铅锌矿区地表环境中重金属元素的时空动态变化及生物有效性探讨

综述了近十年来国内外有关铅锌矿区重金属污染的一些研究进展。近十年来,国内外对铅锌矿山开发引起的重金属在土壤、植物、水和大气系统中的分布、形态、累积、迁移及转化机理等进行了广泛深入的研究,本文着重总结和探讨了铅锌矿区重金属的时空分布特征、生物有效性及其影响因素和机制等方面,以期能对这些方面有一个较为系统深入的理解并提出一些建设性意见。     

陕西凤太矿集区铅锌矿的矿体定位规律研究

文章从凤太矿集区铅锌矿床分布特征、地层岩性和构造对成矿的控制、矿体的空间产出特征等方面入手,运用定性和定量方法对凤太矿集区铅锌矿的矿体定位规律进行了系统研究.区内铅锌矿的形成明显受控于地层、岩性、同生断裂、同沉积背斜等致矿地质因素,矿体赋存于特定的地层-岩性-构造组合,空间展布具有规律性侧伏.     

铁岭地区主要作物重金属元素地球化学特征

对辽宁铁岭地区主要作物水稻及玉米中重金属元素含量分布规律研究表明,重金属元素尤其是相关关系密切的铅、锌、镉、铬等元素,分布规律有很大相同之处,高含量数据点均围绕区内的柴河铅锌矿及其下游污染严重地区分布.进一步对柴河铅锌矿与铁岭地区背景环境的对比研究发现,水稻及玉米的分布特征与其背景环境有很大相关性,即土壤、浅层地下水中重金属含量高的地区,水稻及玉米中重金属含量亦较高;水稻玉米作物中重金属元素可通过食物链进而影响人体健康.     

基于形态学分析铅锌矿不同功能区土壤重金属元素的分布特征及污染评价

为掌握尤溪铅锌矿区土壤重金属元素分布特征和污染现状,通过采集尤溪铅锌矿不同功能区0~20cm表层土壤样品,测定土壤中Pb、Zn、Cd、Cu、Cr 5种重金属元素的总量及其化学形态,分析不同功能区土壤重金属污染及分布特征,同时采用次生相与原生相比值法(RSP)进行污染评价。结果表明,尤溪铅锌矿不同功能区土壤中Pb、Zn、Cd含量均超过国家土壤环境质量三级标准,废弃冶炼区土壤Cd、Cu、Pb、Zn含量均最高,分别为标准值的14.78、1.13、3.73、1.34倍,采矿区Cr含量最高,但未超过标准限值。重金属形态结果表明,相比其他元素,Cd弱酸提取态所占比例最高,Cu可交换态比例最高,Pb、Zn、Cr以残渣态为主。RSP法评价表明,不同重金属的污染程度表现为:Cu(1.15)Cd(0.80)Pb(0.59)Zn(0.57)Cr(0.54);不同功能区土壤重金属污染表现为:尾矿库区冶炼区废弃冶炼区采矿区。SPEF法评价表明,尤溪铅锌矿区受人为污染明显,采矿区和尾矿库区Zn污染最为严重,冶炼区和废弃冶炼区Pb污染最为严重,功能区污染顺序为:尾矿库区冶炼区废弃冶炼区采矿区。     

基于污染指数法和GIS技术评价江西德兴矿区土壤重金属污染

以江西德兴大型矿区为例,进行大尺度的土壤环境调查和重金属污染评价。系统采集该区域919个土壤样品,在应用X荧光光谱仪和电感耦合等离子原子发射光谱仪为主体的分析配套方案分析土壤样品中重金属含量的基础上,采用单因子污染指数法和综合污染指数法,分别从原始含量、污染指数以及基于GIS的污染空间分析3个方面进行该矿区的土壤重金属污染评价。结果表明,矿山开采对该区的土壤环境造成了不同程度的As、Cd、Zn、Cu重金属污染。污染区域主要分布在德兴铜钼和铅锌矿区、乐安河下游乐平附近的煤矿区以及南部电化学厂附近。     

富镉铅锌矿床开采过程中水质污染特征——以贵州都匀牛角塘富镉锌矿床为例

铅锌矿的开采和选冶使含锌和镉等有害物质的尾矿暴露于地表,这些有毒元素通过自然风化淋滤作用进入地表水,进而污染矿区水体,对矿区生态环境破坏性极大。本文通过对贵州都匀牛角塘富镉锌矿区河流、选矿厂排放的污水、坑道水进行采样分析,发现矿区水体呈弱碱性,水体重金属污染并不严重,其中Cd等重金属有毒元素的含量大多没有超过生活用水国家标准和农业灌溉水国家标准。结合已有研究成果,认为碳酸岩地区碱性环境限制了镉等重金属有毒元素的活化迁移,使其就近富集在矿区土壤、植物及河流沉积物中。更重要的是由于碳酸盐岩对矿山酸性排水的中和缓冲作用,降低了矿石的风化淋滤速度,减轻了因铅锌矿开采和选冶活动导致的Zn、Cd等有毒重金属元素对矿区环境的污染,为非碳酸岩地区铅锌矿山环境污染和治理提供了一些借鉴。     

全球铅锌矿资源分布

世界范围内铅锌矿资源较为丰富，在全球50多个国家均有分布.通过搜集国内外铅锌矿相关的资料和信息，在对世界1035处铅锌矿床及3319个矿（化）点资料进行提炼、系统梳理的基础上，对不同数据来源的全球铅锌矿的储量和资源储量进行比较研究，对全球铅锌矿3种主要成因类型，即喷流沉积型、火山块状硫化物型和密西西比型铅锌矿的资源分布、成矿时间和成矿空间分布规律进行了全面的综合分析研究，对世界大型铅锌矿床的储量、资源储量、品位、成矿类型和成矿特征进行归纳总结，以期为全球铅锌矿的综合研究提供参考.     

攀西大梁子铅锌矿区水系沉积物重金属地球化学特征及源解析

长江上游是整个长江经济带的重要生态屏障。以长江上游攀西大梁子铅锌矿区水系沉积物为研究对象,查明了重金属元素含量的空间分布特征,分析了重金属来源,探讨了在不同pH条件下重金属的淋滤规律,并进行了生态风险评估。研究结果显示:攀西大桥河流域水系沉积物中重金属的空间分布极不均匀,其含量明显要高于长江水系沉积物中重金属的平均含量;重金属生态风险属于很强风险,Hg和Cd呈高度富集、严重污染;Pb和Zn呈中度富集、中等污染。淋滤实验结果表明Pb、Zn、Cd在酸性和中性条件下淋滤浓度先快速下降,后逐渐趋于平衡,而As在快速下降后又有缓慢升高的趋势。大桥河流域水系沉积物中As、Cd、Pb、Zn主要来源于大梁子铅锌矿的采选活动,Hg为岩石风化和土壤剥蚀来源,而Cu和Cr主要为农业和工业活动来源。综合对比发现,攀西成矿带铅锌矿周边土壤富Cd而贫Cr,此外Cd、Pb、Zn、Hg是主要潜在污染物,且生态风险程度较高。     

滇西沘江沉积物剖面重金属元素分布特征

采用连续提取法测定流经兰坪金顶铅锌矿区的沘江3个沉积物剖面中重金属元素的含量,分析Pb、Zn、Cd和As在流域的分布特征和在沉积物剖面中的分布特征。结果表明,距矿山75km的河段沉积物中,浅层沉积物中4种金属元素均污染严重,金顶铅锌矿是沉积物中重金属元素的主要来源,随着矿山开发规模的不断扩大,污染程度加深。4种重金属元素中Cd活性态比例高,且污染程度最强、范围最广、深度最大,Zn、Pb次之,As污染相对较轻、范围较小。潜在生态危害指数法研究结果表明,浅层沉积物中重金属元素表现出中等—很强的生态风险性,产生生态危害的主要重金属元素是Cd,其后依次是Pb、As和Zn。     

广西某铅锌矿区土壤重金属纵向污染特征及风险评估

为了解铅锌矿区土壤重金属纵向迁移特征与生态风险,分层采集了某铅锌矿区尾矿库附近农田土壤深度为0~100cm的土壤样品,分析评价不同深度土壤中重金属污染与潜在生态风险,研究了土壤中Pb、Zn、Cd、Hg的形态纵向分布特征。结果表明:研究区土壤重金属纵向污染程度为上层中层下层,且各层土壤均为重度污染;Pb、Zn、Cd的六种赋存形态含量均表现为上层远高于中层与下层,且中层和下层含量相当。生态风险评价结果显示:综合潜在生态风险等级依次为上层中层下层,且均表现为很强生态危害,其中Cd是主要贡献者;单项重金属污染潜在生态风险总体体现为CdHgPbAsZnCuCr。在该矿区的土壤修复过程中,应重点关注Cd、Hg、Pb、As和Zn的生态风险影响。     

南秦岭下地壳组成及岩石圈的拆离俯冲作用

根据新提供的Pb同位素组成及岩石地球化学研究成果，本文进一步证实了位于北秦岭北界的明港地区发育的早中生代安山玄武质火山角砾岩岩筒所携带的下地壳捕虏体属于南秦岭。所恢复的南秦岭下地壳剖面自下而上为：底侵成因的变辉长岩-基性麻粒岩(其中含有榴辉岩及辉石岩的透镜体)-酸性麻粒岩。秦岭造山带总体的岩石因模型为：南秦岭(扬子块体)向北拆离俯冲，北秦岭地壳向华北仰冲，华北岩石因呈楔状插入秦岭造山带，拆离面约在中、下地壳之间。南秦岭俯冲岩片延伸的范围在平面上有可能达到400km。     

青藏高原综合观测研究站的回顾与展望

中国科学院青藏高原综合观测研究站从１９８８年建站到１９９８年以来,在各个方面均取得了长足的发展,横向生产性项目的开展和完成不仅解决了部队和地方的实际问题,而且缓和了观测研究站在运行过程中所面临的经费严重不足的问题,同时也为我所冻土专业研究人员提供了在生产中实践的机会,在基础理论研究方面,承担了国家攀登计划项目,国家基金项目,中国科学院重点项目和中国科学院冰冻圈专项项目等的研究工作,在多年冻土变化,     

Principles of spatial organization and evolution of the biosphere and the noosphere

In his last lifetime essay, “A Few Words about the Noosphere”, Academician V.I. Vernadsky (1944) wrote that all living organisms on the planet, including man, are integral to the biosphere of the Earth, its material and energy structure and cannot be physically independent of it even for a minute. However, the substrate that generates all living beings and is no less tightly bound to the biosphere has always been characterized by a significant geochemical heterogeneity, traced both in the vertical and in the lateral structure of all geospheres.

The present work is devoted to three most important aspects of modern geochemistry and biogeochemistry:

• — evolution of the ecological and geochemical state of the environment under conditions of a virgin (anthropogenically untouched) biosphere;
• — structural features of the geochemical organization of the modern noosphere;
• — specificity of the interaction of living matter with the environment under increasing anthropogenic load.

On the basis of theoretical concepts of biogeochemistry and geochemical ecology, formulated in the works of V.I. Vernadsky, A.P. Vinogradov, A.E. Fersman, B.B. Polynov, A.I. Perel’man, M.A. Glazovskaya, V.V. Kovalsky, E. Odum, B. Commoner, E.I. Kolchinskii and others, the author puts forward a hypothesis that there exist two qualitatively different stages in the evolution of the biosphere.The first stage is recognized as the period of natural evolution of the biosphere during which it evolves successively into a more complex and more biogeochemically specialized object. In the course of the geological time, this constantly results, on the one hand, in an increase in species diversity and the perfection of individual species, and, on the other hand, to directed improvement and a greater differentiation of the geochemical conditions of the environment. At this stage, the evolution of all systems of the biosphere that were controlled by the mechanisms of self-organization and self-regulation resulted in the establishment of a dynamic equilibrium, which was responsible for the cycling of all essential chemical elements and therefore providing ecologically optimal geochemical conditions in all ecological niches and for all species and biocenoses inhabiting the biosphere at any given moment.The beginning of the second stage is related to the appearance of reason and qualitative changes in the biosphere caused by the goal-directed activity of the human mind, as an entirely new geological force that appeared to be able not only to disrupt the functioning of natural mechanisms of self-regulation and selforganization, but also to transform the environment in the intersts of a single biological species, Homo sapiens. A direct consequence of this change was the uncontrolled transformation of the natural environment, during which the primary structure (geochemical background) created in the course of billions of years was eventually superimposed by a qualitatively new layer of anthropogenically-derived chemical elements and compounds, thus building an interference pattern of a new geochemical field with which practically all modern living organisms are now forced to interact.An outstanding feature of the new evolutionary stage of the natural environment, called by Vernadsky the noosphere, is that biogeochemical changes at this stage proceed at a rate which exceeds that required for the living matter to adapt to these changes. The result is the disruption of the existing parameters of the biological cycle, leading to the emergence of a significant number of endemic diseases of geochemical nature.The proposed approach was used to prove the anthropogenic genesis of existing geochemical endemic diseases and explain the mechanisms of their appearance. In addition, this approach allowed us to develop a new methodology for mapping zones of ecological and geochemical risk and noticeably simplify the procedure of monitoring distribution and prevention of all diseases of geochemical nature.     

铀钍的地球化学及对地壳演化和生物进化的影响

本文论述了在含挥发份和贫挥发份条件下Ｕ、Ｔｈ的迁移行为及其对地球和行星演化的影响,并阐述了造成地球独特地质演化历史的原因。提出了Ｕ、Ｔｈ在地球中的迁移模式以及该模式对地壳形成、演化的控制作用和对生物发展演化的可能影响。     

Wavelets and the Generalization of the Variogram

The experimental variogram computed in the usual way by the method of moments and the Haar wavelet transform are similar in that they filter data and yield informative summaries that may be interpreted. The variogram filters out constant values; wavelets can filter variation at several spatial scales and thereby provide a richer repertoire for analysis and demand no assumptions other than that of finite variance. This paper compares the two functions, identifying that part of the Haar wavelet transform that gives it its advantages. It goes on to show that the generalized variogram of order k=1, 2, and 3 filters linear, quadratic, and cubic polynomials from the data, respectively, which correspond with more complex wavelets in Daubechies's family. The additional filter coefficients of the latter can reveal features of the data that are not evident in its usual form. Three examples in which data recorded at regular intervals on transects are analyzed illustrate the extended form of the variogram. The apparent periodicity of gilgais in Australia seems to be accentuated as filter coefficients are added, but otherwise the analysis provides no new insight. Analysis of hyerpsectral data with a strong linear trend showed that the wavelet-based variograms filtered it out. Adding filter coefficients in the analysis of the topsoil across the Jurassic scarplands of England changed the upper bound of the variogram; it then resembled the within-class variogram computed by the method of moments. To elucidate these results, we simulated several series of data to represent a random process with values fluctuating about a mean, data with long-range linear trend, data with local trend, and data with stepped transitions. The results suggest that the wavelet variogram can filter out the effects of long-range trend, but not local trend, and of transitions from one class to another, as across boundaries.     

A geodynamic model of the evolution of the Arctic basin and adjacent territories in the Mesozoic and Cenozoic and the outer limit of the Russian Continental Shelf

The tectonic evolution of the Arctic Region in the Mesozoic and Cenozoic is considered with allowance for the Paleozoic stage of evolution of the ancient Arctida continent. A new geodynamic model of the evolution of the Arctic is based on the idea of the development of upper mantle convection beneath the continent caused by subduction of the Pacific lithosphere under the Eurasian and North American lithospheric plates. The structure of the Amerasia and Eurasia basins of the Arctic is shown to have formed progressively due to destruction of the ancient Arctida continent, a retained fragment of which comprises the structural units of the central segment of the Arctic Ocean, including the Lomonosov Ridge, the Alpha-Mendeleev Rise, and the Podvodnikov and Makarov basins. The proposed model is considered to be a scientific substantiation of the updated Russian territorial claim to the UN Commission on the determination of the Limits of the Continental Shelf in the Arctic Region.     

Palaeoecology and the origin of the coconut

While botanists, archaeologists, historians and linguists have contributed to the debate on the origin of the coconut pollen analysts have been silent. This article attempts to integrate the results of recent palaeoecological research with findings from the other disciplines.