某软土基坑复合土钉支护结构失稳分析与处理

简述了某软土基坑复合土钉支护结构失稳过程,分析失稳原因,介绍工程治理措施.文中还对软土基坑与残积土基坑破坏机理进行探讨,提出了软土基坑按地层可分为双层软土基坑、三层软土基坑.三层软土基坑比双层软土基坑采用复合土钉支护结构能较优控制变形和提高稳定性.可供工程技术人员参考.     

考虑假想基础宽度的基坑抗隆起稳定性

在深厚软土地区,有大量的基坑工程符合下列特征：（1）围护墙插入比为1:2.0～1:2.2;(2)开挖过程顺利;（3）抗隆起安全系数不满足现行相关标准要求。为减少理论与实践之间的不符,基于既有地基承载力模式的计算公式,通过引入假想基础宽度,建立了可考虑土体应力状态和抗剪能力的基坑抗隆起稳定性分析方法。定义了抗隆起安全系数在数学上为最小值的假想基础宽度为临界宽度。除临界宽度外,假想基础宽度的选取还应考虑基坑宽度、软土层厚度等因素。结合已完成工程实例,对比了现有不同稳定分析方法的抗隆起安全系数,分析了软土地层结构、土体内摩擦角等对稳定性的影响。分析结果与实际情况更加接近,且表明土体抗剪能力的影响在采用临界宽度作为假想基础宽度时有限。     

土体参数不确定性对软土隧洞掌子面稳定影响分析

岩土体参数取值对于工程设计意义较大,为更好地评估土体参数不确定性对软土隧洞掌子面稳定的影响,采用Monte-Carlo随机模拟方法,分析了土体参数变异性及样本容量水平对掌子面稳定特性的影响,提出了掌子面设计安全系数的确定方法.结合工程实例评估了设计安全系数的合理性,分析结果表明,样本容量较大时,土体参数的不确定性对软土...     

土坡悬臂式抗滑桩一种抗震设计计算方法

在强震动力作用下,边坡常会产生较大的永久位移,且抗滑桩锚固段顶端前侧局部地层易进入塑性屈服状态,这在传统的悬臂式抗滑桩抗震设计计算中没有给予充分考虑。基于Nemark滑块位移法和极限分析原理,提出了考虑边坡设计安全系数和地震永久位移的作用于抗滑桩上设计滑坡推力的计算方法;同时,根据锚固段地层进入塑性屈服状态的情况提出把锚固段分为塑性区锚固段和弹性区锚固段分别计算,前者按极限地层反力法采用悬臂梁模型计算,后者按照弹性地基梁模型计算,在两者界面处需满足桩体内力和变形以及地层反力的连续条件。结合一土质边坡工程算例,给出了所提出的悬臂式抗滑桩抗震设计三段分析法的具体计算过程和结果,进一步表明所提出的方法具有技术合理性和经济性。     

土质斜坡存在唯一最小安全系数的数据作图论证及原因分析

本文通过数据作图法揭示了土体黏聚力和内摩擦角对斜坡安全系数作用的不同规律,并论证了一般土质斜坡存在唯一最小安全系数及其原因。本文在土质斜坡中划分了大量的潜在滑移面,并定义了每一个潜在滑移面所拥有的4类安全系数FOSc×φ、FOSc、FOSφ和FOSc+φ。基于极限平衡的条分法计算了滑移面的4类安全系数,并使用数据作图法揭示和确定了这4类安全系数值随潜在滑移面深度d变化的4条特征和规律。由土体黏聚力和内摩擦角共同作用的安全系数FOSc×φ包络线随d的增加先单调下降,到达一段最小值区间后,再单调上升。因此,它必然存在一个总体最小值。仅由土体黏聚力贡献的FOSc包络线随d的增加先快速、再缓慢单调下降。仅由土体内摩擦角贡献的安全系数FOSφ包络线随d的增加线性上升。FOSc与FOSφ之和FOSc+φ数值几乎等同于FOSc×φ数值。这4条规律揭示了土体黏聚力和内摩擦角对斜坡安全系数作用的不同规律,并论证了一般斜坡存在最小安全系数及其原因。本文进一步论证和揭示了这4条特征和规律适用于5种经典有限条分法的计算结果,适用于考虑地下孔隙水压强作用的计算结果,和考虑斜坡土体分层不均质影响的计算结果。特别地,地下孔隙水会加深拥有最小安全系数的潜在滑移面深度。土体黏聚力对斜坡安全系数贡献随潜在滑移面深度增大而减小,土体内摩擦角对斜坡安全系数贡献随潜在滑移面深度增大而增大。这两种强度随深度的相反贡献规律导致了一般土质斜坡存在唯一最小安全系数。     

PTC管桩复合地基应力扩散效应研究

预应力混凝土薄壁（PTC）管桩复合地基作为常见的基础型式在软土地区具有良好的实用价值和应用前景。在实际工程中,复合地基下卧层附加应力的确定一直是重点和难点,因此对PTC管桩复合地基应力扩散效应的研究具有十分重要的意义。针对天津软土地区进行了3组不同垫层厚度的复合地基现场静载试验,基于现场试验建立并验证了数值模拟方法,对比研究了该型式复合地基的承载特性;通过已建立的数值模拟方法研究了不同工况下PTC管桩复合地基的应力扩散现象,结合复合地基应力扩散理论确定了扩散角的取值范围,分析了土质、加固深度和外荷载对扩散角的影响规律。计算结果可为工程设计提供依据。     

坡麓相斜坡软土特性及其地质灾害防治研究

结合工程实例．提出“坡麓相斜坡软土”的概念,论述西南煤系地层地区斜坡软土的形成机理、分布规律、物理力学特征及其工程特性,研究斜坡软土对工程的危害及其地质灾害防治对策,最后列举三个典型斜坡软土工程整治实例,对指导工程实践具有重要意义。     

多孔同段爆破漏斗形成机理的数值模拟研究

采用ANSYS/LS-DYNA非线性三维动力有限元软件,对岩石在多孔同段爆破作用下的应力分布与传播机制,进行了数值模拟。得到了不同时刻的应力分布云图和典型单元的应力-时间历程曲线, 根据结果分析研究了应力波传播规律与爆破漏斗的形成过程,探讨了影响爆破漏斗形成的相关因素,并通过现场试验加以验证,试验结果与数值模拟结果相吻合。     

径向双侧壁排水软土地基固结数学模型及解析解

在软土地基中设置成层的环状排水砂层,使饱和土中孔隙水沿径向具有两个相反方向的排水通道,超静孔压可以朝环状土层的两圆侧壁消散,通过径向排水通道的增加及排水路径的缩短,可以加快软土固结。基于这种思路,建立了相应的饱和软土固结数学模型,进行了求解,并通过实例对超静孔压分布和发展规律以及软土固结性状进行了分析。     

强夯加固软土上覆填海砂层的试验研究

强夯加固期间对上覆填海砂层的软土进行了孔压的监测,分析了强夯时软土中孔压的长消规律和随水平距离的变化及影响范围; 通过对强夯后静力触探试验成果的分析,研究了软土上覆砂层强夯加固的机理,并对强夯的有效影响深度和单点击数问题提出了看法。     

The influence of urbanization of sinkhole development in central Pennsylvania

The karsted limestone valleys of central Pennsylvania contain two populations of sinkholes. Solution sinkholes occur in the Champlainian limestone units along the margins of the valleys. Solution sinkholes are permanent parts of the landscape and, although a nuisance to construction, do not present other problems. The second population is the suffosional or soil-piping sinkholes These occur on all carbonate rock units including the Beekmantown and Gatesburg dolomites that comprise the two principal carbonate aquifers in the valley. Suffosional sinkholes are the principal land-use hazard. Suffosional sinkholes are transient phonomena. They occur naturally but are exacerbated by runoff modifications that accompany urbanization Suffosional sinkholes are typically 1.5–2.5 m in diameter depending on soil thickness and soil type. The vertical transport of soil to form the void space and soil arch that are the precursors to sinkhole collapse is through solutionally widened fractures and cross-joints and less often through large vertical openings in the bedrock. The limited solution development on the dolomite bedrock combined with soil thickness, seldom greater than 2 m, limits the size of the sinkholes. All aspects of suffosional sinkhole development are shallow processes: transport, piping, void and arch formation, and subsequent collapse take place usually less than 10 m below the land surface Factors exacerbating sinkhole development include pavement, street, and roof runoff which accelerates soil transport Such seemingly minor activities as replacing high grass and brush with mowed grass is observed to accelerate sinkhole development. Dewatering of the aquifer is not a major factor in this region     

Management and mitigation of sinkholes on karst lands: an overview of practical applications

When karst lands are developed for residential or commercial purposes, sinkholes are to be properly managed or mitigated. This paper discusses various types of sinkholes and their possible formation mechanisms, presents some guidelines for sinkhole management, and summarizes several engineering measures for sinkhole remediation. Because a sinkhole is often not an isolated feature but a component of an integrated groundwater and surface water system, knowledge of the sinkhole geology and hydrology is essential in selection of the proper management tools and remediation options. Adverse effects including flooding, additional sinkholes, and groundwater contamination can result from poorly managed or improperly repaired sinkholes.     

Formation mechanism of large sinkhole collapses in Laibin,Guangxi, China

On June 3, 2010, a series of karst sinkholes occurred at Jili village surrounded by Gui-Bei highway, Wu-Ping highway and Nan-Liu High-Speed Railway in Laibin, Guangxi, China. The straight-line distances from an large sinkhole pit, 85 m in diameter and 38 m in depth, to the above mainlines are 200, 600 and 500 m, respectively. Several investigation methods including geophysical technology, borehole and well drilling, groundwater elevation survey and hydrochemistry analysis of groundwater were used to study the formation mechanisms of these sinkholes. Based on the results, the spatial distribution of the Jili underground river was confirmed with a strike of SN along the middle Carboniferous limestone bedrock and the Quaternary deposits controlled the sinkhole formation. In addition, both historical sinkhole events and analysis of the groundwater–air pressure monitoring data installed in the underlying karst conduit system indicate that sinkholes in this area are more likely induced by extreme weather conditions within typical karst geological settings. Extreme weather conditions in the study area before the sinkhole collapses consisted of a year-long drought followed by continuous precipitation with a daily maximum precipitation of 442 mm between May 31 and June 1, 2010. Typical geological conditions include the Jili underground river overlain by the Quaternary overburden with thick clayey rubble. Especially in the recharge zone of the underground river, a stabilized shallow water table was formed in response to the extreme rainstorm because of the presence of the thick clayey rubble. When the underground conduit was flooded through the cave entrance on the surface, air blasting may have caused the cave roof collapse followed by formation of soil cavities and surface collapses. Borehole monitoring results of the groundwater–air pressure monitoring show that the potential karst sinkhole can pose threats to Shanbei village, the High-Speed Railway and the Wu-Ping highway. Local government needs to be aware of any early indicators of this geohazard so that devastating sinkholes can be prevented in the future. The results also suggest that groundwater–air pressure monitoring data collected both the Quaternary deposits and the bedrock karst system provide useful indicators for potential sinkhole collapses in similar karst areas where sinkholes usually occur during rainy season or karst groundwater level is always under the rockhead.     

Poroelastic analysis of cover-collapse sinkhole formation by piezometric surface drawdown

Where the water table is above the soil-rock contact in karst regions, cover-collapse sinkholes in the soil and soft sediment above the rock commonly occur as a result of drawdown of the piezometric surface in the karst aquifer. Transient stresses and pore pressures around soil voids at the soil-rock contact can cause hydraulic fracturing of the soil near the wall of the void. After the first such fracture, successive sloughing of soil propagates the soil void rapidly to the surface, resulting in a cover-collapse sinkhole. Sinkhole formation by this mechanism should be strongly a function of rate and magnitude of piezometric surface drawdown, permeability and tensile strength of the soil, and the size, depth, and geometry of the initial soil void. Large soil voids and those with walls that are partly planar or of low curvature are most susceptible to hydraulic fracture and the resulting progression to sinkhole formation.     

Application of matrix analysis in delineating sinkhole risk areas along highway (I-70 near Frederick,Maryland)

Sinkhole collapse in the area of Maryland Interstate 70 (I-70) and nearby roadways south of Frederick, Maryland, has been posing a threat to the safety of the highway operation as well as other structures. The occurrence of sinkholes is associated with intensive land development. However, the geological conditions that have been developing over the past 200 million years in the Frederick Valley control the locations of the sinkholes. Within an area of approximately 8 km², 138 sinkholes are recorded and their spatial distribution is irregular, but clustered. The clustering indicates the existence of an interaction between the sinkholes. The point pattern of sinkholes is considered to be a sample of a Gibbsian point process from which the hard-core Strauss Model is developed. The radius of influence is calculated for the recorded sinkholes which are most likely to occur within 30 m of an existing sinkhole. The stochastic analysis of the existing sinkholes is biased toward the areas with intensive land use. This bias is adjusted by considering (1) topography, (2) proximity to topographic depressions, (3) interpreted rock formation, (4) soil type, (5) geophysical anomalies, (6) proximity to geologic structures, and (7) thickness of overburden. Based on the properties of each factor, a scoring system is developed and the average relative risk score for individual 30-m segments of the study area is calculated. The areas designated by higher risk levels would have greater risk of a sinkhole collapse than the areas designated by lower risk levels. This risk assessment approach can be updated as more information becomes available.     

Cone-penetrometer exploration of Sinkholes: Stratigraphy and soil properties

Four sinkholes with varying surficial expressions were subjected to detailed stratigraphic and soil analysis by means of Standard Penetration Tests (SPT) and Electric Friction Cone Penetration Tests (CPT) in order to evaluate applications of CPT to sinkhole investigations. Although widely used, SPT data are of limited value and difficult to apply to sinkhole mapping. CPT is sensitive to minor lithologic variability and is superior to SPT as a cost-effective technique for determining geotechnical properties of sinkholes. The effectiveness of CPT data results from the force measurements made along the sleeve of the cone. The friction ratio (ratio of sleeve to tip resistance) is a good indicator of soil stratigraphy and properties. By smoothing the friction-ratio data, general stratigraphy and changes in soil properties are easily identified. Stratigraphy of the sinks has been complicated by intense weathering, karstification and marine, transgressions. The resulting deposits include five stratigraphic units. I and II represent Plio-Pleistocene marine sediments with Unit II being the zone of soil clay accumulation. III and IV are horizons residual from Miocene strata and indicate an episode of karstification prior to deposition of Units I and II. Conduit fill is a mixture of materials with low cohesion. The fill materials indicate centripetal and downward movement of insoluble sediments derived from the surrounding strata. Loss of cohesion results in near-zero friction ratios. Very low friction ratios, coupled with materials with little cohesion, indicate potentially-liquefiable soils in the immediate vicinity of zones where piping failure may be imminent. SPT does not provide sufficient data to predict these zones of potential, failure. CPT provides sufficient information for recognition of sinkhole stratigraphy and geotechnical properties. When coupled with laboratory soil analysis, CPT provides unique information about sinkhole geometry and dynamics. In contrast, SPT data fail to produce consistent indicators of sinkhole stratigraphy or properties. With laboratory soil data, SPT indicates general, inconclusive trends.     

Sinkhole subsidence due to mining

This paper reviews the modes of formation of sinkhole subsidence associated with mining activities, drawing on examples in India. Sinkhole (pot-hole) subsidence is an abrupt local depression at the surface which can be hazardous to life and property due to its tendency to occur without warning. Shallow extraction, weak overburden and geological discontinuities are the main factors which cause them. Sinkholes occur due to the failure of a mine roof which migrates through the overlying strata until the failure zone intercepts the unconsolidated overburden. Alternatively they may occur by the creation of cavities in the overburden following the inflow of sand and soil from the overlying weathered and friable strata through faults. Overburden cavities eventually cave in and sinkholes appear at the surface. Sinkholing phenomena can be controlled to some extent by proper design of mining supports and construction of walls to create a barrier around an area prone to sinkholes in bord and pillar workings. Backfilling and grouting can be used to stabilize abandoned underground workings.     

覆盖型岩溶平原区岩溶塌陷脆弱性和开发岩溶地下水安全性评价——以广西黎塘镇为例

黎塘研究区塌陷脆弱性较高,为科学地开发该区的岩溶地下水,以满足工农业生产、生活需要,本文针对黎塘镇塌陷的主控触发因素为岩溶地下水动态变化这一特点,采用现场实时监测岩溶地下水动态变化特征和室内塌陷模拟试验相结合的方法,将监测结果与当地塌陷的临界条件进行对比来确定开发岩溶地下水的安全性.结果表明,在当前开采条件下,塌陷脆弱性分区与稳定分区并非完全重合:部分高脆弱和较高脆弱区,在目前开采条件下仍处于稳定状态,部分低脆弱区则处于危险状态,并为研究区十多年来塌陷的发育、分布特征所支持印证.据此认为,在塌陷脆弱性较高的地区未必就需要绝对禁止对岩溶地下水的开发,地下水的开发应以不增加当地塌陷的频率、加剧当地岩溶塌陷的危害为前提.      

湖南宁乡大成桥充水矿山疏干区岩溶系统水气压力监测及突变特征

湖南煤炭坝煤矿是我国著名的大水矿山,开采标高已降至-400 m,每小时排水量11 000 m3。长期的疏干排水,已形成面积达219.19 km2的地下水降落漏斗。以往的调查资料表明,矿山疏干诱发的岩溶塌陷主要发生在疏干开始、地下水位下降到基岩面附近、矿坑发生突水突泥灾害等3个阶段,在疏干区应该无诱发因素导致岩溶塌陷的发生。但近年来煤炭坝煤矿疏干区大成桥的岩溶塌陷特征表明,尽管相关部门采取了一系列处置措施,但岩溶塌陷仍然频繁发生。为了进一步揭示该地区岩溶塌陷发育规律,使处置决策更加科学化,作者所在团队选择大成桥为典型区,通过岩溶系统地下水气压力监测,分析诱发岩溶塌陷的动力来源及其变化规律。结果表明,疏干区岩溶管道裂隙系统中水气压力突变现象极为明显,年最大变幅达54.72 m,瞬时水气压力变化速率最大为70.6 cm/min,造成这一现象的主要原因是气爆、地下洞穴（溶洞、土洞）垮塌。      

Subsidence hazard avoidance based on geomorphological mapping in the Ebro River valley mantled evaporite karst terrain (NE Spain)

In the valley of the Ebro River to the southeast of the city of Zaragoza (NE Spain), the dissolution of evaporite sediments (gypsum, halite and Na-sulphates) which underlie alluvial deposits gives rise to numerous sinkholes. These sinkholes are a potential hazard to human safety, particularly where they develop in a catastrophic way. Even slow-developing sinkholes are problematic, as they damage urban and agricultural infrastructure, necessitating costly repairs and vigilant maintenance. To assist in developing avoidance strategies for these hazards, the factors controlling sinkhole occurrence have been assessed using geomorphological maps produced from aerial photographs for 1956 and 1981. Important controls on sinkhole development are found to include underlying geological structure (manifest in preferred orientations of sinkholes on the azimuths N130-150E and N30-40E), and the presence of glauberite in the groundwater flow path, which apparently promotes accelerated gypsum dissolution. Perhaps surprisingly, alluvium thickness does not appear to significantly correlate with the density of sinkholes on the floodplain in this area. The maps for 1956 and 1981 reveal that both human activity and natural processes can serve to obscure the true density of sinkhole development. For instance, a large number of sinkholes which were conspicuous in 1956 have since been back-filled by farmers. In the most fluvially active zone of the Ebro valley (the meander belt), the relatively low density of sinkholes compared with adjoining zones suggests that subsidence is being masked by morpho-sedimentary dynamic processes (aggradation and erosion). Careful geomorphological mapping for different time periods yields a much more accurate impression of the frequency of sinkhole development than would be gained from surveying currently visible sinkholes in the area of interest.