silt and the frequency, magnitude and direction of dust-transporting winds are important factors governing the potential for loess formation, but the existence of a suitable dust trap is particularly important. Traps may be formed by topographic obstacles, areas of moist ground, or vegetated surfaces. Vegetation adjacent to glacial outwash plains and braided meltwater streams trapped dust in mid-latitudes during the Pleistocene. Dust blown during glacial periods from certain deserts, notably in Sinai, Soviet Central Asia and China, accumulated as loess in neighbouring semi-arid regions. On the margins of other deserts loess formation was inhibited partly by the absence of vegetation traps. During most of the Holocene net dust deposition rates in all desert-marginal areas have been too low for significant loess accumulation. This is mainly due to a reduction in silt availability and a tendency towards landscape stability. Reported dust storm frequencies during the past 50 years over-estimate the longer-term Holocene dust flux due to the effects of human activities. Much modern dust owes its origin to erosion of cultivated soils in semi-arid areas and is finer than typical loess.     

黄土沉积过程及微结构模型的非连续变形分析

黄土是一种具有特殊结构的多孔隙、弱胶结的松散沉积物,存在典型的微观架空结构,其力学行为是微观结构变形与破坏的宏观体现。从本质上揭示黄土的力学行为,需从黄土微结构出发,而黄土的物质组成和微结构特征受其特殊的风积成因所控制,基于此本文提出了一种模拟黄土沉积过程并构建其初始结构模型的方法。为了生成黄土沉积后所形成的微结构模型,并对其进行变形模拟,首先在确定黄土颗粒形态的基础上利用Monte Carlo法生成沉积前的黄土颗粒群,然后引入非连续变形分析方法(DDA)模拟颗粒的下落,该方法能够模拟颗粒下落过程中的相互碰撞及摩擦,由此建立与实际比较接近的黄土初始结构模型。从模型中可以识别出大、中、小3类孔隙结构和台阶(staircase)、重叠(stack)、点接触(point contact)、T型4种接触形式。对所生成的黄土结构模型进行不同压力下的压缩试验,选择不同部位的颗粒作出了径向分布函数,从微观角度说明了黄土在压缩过程中大孔隙和架空结构会首先被破坏。设计了与数值模拟相同条件下的物理模型试验,将两者试验结果进行对比,结果表明数值模拟与物理模型试验的e-lgp压缩曲线的趋势大致相同,表明所提出方法是可行的。该方法为进一步开展黄土力学行为的微观分析提供了基础。     

裂隙性黄土单轴抗压试验研究

黄土中裂隙属黄土体结构面,影响黄土的强度特性,对工程的稳定和安全产生重要影响。以临潼地区Q2黄土为研究对象,开展了裂隙性黄土无侧限抗压强度试验,探讨了不同裂隙倾角对裂隙性黄土强度特性的影响规律。试验结果表明:单轴受压条件下,不同裂隙倾角的裂隙性黄土破坏模式主要有压裂破坏、压剪破坏和滑移-压剪复合破坏三种类型,且裂隙性黄土试样破裂面的形成受裂隙倾角的控制。裂隙倾角变化对裂隙性黄土的应力-应变曲线影响显著,裂隙倾角为0°～30°和90°时,裂隙性黄土的应力-应变曲线可分为裂隙压密阶段、弹性变形阶段、塑性屈服阶段以及残余阶段等;而裂隙倾角为40°～70°,裂隙性黄土的应力-应变曲线无明显的4个阶段,且破坏是突发性的。随裂隙倾角的增大,裂隙性黄土单轴抗压强度曲线整体表现为先降低后增大的“V”形。显著体现裂隙倾角变化对裂隙性黄土试样单轴抗压强度的影响,同时,裂隙倾角对裂隙性黄土抗剪强度也具有显著的控制效应。     

黄土抗震陷变形的酸改性方法及其微观结构分析

低黏性粉质黄土的架空弱胶结微结构,导致这种黄土在动荷载作用下呈现出强度低、震陷变形大的现象,为黄土场地地基处理提出了挑战性的技术难题。黄土结构改性是通过改变其微观结构,达到有效降低震陷变形和湿陷性等为目的。本文采用酸改性方法处理黄土,即通过加入有较强分散和胶结效果的硼化合物作为主要改性物质;加入轻质碳酸钙等填料,调整原状土的颗粒粒径级配;以磷酸稀释液调解土的pH值。对改性土样进行震陷等试验测试对比,确定最佳配方,同时分析改性前后微观结构和能谱的变化。结果表明,酸改性方法能有效改善黄土的微观结构,使得土样的震陷变形系数明显降低。并且所添加的改性原料无毒,不会对土层产生污染。     

冻融循环作用下黄土无侧限抗压强度和微观规律的试验研究

青海地处多年冻土地区,属于青藏高原大陆性气候带,冻融循环是路基和地基基础的一种常见破坏因素,为研究冻融循环作用对青海地区实际工程的影响,揭示冻融循环作用对其损害的机理,通过对青海西宁地区原状黄土和重塑黄土进行冻融循环试验、无侧限抗压强度试验和电镜扫描试验,分析不同冻融温度和不同冻融循环次数对原状黄土、重塑黄土无侧限抗压强度和微观结构的影响。结果表明:当黄土经历0～6次冻融循环时,原状黄土和重塑黄土的强度逐渐降低,而8～10次冻融循环后其强度先增大后趋于稳定;原状黄土的强度随冻融温度降低而降低,而重塑黄土的强度随冻融温度降低先增大后减小;从微观角度分析,冻融温度的降低和冻融循环次数的增加,均导致黄土大颗粒逐渐分解为小颗粒,颗粒的排列方式发生改变。     

Lost loesses

Loesses form wide belts in front of previously glaciated areas. Their thicknesses may be considerable, changing in Eurasia from maximally a few metres in the west to a hundred metres or more in the east. The Eastern (particularly Chinese) loesses are mostly unrelated to glaciations. The periglacial loesses from China and elsewhere predominantly date from the last Pleistocene glaciation: relatively few comparable occurrences are known from earlier Quaternary glaciations. As it is difficult to imagine that the conditions in front of the land-ice masses during the earlier glaciations differed fundamentally from those of the last one, considerable quantities of loess must have disappeared. This disappearance, which is commonly ascribed to fluvial and eolian erosion, is not easily explained as equivalent deposits that may have the older loesses as a source, are practically absent. A possible explanation might be that loess is recycled during successive glaciations. Some loess disappears during interglacials by erosion, but this quantity is more than compensated by the formation of new silt particles. The implication would be that the loess deposits increase in volume for each new glaciation.     

应力路径试验前后不同黄土的孔隙分形特征

为了解不同黄土孔隙形状复杂程度的差异和应力路径对孔隙形状复杂程度的影响,对两种黄土应力路径前后孔隙分形特征进行了研究。首先比较了3种分维模型所得孔隙分形维数的可靠性,然后选用热力学关系模型,由进汞、退汞试验得到地裂缝区黄土、充填黄土初始样和三轴应力路径试验后的孔隙分布,据此分析了两种土体进汞孔隙和退汞孔隙分形维数的差异和受载后的分形维数变化,根据退汞过程仅管形孔内的汞流出及孔隙由管形孔和球形孔组成的假定,得到了应力路径试验前后孔隙形状的改变。结果表明,热力学关系模型得到的孔隙分形维数合理、可靠。初始状态,原状和重塑充填黄土的孔隙形状比原状和重塑黄土复杂;常规三轴试验后试样孔隙比减少,孔隙分形维数增加,球形孔向管形孔转变;相对于常规三轴压缩试验,减围压三轴压缩试验后试样的孔隙分形维数较小,管形孔占总孔隙的体积比例较少;总体上管形孔的分形维数比球形孔大,且基本不受应力路径的影响,其占总孔隙的体积比例随着试样宏观孔隙比的减少而增加。     

延安新区马兰黄土湿陷特性的PFC2D模拟

为了深入了解延安新区马兰黄土的粒间作用,揭示其湿陷机理。首先利用扫描电子显微镜观察了黄土的微观结构特征,并且利用IPP图像处理软件对黄土颗粒定量分析,论证了PFC2D软件模拟黄土粒间作用的可行性。然后,基于离散元理论,利用颗粒流PFC2D程序模拟了延安新区不同埋深原状黄土颗粒的分布情况及颗粒间相互作用,以一种直观的方法再现了天然黄土的微观结构特征。对比分析了不同深度黄土颗粒分布及接触力分布与湿陷性的关系。结果表明:骨架颗粒间的作用决定了土体的结构强度,尤其以团粒结构的接触力为主。随着深度的增加,黄土骨架颗粒由点接触方式逐渐过渡到团粒重叠接触,粒间接触力明显增强。PFC2D模拟方法为黄土湿陷性成因机理研究提供了新的思路。      

基于SEM-EDS的湿陷性黄土黏土矿物定量分析

黄土在压力作用下受水浸湿后,其特有的孔隙体系内颗粒间胶结作用的丧失而导致颗粒发生相对滑动所产生的变形是黄土发生湿陷的根本原因,而黄土中的胶结物以附于碎屑颗粒或团聚体等骨架颗粒表面的黏土矿物为主。黄土中有多种黏土矿物,由于各种黏土矿物的水理性质不同,对黄土湿陷性的影响亦各有不同,因此在某种程度上黏土矿物成分及其所占比例能够反映黄土的湿陷性。本文通过对延安地区不同深度黄土中的主要矿物元素进行能谱分析,建立了质量守恒方程组。把该方程组问题转化为最优化问题——线性规划标准形问题,采用数学规划问题中的单纯形法来计算矿物构成,分析了延安地区黄土中主要黏土矿物的含量,结合化学分析测试结果对该方法的可行性进行了探讨。结果表明:本方法计算精度满足要求,是一种行之有效的测定黄土中黏土矿物含量的途径,该方法最大的优势在于数据获取便捷,可实现SEM环境下的即时定点定量分析。     

基于遥感图像分割和形态学的黄土滑坡后壁自动提取方法

基于黄土滑坡后壁的光谱和形状特征,提出了利用区域生长合并方法分割高分辨率遥感影像,提取滑坡后壁区域,经过二值化构图处理后,获得滑坡后壁主要格架,以表征黄土滑坡的方法。首先充分考虑黄土滑坡后壁在遥感影像中所呈现出的独特光谱特征和半圆状或圈椅状的形状特征,利用区域生长合并的方法,在生长参数为47.5,合并参数49的状态下进行影像分割,获得初步的黄土滑坡后壁形状;其次,填充分割过程中产生的孔洞,对获得的滑坡后壁进行细部构图;最后,采用二值化骨骼提取算法,提取滑坡后壁的主要格架,作为黄土滑坡的标志。该方法是对黄土滑坡遥感解译工作中,滑坡表达方法的改进和提高。     

黄土高原马兰黄土粘土矿物的定量研究

本文在回顾和总结中国西北黄土粘土矿物研究进展的基础上,提供了采用现代X-射线衍射(XRD)定量测试技术(包括粘土矿物样品处理和全自动数据处理技术)对陕北晋西12个县市马兰黄土粘土矿物定量研究的最新结果。测试结果表明,马兰黄土的主要粘土矿物为伊利石／蒙脱石混层矿物(相对含量为60％～70％),而不是以往所认为的伊利石。伊利石在黄土中主要呈两种形式存在,即单矿物伊利石和伊／蒙混层矿物中的伊利石。研究还发现,各地马兰黄土粘土矿物组成变化不大,但在神木、河曲、偏关一带伊／蒙混层比有局部增高的现象。根据扫描电子显微镜观察,黄土中粘土矿物不是以单粒形式存在,而主要是以集粒粘附物的形式包裹在碎屑颗粒表面。黄土中粘土矿物组成及其存在形式一方面可以充分揭示黄土物源区的表生化学环境特征;另一方面,伊／蒙混层矿物作为一种广泛分布的膨胀性粘土矿物和它在黄土粘土矿物中所占地位,对于认识马兰黄土在水作用下的湿陷变形和强度衰减的本质具有重要意义。