定向射孔压裂起裂与射孔优化设计方法研究

目前定向射孔压裂时起裂压力的预测仅立足于裸眼的情况,忽视套管对起裂压力的影响,在工程应用中将产生较大的误差。考虑套管作用,推导建立定向井井周应力模型。假设地层岩石为张性破坏,并综合以上模型,得到定向射孔井水力压裂起裂压力和起裂角的预测模型。根据该模型编程开发一套定向射孔压裂起裂与射孔优化的软件,可预测定向射孔井的压裂起裂压力和起裂角,并优化选择射孔角度和射孔长度。应用软件对渤海油田三口井进行模拟计算和射孔优化,结果发现,模型的起裂压力预测结果与现场实测结果误差最大仅为4.33%,预测的起裂角也与实际结果相一致,从而验证了本模型的正确性。模型和软件对于现场压裂施工和射孔优化有重要的指导作用。     

基于Drucker-Prager准则的岩石弹塑性损伤本构模型研究

大多数岩石材料软化本构模型在硬化函数中引入塑性内变量来表示材料的硬化/软化性质,但并不能反映岩石微裂隙损伤对材料力学性能的影响及单轴拉伸和压缩所表现的初始屈服强度f0与屈服极限fu的差异。基于D-P准则同时考虑塑性软化及损伤软化,建立岩石类材料的弹塑性本构关系及其数值算法。塑性屈服函数采用Borja等的应力张量的硬化/软化函数,反映塑性内变量及应力状态对硬化函数的影响;由于岩石损伤软化是微裂隙扩展所导致的体积膨胀引起的,因此,提出用体积应变表征岩石损伤变量的演化,并用回映隐式积分算法编制了岩石的弹塑性损伤本构程序。对单轴压缩及拉伸荷载作用下的岩石材料试验进行数值模拟,结果表明,所提出的岩石弹塑性损伤本构模型可以较好地符合岩石材料的力学特性。     

类砂质泥岩常规三轴浆压致裂起裂压力试验研究

为深入探究两淮矿区典型砂质泥岩劈裂注浆起裂机制,研制了常规三轴劈裂注浆试验装置,开展了类砂质泥岩浆压致裂起裂压力模型试验,基于试验结果分析了岩石强度与应力状态对注浆起裂压力、裂缝扩展形态影响规律,揭示了砂质泥岩劈裂注浆起裂机制。研究表明：起裂压力与岩石抗压强度呈正相关,且岩石抗压强度越高,劈裂路径越复杂;起裂压力对围压的敏感程度远高于轴压,且应力差 Δσ =σ_V −σ_H越大,裂缝形态越规整;孔压三轴条件下,封闭裸孔段浆压致裂法确定的岩石抗拉强度值约为单轴抗拉强度的 2.5倍。该研究结果可为今后类似岩层劈裂注浆参数设计与施工提供参考。     

土体非线弹性-塑性本构模型

把本质上属于亚弹性本构模型,在岩土工程界广为应用的Duncan-Chang模型与服从Drucker-PragerMohr-Column屈服准则的弹塑性本构模型相结合,推出了非线弹性-塑性的组合本构模型,以克服经典的弹塑性模型不能考虑岩土材料在塑性屈服前的非线性行为以及一般的Duncan-Chang模型不适用于应力水平接近于屈服或破坏状态等缺点。所建议的本构模型简单实用,能较好地综合利用工程地质勘察资料和常规的土工试验数据。针对实际边坡具体地层条件的分析表明,该模型及其非线性析算法的正确性和可行性,而且在岩土工程方面具有广泛的实际应用价值。     

亚塑性理论简介

简要介绍了亚塑性理论和亚塑性本构模型以及在颗粒材料力学分析上的应用。详细地介绍了亚塑性模型参数的确定方法。亚塑性本构模型不是从弹塑性理论发展而来,它是以非线性张量为基础,没有屈服面、塑性势、流动法则、硬化定律以及把变形分解为弹性和塑性部分等概念。亚塑性在很多方面具有一定的优越性,特别是涉及到应力水平非常低或者非常高的情况。     

基于幂强化本构模型的轴对称圆巷弹塑性解

轴对称圆巷的弹塑性求解的关键是选择合适的屈服准则。已经有诸多学者选择Mohr-Coulomb准则、Drucker-Prager准则和Hoek-Brown准则等,进行了相应的求解。为了探讨更符合工程实际需要的准则和求解,在考虑岩石材料的应变强化效应的条件下,建立了轴对称圆巷的幂强化本构模型和基于Drucker-Prager屈服准则的幂强化-理想塑性模型,并进行了弹塑性求解。以工程实例为计算条件,将幂强化-理想塑性模型的计算结果与基于Mohr-Coulomb准则、Drucker-Prager准则的理想塑性模型和幂强化模型的计算结果分别进行了对比,分析幂强化参数对围岩弹塑性解的影响。研究表明,应变强化效应对围岩稳定性有较大影响,对于应变强化效应较强的岩石材料,采用幂强化模型分析更接近工程实际。     

考虑土体结构性的弹塑性硬化模型

在对人工制备结构性土样等应力比压缩试验结果分析基础上,确定出结构性土体初始屈服面形状和土体初始屈服后塑性应变增量的方向,推导出结构性土体屈服函数的表达式;硬化参数采用塑性功的函数,根据三轴排水剪切试验结果确定出土体的硬化规律。由此构建能反映土体结构性的弹塑性硬化本构模型,并用试验进行了验证。本文提出一种基于试验的建模方法,不依赖经典塑性力学理论的正交流动规则,并建立可考虑土体结构性影响的本构模型,对土体结构性研究具有借鉴意义。     

定面射孔新工艺对水力裂缝扩展影响研究

定面射孔技术是为了提高体积压裂改造效果而提出的一种新的射孔方案。根据岩石力学及流-固耦合理论,建立了定面射孔地层的三维弹塑性流固-耦合地应力模型,采用数值方法进行求解,结合最大拉应力准则,研究了定面射孔水力裂缝的起裂规律。经过大量计算发现：定面射孔条件下,裂缝首先在射孔面内的射孔眼起裂,然后射孔眼相互贯通而形成扇形裂缝面,增大了水力裂缝的波及体积及井筒的连通性;同一平面内两侧孔眼在中间孔眼上产生的附加应力降低了Y方向主应力而增大了X方向和Z方向主应力,导致正断层采用定面射孔时,起裂压力较大,起裂压力随射孔方位角的增大而降低,只有当射孔方位角大于60°时,定面射孔起裂压力低于螺旋射孔起裂压力;对于逆断层,射孔方位角越小,起裂压力越低,且均低于螺旋射孔起裂压力;减小射孔间夹角、增大射孔直径及深度均可降低起裂压力。     

预制横缝条件下水力裂缝的起裂和扩展

针对高角度天然裂缝发育地层中的水平井水力压裂问题,开展了水力裂缝自天然裂缝处起裂扩展的理论和试验研究。尝试将天然裂缝简化为与井筒轴线垂直的横向裂缝,基于线弹性断裂力学理论和最大拉应力准则,给出了水力裂缝起裂压力和扩展过程中应力强度因子的计算方法。利用预制横缝模拟高角度天然裂缝,开展了室内水力压裂试验,对水力裂缝的扩展形态和起裂压力进行了研究。理论计算表明,（1）水力裂缝自预制横缝端部起裂后,扩展距离超过1倍的预制横缝端部半径时可将预制横缝和水力裂缝合并起来,整体视作一条横向裂缝来计算应力强度因子;（2）水力裂缝尖端距井壁处的距离大于4倍的井筒半径时,应力强度因子的计算可忽略井筒的影响,近似采用硬币形裂缝的计算公式。试验研究发现,（1）水力裂缝在预制横缝端部起裂并扩展,形成与井筒轴线垂直的横向裂缝,裂缝的扩展呈现出Ⅰ型断裂的特点,形态近似呈圆形,未发现与井筒轴线平行的纵向裂缝的起裂和扩展;（2）排量对破裂净压力和起裂净压力有重要影响,大排量会导致较高的破裂净压力和起裂净压力,在大、小两种排量下起裂净压力的离散性均较小,计算得到的KⅠ临界断裂值的离散性也较小。研究结果可为改善裂缝发育储层的近井裂缝形态提供指导,也可为煤矿开采中预制横向切槽的水力压裂设计提供参考。     

水压致裂起裂压力的细观离散元模拟及试验研究

水压致裂起裂压力的预测对于油气开采、地应力测量、水工结构物抗裂设计等具有重要的意义。采用颗粒离散元结合域-管道渗流模型的流固耦合非连续数值模拟方法,基于扩展前端法生成的含规则形状钻孔的颗粒体模型,对水压致裂的细观起裂过程和起裂压力大小进行了定量模拟。结果表明,在消除了颗粒体中钻孔形状不规则性的基础上,钻孔壁的接触力链分布与理论解较为一致,拟合的离散元起裂压力公式也与理论解较为接近。进一步地,从颗粒材料受挤压时产生局部张拉力的角度解释了起裂压力拟合公式与理论解之间的差别。最后,设计了含预制钻孔的抗渗砂浆试块制备方法,对不同主应力组合下的起裂压力大小进行了真三轴室内试验,验证了离散元模拟结果的可靠性。     

The initiation of particle movement by wind

When air blows across the surface of dry, loose sand, a critical shear velocity (fluid threshold, ut), must be achieved to initiate motion. However, since most natural sediments consist of a range of grain sizes, fluid threshold for any sediment cannot be defined by a finite value but should be viewed as a threshold range which is a function of the size, shape, sorting and packing of the surface sediment. In order to investigate the initiation of particle movement by wind a series of wind-tunnel tests was carried out on a range of pre-screened fluvial sands and commercially available glass beads with differing mean sizes and sorting characteristics. A sensitive laser-monitoring system was used in conjunction with a high speed counter to detect initial grain motion and to count individual grain movements. Test results indicate that when velocity is slowly increased over the sediment surface the smaller or more exposed grains are first entrained by the fluid drag and lift forces either in surface creep (rolling) or in saltation (bouncing or hopping downwind). As velocity continues to rise, larger or less exposed grains may also be moved by fluid drag. On striking the surface saltating grains impart momentum to stationary grains. This impact may result in the rebound of the original grain as well as the ejection of one or more stationary grains into the air stream at shear velocities lower than that required to entrain a stationary particle by direct fluid pressure. As a result, there is a cascade effect with a few grains of varying size initially moving over a range of shear velocities (the fluid threshold range) and setting in motion a rapidly increasing number of grains. Results of the tests showed that the progression from fluid to dynamic threshold, based on grain movement, can be characterized by a power function, the coefficients of which are directly related to the mean size and sorting characteristics of the sediment.     

Joint initiation in bedded clastic rocks

Two general types of sedimentary structures serve as initiation points (IP) for cross-fold joints in siltstone beds of the Ithaca Formation, Appalachian Plateau, New York: planar bed boundaries and geometrically complex features such as bedforms, trace fossils, and soft-sediment deformation structures. The relative abundance of each IP type varies with the stratigraphic position of the jointed body. When they are mechanically isolated by thicker shales, siltstone bodies have a higher percentage of IP associated with complex features. This association supports the hypothesis that sedimentary structures serve to concentrate stress, thus becoming preferred sites for primary joint initiation. Secondary joint initiation occurs at planar bed boundaries through interaction with pre-existing joints in adjacent siltstone beds that are mechanically coupled to form composite joints. The propagation path of joints passing through planar bed boundaries of composite joints can be traced backward to primary IP at complex sedimentary structures. Modeling suggests that when beds are mechanically coupled, the modest joint-tip stress concentration across a shale layer (e.g., < 3× for a 1-cm thick bed) is equivalent to the stress concentration in the vicinity of a bedform. Consequently, in mechanically coupled siltstone beds, sedimentary structures such as bedforms compete with pre-existing joint tips in adjacent beds to initiate new joint segments.     

Subduction, collision and initiation of hominin dispersal

Subduction is the main driving force of plate tectonics controlling the physiography of the Earth. The northward subduction of the Sinai plate was interrupted during the Early Pleistocene when the Eratosthenes Seamount began to collide with the Cyprian arc. A series of synchronous structural deformations was triggered across the entire eastern Mediterranean, and local topography was drastically accentuation along the Levantine corridor – one of the main pathways of hominin dispersal out of Africa. However, the choice of this preferred pathway and timing of dispersal has not been resolved. Though causes for dispersal out of Africa are in debate, we show that the transition from subduction to collision in the eastern Mediterranean set the route.     

The initiation of brittle faults in crystalline rock

Faults in the upper crust initiate from pre-existing (inherited) or precursory (early-formed) structures and typically grow by the mechanical interaction and linkage of these structures. In crystalline rock, rock architecture, composition, cooling, and exhumation influence the initiation of faults, with contrasting styles observed in plutonic rocks, extrusive igneous rocks, and foliated metamorphic rocks. Brittle fault growth in granitic rock is commonly controlled by the architecture of inherited joints or preexisting dikes. In basalt, abundant joints control the surface expression of faulting, and enhanced compliance due to abundant joints leads to folding and deformation asymmetry in the fault zone. Highly reactive mafic minerals likely become rapidly evolving fault rocks. In foliated metamorphic rocks, fault initiation style is strongly influenced by strength anisotropy relative to the principal stress directions, with fracturing favored when the foliation is aligned with the directions of principal stress. The continuity of micas within the foliation also influences the micromechanics of fault initiation. Brittle kink bands are an example of a strain-hardening precursory structure unique to foliated rock. Each of these fault initiation processes produces different initial fault geometry and spatial heterogeneity that influence such properties as fault permeability and seismogenesis.     

The initiation of Waulsortian buildups in Western Ireland

The contact zone at the base of the Waulsortian (Upper Tournaisian) carbonate mud‐bank complex in western Ireland has been investigated at four localities spaced over a distance of 120 km. At all localities, a transition facies up to 3 m thick, characterized by several types of grumous (clotted and/or peloidal) carbonate muds, immediately underlies the Waulsortian facies. These muds show a developmental sequence provisionally interpreted as a necessary precursor to the formation of Waulsortian polymuds. Such pre‐bank precursors produced thin (a few decimetres) units of transition facies. The same mud types also persisted as an aureole around growing banks (mud‐mounds). Migration of the aureole during bank progradation produced thicker units of transition facies. The distribution of skeletal grain types in the Waulsortian banks, the transition facies and the ‘background’ argillaceous bioclastic limestones show two trends: one regional and one local. The regional trend is expressed by progressive north–south attenuation and, in some cases (for example, plurilocular foraminifera), the disappearance of organism groups. It parallels changes in Waulsortian Phases (defined by skeletal grain‐type assemblages) and is thought to indicate a southerly increase in water depth. The local trend, which occurs only in the two southern localities (deeper water), expresses differences between the skeletal grain content of the various lithofacies. These differences result partly from increased sensitivity to substrate texture by organism groups suffering southward attenuation (notably gastropods, hyalosteliid sponges, aoujgaliids, Earlandia and kirkbyacean ostracods) and partly from selective colonization, particularly of the transition facies, by tabulate corals and stick/ramose bryozoans. However, the developmental sequence of precursor carbonate muds is the same at all localities, indicating that the mud‐making process (probably microbial) was independent of water depth.     

The subsurface initiation of some minor granite landforms

Flared slopes originate as concave weathering fronts beneath the regolith, and several other minor granite landforms found in association with them (tafoni, Rillen) may be initiated subsurface also. Other features, particularly incipient gnammas and gutters, have been observed on surfaces that have only recently been cleared of granite debris in situ.     

Effect of deviator stress on the initiation of suffusion

Acta Geotechnica - Stress state has significant influence on the initiation of suffusion, whereas the effect of deviator stress has not been investigated thoroughly. This paper presented a series...     

The initiation of sedimentary furrows by standing internal waves

Longitudinal helical vortices are generally considered to be the cause of longitudinal sedimentary bedforms. In tidal oscillatory flows, however, it is not clear how a regular system of vortices will become fixed for long enough to establish the bedforms. It is proposed that the presence of standing internal waves, with axes parallel to the tidal current, have provided the basic flow pattern on which longitudinal helical vortices develop in Southampton Water. The observed furrows then developed in a pattern determined by the standing internal waves.