黏弹性地基中PCC桩扭转振动响应解析方法研究

考虑土体材料的黏性阻尼和桩-土扭转耦合振动,把桩看作一维杆,将土体视作三维轴对称黏弹性介质,对黏弹性地基中现浇混凝土大直径管桩（简称PCC桩）扭转振动频域特性进行了理论研究,采用Laplace变换和分离变量的方法求得了桩顶扭转频域响应解析解。将所得解完全退化到实心桩的解,并与经典平面应变解进行对比,验证了解析解的合理性。分析了桩长以及土体黏性阻尼系数对桩顶速度导纳和复动刚度的影响,得到了各参数对桩扭转振动特性影响的规律。分析表明：桩周土黏性阻尼系数增大可以显著提高桩顶扭转复动刚度和减小速度导纳振荡幅值,而桩芯土黏性阻尼系数的影响不明显;桩长越长,桩顶复动刚度越大,速度导纳振荡幅值越小,但当桩长增大到一定程度时,再继续增加桩长,桩顶复动刚度基本没有改变。     

桩体长径比对桩基动力特性的影响研究

弯曲破坏是地震中桩基失效的一类常见模式,其破坏的一个重要原因就是桩体的抗弯刚度不足。对于一定长度的桩体,桩的抗弯刚度与桩的长径比直接相关,但桩基规范中对摩擦桩的长径比并没有像端承桩那样作出限制。在构建的结构性饱和黄土动力本构模型的基础上,针对黄土地区的单桩基础,结合大型有限元程序建立了摩擦桩-土-结构体系、端承桩-土-结构体系的有限元-无限元模型,探讨了不同桩体长径比对两者动力反应特性的影响,得出如下规律：(1) 其他条件相同时,不管是端承桩还是摩擦桩,长径比对桩身截面剪应力和水平加速度的分布形态没有影响。但随着长径比的增大,桩身各截面对应的的剪应力值减小,而加速度值反而增大;(2) 随着长径比的增大,桩身变形形态从正弯型逐渐过渡到反弯型,桩体的破坏模式也相应由剪切破坏过渡到弯曲破坏;(3) 端承桩体系比摩擦桩体系更容易出现反弯型,但当长径比增大到一定程度时,摩擦桩也会呈现反弯型。从抗震角度来说,对摩擦桩长径比的限制应以桩体变形模式表现为正弯型为宜。所得结论对工程实践具有一定的指导意义。     

山地和岩溶地区端承桩质量检测与加固技术研究

针对嵌岩桩桩底存在沉渣时,采用常规的低应变反射波法可能观测不到其同相反射信号,桩底软弱夹层（或溶洞）的顶面倾角接近或不小于45º时,反射法检测不到桩底软弱夹层（或溶洞）的反射信号。为弥补以上不足,提出了用低应变反射波法、频率-初速度法和钻芯法对端承桩质量及缺陷桩的加固效果进行组合检测。当反射波波形曲线异常或动刚度明显偏低时,可认为桩底沉渣较厚或桩端持力层性状异常,再用钻芯法验证;建立了桩身下部缺陷段的平均波速计算公式,有助于判断缺陷的严重程度;通过对比缺陷桩加固前后的反射波曲线和动刚度值,并将它们与其他同条件下正常桩对比,检验缺陷桩的加固效果     

基于Winkler模型的有效桩长研究

有效桩长的定义有基于承载力角度和沉降角度两种方法,由于影响因素的多样性,有效桩长的研究比较复杂。运用桩顶刚度控制法确定有效桩长。基于Winkler地基模型,以荷载传递法为工具,推导出双层土的桩顶刚度计算公式,并对有效桩长影响因素进行了分析。结果表明,桩径的增大有效桩长增加;土层刚度比(第二层土刚度与第一层土刚度之比)增大有效桩长减小;桩端刚度的增大对有效桩长的影响都不明显,第一土层厚度的增加在一定范围内对提高有效桩长是有用的     

大直径钢管桩承载力的非线性分析

推导了砂土地基中闭口管桩的沉桩影响半径以及刚性桩的横向承载力（矩）。通过使用MATLAB程序对单桩轴向刚度的分析,得出了其与桩周单位深度土的等效刚度系数、桩端土的等效刚度系数、钢管桩的壁厚、桩径、桩长、桩身弹性模量等参数之间的一些关系,从而为此类桩的优化设计提供了理论依据。在此基础上通过桩身荷载传递的双曲线函数模型以及相关参数,在已知（假定）桩身压缩量的情况下求出相应的桩顶轴力。     

水泥土搅拌桩复合地基的优化设计

运用双层地基模型的线弹性有限元程序对不同类型水泥土搅拌桩复合地基的沉降进行计算,分析了水泥土搅拌桩的桩长、置换率、桩身刚度对地基沉降的影响,同此确定了搅拌桩的有效桩长、最优置换率、最优桩身刚度。     

夯实水泥土桩桩身压缩量对承载特性的影响

针对夯实水泥土桩的施工方法,在桩身埋设特制的应变传感器,测定桩身应变。基于试验测试数据,探讨桩身压缩量的计算方法,分析桩身压缩变形的分布规律及其对桩侧摩阻力的影响,并探讨不同桩长、不同水泥掺入比情况下,夯实水泥土桩桩身压缩量及其对承载特性的影响。研究表明,（1）对夯实水泥土桩,桩身压缩主要集中在桩身上部8 d（d为桩径）范围内,且变形速率变化较大,桩身压缩在桩顶位移中占比达80%以上;（2）桩身轴向荷载传递、桩侧摩阻力分布主要发生在此范围内;（3）桩身侧摩阻力分布非常不均匀,上部发挥较为充分,而下部发挥较少;（4）在工程常用水泥掺入比下,桩长大于12 d后,桩长径比和水泥掺入比的变化对桩承载特性影响不显著。     

现浇薄壁管桩水平受力特性三维弹塑性有限元分析

利用三维弹塑性有限元模型,对水平荷载作用下现浇薄壁管桩(简称PCC桩)受力特性进行数值模拟和分析,并与试验结果进行比较,验证了模型的合理性。利用该模型对桩长、桩径以及桩身相对刚度等影响桩受力特性的主要因素进行分析,结果表明：桩径一定的情况下,桩长对桩的破坏形式有很大的影响,弹性桩与刚性桩临界点的长径比为8左右,且弹性桩的受力主要集中在桩的上部,约为0.3倍桩长;桩径对侧向位移和弯矩都有很大影响,桩径越大,桩侧向位移越小,而最大弯矩值越大,且最大弯矩点下移;在一定程度上,提高桩体强度,有利于提高桩的抗水平变形能力,但当增加到一定程度时,效果并不十分明显。     

循环荷载作用下单桩动力模型试验与桩−土界面特性研究

通过开展红黏土中单桩轴向循环振动模型试验,研究不同循环荷载比和加载频率对桩长期动力特性的影响,从桩侧土剪切刚度和侧阻退化两方面出发,对循环荷载作用下桩顶累积沉降机制进行分析。在FLAC3D中,实现能够反映剪切刚度疲劳退化的修正Hardin-Drnevich（H-D）模型,并对常法向刚度（CNS）循环剪切下侧阻退化进行数值模拟。试验发现,循环荷载幅值是桩顶累积沉降变化的重要影响因素;桩顶动刚度在加载初期要先经历一个迅速降低的短暂过渡阶段,之后则不随振次的增加而改变;桩身振动在桩周土中引起的超孔压较小,有效应力的降低不足于使侧阻力发生较大程度的退化;随着加载速度的增大,桩顶动刚度和加速度均随之增大。采用修正H-D模型得到的理论滞回曲线与数值结果基本吻合,验证了程序编制的正确性。     

超长预应力管桩施工实践

根据《先张法预应力混凝土管桩》（GB13476—1999）、浙江省建筑标准《设计结构标准图集》（2002浙G22）的规定,预应力管桩摩擦桩的长径比≯100,当用于端承桩或摩擦端承桩且须穿过一定厚度较硬土层时,其长径比≯80。理想·伊萨卡管桩工程最长的设计桩长60m,桩径为550及600mm,采用4节15m的桩连接,长径比超过100,属于超长预应力管桩且地基土层主要为粉土与砂土。通过杭州理想·伊萨卡管桩工程实例,对砂层、粉土层中超长预应力管桩的施工工艺的制定进行了有益的探索。     

超长桩荷载传递性状研究

根据超长桩的现场静载荷试验资料,分析了超长桩的单桩荷载传递特性。结果表明,超长桩表现出端承摩擦桩的特性,桩顶以下l/3桩长及桩端以上l/6范围内的桩侧摩阻力极限值接近规范推荐值,而中间部分的桩侧摩阻力远远大于规范值,表现出强化效应,桩端注浆桩的侧摩阻力强化效应更加明显。根据其荷载传递特性,提出了单桩极限承载力的估算公式,实例计算结果和实测结果较吻合。     

An experimental study on static and dynamic bending behaviour of piles in soft clay

Static and dynamic lateral load tests were carried out on model aluminium single piles embedded in soft clay to study its bending behaviour. Model aluminium piles with length to diameter ratios of 10, 20, 30 and 40 were used. Static lateral load tests were conducted on piles by rope and pulley arrangement upto failure and load–deflection curves were obtained. Dynamic lateral load tests were carried out for different magnitudes of load ranging from 7 to 30 N at wide range of frequencies from 2 to 50 Hz. The load transferred to the pile, pile head displacement and the strain variation along the pile length were measured using a Data Acquisition System. Safe static lateral load capacity for all piles is interpreted from load–deflection curves. Dynamic characteristics of the soil–pile system were arrived from the acquired experimental data. The soil–pile system behaves predominantly in nonlinear fashion even at low frequency under dynamic load. The displacement amplitude under dynamic load is magnified by 4.5–6.5 times the static deflection for all piles embedded in soft clay. But, the peak magnification factor reduces with an increase in the magnitude of lateral load mainly because of increase of hysteretic damping at very soft consistency. The maximum BM occurs at the fundamental frequency of the soil–pile system. Even the lower part of the pile affects the pile head response to the inertial load applied at the pile head. The maximum dynamic BM is magnified by about 1.5 times the maximum static BM for model piles in tested consistency of clay. The maximum dynamic BM occurs at a depth of about 1.5 times the depth of maximum static BM for model piles, which indicates an increase of active pile length under dynamic load.     

A full-scale field study for performance evaluation of axially loaded large-diameter cylinder piles with pipe piles and PSC piles

This paper presents the results from a pile load testing program for a bridge construction project in Louisiana. The testing includes two 54-in. open-ended spun cast concrete cylinder piles, one 30-in. open-ended steel pile and two (30- and 16-in.) square prestressed concrete (PSC) piles driven at two locations with very similar soil conditions. Both cone penetration tests (CPTs) and soil borings/laboratory testing were used to characterize the subsurface soil conditions. All the test piles were instrumented with vibrating wire strain gauges to measure the load distribution along the length of the test piles and measure the skin friction and end-bearing capacity, separately. Dynamic load tests were performed on all test piles at different times after pile installations to quantify the amount of setup with time. Static load tests were also performed on the PSC and open-ended steel piles. Due to expected large pile capacities, the statnamic test method was used on the two open-ended cylinder piles. The pile capacities of these piles were evaluated using various CPT methods (such as Schmertmann, De Ruiter and Beringen, LCPC, Lehane et al. methods). The result showed that all the methods can estimate the skin friction with good accuracy, but not the end-bearing capacity. The normalized cumulative blow counts during pile installation showed that the blow count was always higher for the PSC piles compared to the large-diameter open-ended cylinder pile, regardless of pile size and hammer size. Setup was observed for all the piles, which was mainly attributed to increase in skin frictions. The setup parameters “A” were back-calculated for all the test piles and the values were between 0.31 and 0.41.     

桩土共同作用设计理论研究

对桩土共同作用理论作了初步探讨,对不同桩距下复合桩基设计方法进行了讨论。提出当桩为摩擦桩或端承摩擦桩时,刚性桩复合地基不设褥垫层比设垫层更经济、安全。认为在控制复合桩基的总安全度及变形的前提下,可明确按桩土应力比进行设计,设计桩土应力比无须等于实际桩土应力比,并对目前疏桩基础设计方法存在的问题进行了讨论,提出了改进意见。     

Depth of Fixity of Piles in Clay Under Dynamic Lateral Load

Dynamic experiments were carried out on instrumented model aluminium single piles embedded in clay of different consistencies to study its bending behaviour under lateral loads. Piles with different length to diameter ratios were used. Dynamic lateral load of different magnitudes ranging from 7 to 30 N at wide range of frequencies from 2 to 50 Hz were applied. The load transferred to the pile, pile head displacement and the strain variation along the pile length were measured using a dedicated data acquisition system. Static lateral load tests were also performed to investigate the magnification of dynamic response of piles in clay. It is found that the maximum bending moment due to dynamic load is magnified by about 1.5–4 times in comparison to the static load for short piles but about 9 times for long piles. Depth of fixity and effective pile length is also largely amplified under dynamic loads, thus indicating that a pile which behaves as a flexible pile under static load, may not exhibit flexible behaviour under dynamic load.     

高速铁路超长桥桩承载特性试验研究

超长桩广泛已应用于土木工程各个领域,但黄土地区超长桩的承载性状和变形特性尚不十分清楚,需要进一步研究。通过对郑西铁路客运专线某特大桥的4根超长桩现场测试项目的资料分析,得出了超长桩桩身轴力及侧阻力的变化规律,对超长桩的承载特性有了更为清晰的了解。试验结果表明,在桩顶竖向荷载作用下,桩身轴力随荷载的增加发生了局部调整,砂性土层的桩侧摩阻力具有增强效应,黏性土层的桩侧摩阻力具有退化效应;单桩竖向刚度随桩顶荷载的增加而减小,单桩竖向刚度降低40 %～70 %。     

单桩负摩阻力传递机理分析

本文基于桩的荷载传递概念,提出了计算单桩负摩阻力的力学模型,该模型不仅适用于端承桩,也适用于端承-摩擦桩或摩擦桩,同时该模型也便于考虑多层土中桩的负摩阻力的性状。两个实例的计算结果表明,本文提出的模型比较符合实测结果。     

盆地红层嵌岩桩荷载传递性状试验研究

湘浏盆地内广泛分布着内陆湖相沉积的白垩系至第三系红层软岩,具有成岩差、易风化崩解等特性,其嵌岩桩的实际工作性状与《建筑桩基技术规范》（JGJ94-94）规定不尽相同。为研究红层嵌岩桩的承载性能、桩身轴力传递规律、桩侧阻力和端阻力的发挥性状,对４根人工挖孔灌注桩进行了单桩静力载荷试验,分别采用滑动测微计和应变计来测试桩身轴力的变化。结果表明,红层嵌岩桩表现为端承摩擦桩特性,Q-s曲线呈缓变型;桩身轴力传递规律和桩侧阻力的发挥与覆盖层厚度、桩长、桩周土性质密切相关;由于红层具有较强的结构性,发挥极限侧阻所需位移仅为2~6mm,测试得到的极限侧阻力远高于规范值,表现出强化效应,使得红层嵌岩桩具有相当大的承载能力,但端阻力和侧阻力并非同步发挥。设计时应采用承载力和变形控制,参数取值应符合桩的荷载传递规律。     

Computerised processing of ground investigation data and use in predicting the load-settlement behaviour of piled foundations

A new computer program “PILESET” is developed for use in predicting the bearing capacity and load-settlement behaviour of axially loaded single piles. The program can analyse almost any soil profile and accommodates (a) displacement piles (b) replacement (c) friction piles, (d) end-bearing piles, (e) under-reamed piles and (f) partially sleeved piles. A variety of soil input data can be used, including: (i) standard penetration tests, (ii) cone/piezo-cone tests, (iii) pressure-meter tests and (iv) laboratory tests. The above data types can be combined, if desired, for pile analysis by PILESET. The program calculates the shaft and base capacities of a pile based on 23 methods published in design guides in over 10 European countries. PILESET also predicts the pile load-settlement curve using five published methods, which include two modified load transfer (t-z) approaches formulated by the author. To demonstrate the capabilities of the program, analysis is carried out for case study involving seven full-scale screw piles formed in sand and tested to failure. In each case, the load-settlement curve computed using the author’s modified method in PILESET is found to be in excellent agreement with the actual pile test results.