大直径超长桩打桩过程中桩周土体的疲劳与强度恢复

大直径超长桩的出现给海上的打桩施工增加了难度和复杂性,也使得打桩分析和预估锤击数具有重要的意义。研究表明,当连续进行打桩施工时,桩长时间连续运动导致桩侧土体强度降低,土体产生了疲劳,沉桩相对容易,使得桩体的贯入度与锤击数较预测偏低;当施工停止一段时间后,土体固结排水,强度得到恢复甚至提高,导致继续打桩时难度增加,锤击数增高或出现无法继续贯入的现象。结合一维应力波动理论、桩-土相互作用模型、土体的有效应力原理和固结理论,提出了模拟土体疲劳和强度恢复的数值分析方法,对采油平台的桩基工程进行了打桩分析,计算结果与实测数据吻合较好,说明提出的数值模拟方法具有可靠性。     

桩端加环对PHC桩影响的试验研究

PHC桩在动力打桩过程中,往往会因为锤击数或锤击能量过高而发生桩头或桩身损坏,引起的挤土效应和振动效应也会对周围环境造成不良影响.PHC桩桩端加环可减少沉桩过程中桩侧土体摩阻力的影响,结合某电厂工程综合试桩工作,通过对沉桩总锤击数、最终贯入度、土塞高度、打桩振动测试及高应变检测结果的分析,指出桩端加环对保证PHC桩的完...     

基于GRLWEAP的桩基可打入性影响因素研究

桩基的可打入性分析对桩的设计十分重要。实际工程中精确的可打入性分析可以避免由于未能将桩打入设计入土深度而导致的截桩和桩头损坏等事故,也能避免在桩的贯入深度已经超过设计贯入深度时仍不能满足设计承载力的情况发生。为精确桩基的可打入性分析,研究了影响桩基可打入性的多种敏感因素,采用正交实验法设计了32组试验,由GRLWEAP软件完成试验,得出打桩分析结果。结合渤海某油田平台工程实例得出桩基可打入性影响因素敏感度规律,即桩基可打入性影响因素敏感度由大到小依次是打桩能量、桩径、地质条件、桩长、垫层厚度、桩壁厚、停锤时间、停锤位置、桩段数量。     

锤击法与静压法施工预制桩单桩承载力差异分析

目前国内的各种规范在计算预制桩的承载力时都不考虑打桩方式的影响。但在实际施工中,已经有越来越多的例子表明同样条件下锤击法施工比静压法施工得到的桩基承载力要低。从沉桩机理、挤密作用、孔隙水压力及其消散对施工后强度恢复的影响、土体等方面对2种方法造成的预制桩单桩承载力差异的原因进行了分析。     

浅埋硬土层小截面短桩沉桩分析

在地层比较特殊的地段,往往由于经验及对地质情况认识不深而出现沉桩困难、桩头开裂等现象。文章针对浅埋硬土层采用小截面短桩情况,应用静力触探测试指标计算沉桩阻力,结合考虑桩身强度的方法进行沉桩分析,并统计了不同锤型入持力层不同深度的实际锤击数,为以后类似工程的选锤提供参考。     

利用标贯击数估算静压桩的沉桩阻力

选用最易获得的标准贯入试验锤击数估算静力压入桩的沉桩阻力,提出了经验公式。对桩端阻力、桩侧阻力在土层中的变化等计算的细节问题进行了讨论,并编制了计算结果可视化的程序。2个工程实例的计算结果表明,用标贯锤击数估算静压桩沉桩阻力的方法是可行的,计算出的压桩力满足工程精度要求,可以方便的用于判断沉桩可能性、估算承载力、选择沉桩设备等。     

夯扩桩沉管控制贯入度计算法

通过改造格尔谢万诺夫打桩公式,提供了夯扩桩沉管控制贯入度计算表达式,在此 ,介绍了沉积控制贯入度在夯扩桩设计和施工中的用途,并举例验证。     

考虑固结的透水管桩沉桩全过程有限元模拟

运用透水管桩技术加快沉桩后桩周土体内超静孔隙水释放,进而消除沉桩施工中超静孔压的不利影响。基于有限元数值计算法,利用ABAQUS有限元软件建立透水管桩模型,实现透水管桩贯入过程以及桩周土体固结过程模拟。对比CEM圆柱孔扩张理论验证数值计算结果;阐述透水管桩贯入过程中位移场以及超静孔压场变化规律;对比分析静压桩和透水管桩桩周土体固结性状,结果表明透水管桩能加速超静孔压消散,短期内实现桩基承载力的快速提升。     

基于有限介质孔扩理论的桩基承载力预测方法研究

挤土桩在沉桩过程中的挤土效应对其承载力有明显的提高作用,基于有限介质弹塑性小孔扩张理论提出一种新的挤土桩承载力的计算方法。通过Mohr-Coulomb屈服准则推导了有限介质球形孔和柱形孔扩张的统一解析解,分析了打桩过程中的贯入挤土作用,并建立了桩基承载力的计算模型。结果表明:小孔扩张过程中具有明显尺寸效应,对于柱形孔扩张,当外内径比大于110时,有限土体扩张的内壁孔压和塑性区范围与无限土体扩张的大致相同;球形孔土体外内径比大于25时与无限土体扩张曲线一致;将桩端部分简化为球形孔扩张模型,桩侧部分假设为柱形孔扩张模型,求解得到了沉桩施工中桩周土体的应力场变化及成桩后桩基承载力值。桩基承载力计算结果与现有理论解、规范计算值和工程现场实测值进行对比,验证了本文方法的可靠性,为挤土桩的承载力预测提供了一种新的计算方法。     

英标和国标标贯设备试验结果相关性分析

为了在国内岩土设计中很好利用英国标准（BS）标贯设备的试验结果,对英国标准和中国标准（GB）标贯设备及试验结果进行分析,研究相关性。BS和GB标贯设备主要的区别是前者的锤垫质量大于后者,造成试验时两者锤击能量有差别,因此,获得的标贯击数不同。通过采用标贯能量分析仪,测量配置不同直径钻杆的BS和GB设备试验时的实际锤击能量,计算两者不同的实际锤击能量与理论锤击能量的能量比,利用能量比的差别分析BS与GB标贯击数的相关性,建立相关公式。分析显示,试验时BS标贯设备比GB标贯设备的锤击传递能量要小,标贯击数要大;钻杆直径为50 mm比直径为42 mm传递的锤击能量略高,标贯击数略低。通过研究,最终建立了BS与GB标贯设备试验结果的相关关系,英标标贯设备获得的数据从而能更好运用于中国标准中,并提供符合中国利用标贯评价的岩土设计参数。     

Dynamics of pile driving by the finite element method

It is proposed that the dynamics of pile driving based on the one-dimensional theory of wave propagation be analyzed by the finite element method. This approach enables one to continuously interpolate the displacement, velocity and acceleration profiles throughout the pile length. In contrast to the finite difference technique presented by E. A. L. Smith [1] and the finite element procedure presented by I. M. Smith [2] in which initial conditions are defined on the basis of a prescribed hammer velocity, the method presented herein defines initial conditions on the basis of a prescribed impact force versus time curve at the pile/hammer point of contact. Applications of the proposed technique to typical pile driving problems on an elastoplastic soil and using an implicit time-integration scheme are discussed using a numerical example.     

Pile driving formulas based on pile wave equation analyses

Pile driving formulas, which directly relate the pile set resulting from a hammer blow to the static load capacity of the pile, are often used to decide whether a pile will have the required design capacity. However, existing formulas do not consider soil or pile type, and do not, in general, reliably predict pile capacity. In this paper, an advanced model for dynamic pile driving analysis was used to develop accurate pile driving formulas. The proposed driving formulas are validated through well-documented case histories. Comparisons of predictions from the proposed formulas with results from static and dynamic load tests show that they produce reasonably accurate predictions of pile capacity based on pile set observations.     

Formulation of the axisymmetric CPDI with application to pile driving in sand

In foundation engineering practice, pile driving is often used as an efficient method to install piles. While large distortions take place along the pile shaft during the installation, the zone around the pile toe experiences compression. In an attempt to fully understand the build up of resistance when driving piles, it is desirable to model the driving process and the corresponding soil behaviour. The non-linear dynamic analysis of this problem is challenging, given the large deformation that develops together with the associated changes in soil properties. Some numerical methods offer the possibility of handling large material movements by utilising Lagrangian and Eulerian frames of references. However, few of these methods are capable of tracing the material displacement, such as the Material Point Method (MPM). Early implementation of MPM assumes that the mass is concentrated at the material points, which causes noise in the solution. Later implementations assign a spatial domain to the material points to mitigate the grid crossing error. The Convected Particle Domain Interpolation (CPDI) is one such implementation.This paper extends the two-dimensional CPDI formulation for an axisymmetric problem where a pile is driven into sand that is modelled as a hypoplastic model. The extended formulation is tested, validated and compared to that for the case of the two-dimensional plane-strain within the framework of the method of manufactured solution. The hammer blows on the pile are represented by a periodic forcing function. In contrast to earlier studies on pile installation using advanced models, deep penetration is achieved in the present analysis. A non-regular distribution for the particle domains is suggested to avoid unnecessary computation. A frictional contact algorithm is introduced to describe the pile–soil interaction.     

混凝土芯砂石桩的单桩承载力时间效应分析

在饱和软黏土地基沉桩过程中,挤土桩桩周土体将遭受相当大的挤压应力并引起很高的超静孔隙水压力,桩周土体超静孔隙水压力的消散,使桩周土体有效应力相应地增长,单桩承载力在间歇期内也会随着时间而逐渐增加。基于挤土桩沉桩过程所产生的挤土效应,运用圆孔扩张理论和固结理论分析了新型软基处理技术-混凝土芯砂石桩的挤土性状,并与软基处理中常用的CFG桩作了比较,从单桩侧摩阻力的时间效应方面分析了混凝土芯砂石桩的优越性。     

Field measurements regarding the influence of the installation method on soil plugging in tubular piles

Soil plugging in open-ended piles leads to an increase in compressive bearing capacity but also influences pile driving resistance. Many different factors affect the tendency for soil plugging, for example, pile diameter, penetration depth and installation method. In this paper, the influence of the installation method on soil plugging is investigated. In situ measurements during the installation of two instrumented tubular piles are carried out to investigate the internal and external stresses acting on the pile during the installation process. Furthermore, the cone penetration resistance inside one pile is measured during the installation, and the accelerations and strains at the pile head are monitored to predict the bearing capacity. The installation method is varied between vibratory and impact pile driving. The results show that a significant increase in horizontal stresses inside the pile occurs during impact driving which leads to the conclusion that a soil plug is formed. During vibratory pile driving, no stress increase was observed.     

A non‐linear coupled finite element–boundary element model for the prediction of vibrations due to vibratory and impact pile driving

This paper presents a non‐linear coupled finite element–boundary element approach for the prediction of free field vibrations due to vibratory and impact pile driving. Both the non‐linear constitutive behavior of the soil in the vicinity of the pile and the dynamic interaction between the pile and the soil are accounted for. A subdomain approach is used, defining a generalized structure consisting of the pile and a bounded region of soil around the pile, and an unbounded exterior linear soil domain. The soil around the pile may exhibit non‐linear constitutive behavior and is modelled with a time‐domain finite element method. The dynamic stiffness matrix of the exterior unbounded soil domain is calculated using a boundary element formulation in the frequency domain based on a limited number of modes defined on the interface between the generalized structure and the unbounded soil. The soil–structure interaction forces are evaluated as a convolution of the displacement history and the soil flexibility matrices, which are obtained by an inverse Fourier transformation from the frequency to the time domain. This results in a hybrid frequency–time domain formulation of the non‐linear dynamic soil–structure interaction problem, which is solved in the time domain using Newmark's time integration method; the interaction force time history is evaluated using the θ‐scheme in order to obtain stable solutions. The proposed hybrid formulation is validated for linear problems of vibratory and impact pile driving, showing very good agreement with the results obtained with a frequency‐domain solution. Linear predictions, however, overestimate the free field peak particle velocities as observed in reported field experiments during vibratory and impact pile driving at comparable levels of the transferred energy. This is mainly due to energy dissipation related to plastic deformations in the soil around the pile. Ground vibrations due to vibratory and impact pile driving are, therefore, also computed with a non‐linear model where the soil is modelled as an isotropic elastic, perfectly plastic solid, which yields according to the Drucker–Prager failure criterion. This results in lower predicted free field vibrations with respect to linear predictions, which are also in much better agreement with experimental results recorded during vibratory and impact pile driving. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A note on finite element simulations of pile driving

The analyses of pile driving using solid, axisymmetric finite elements reported in Reference 1 are extended to different soil conditions and hammer characteristics. Correlation with ‘pile analyser’ procedures is made.     

软黏土中PHC管桩打入过程中土塞效应研究

当开口管桩打入土层中,土体进入桩内形成土塞,土塞效应对桩的打入特性和承载能力具有重要影响。基于上海典型软土地基中长PHC桩的现场试验,统计分析3个不同场地共44根桩打桩过程中的土塞数据,探讨软土地基中PHC桩打桩过程中土塞长度与内径之比、土塞增量与桩打入深度增量之比(IFR)随打入桩长与内径之比变化的规律,并线性拟合出土塞增量与桩打入深度增量之比与土塞高度和桩打入深度之比(PLR)的经验公式。研究表明,大部分PHC桩在打桩过程中,土塞部分闭塞,桩从浅部较硬土层打入较软土层,IFR值减小,土塞闭塞作用大;桩从较软土层打入深部较硬土层,IFR值逐渐增大,土塞闭塞作用小,且土塞长度增量与桩打入深度增量之比与土塞长度与桩打入深度之比基本呈线性关系。