人工胶结砂土力学特性的离散元模拟

采用离散单元法（DEM）对胶结砂土力学特性进行模拟。将基于室内试验测得的理想胶结颗粒接触力学响应引入到开发的二维离散元程序（NS2D）中,模拟胶结砂土颗粒间的胶结作用。对不同胶结强度和围压的胶结砂土进行平面应变双轴压缩试验模拟,并将模拟结果与Wang和Leung[1]提供的人工胶结砂土的试验结果进行比较。最后对数值模拟中胶结试样的微观力学响应（接触力链、胶结点破坏率和位移场）进行分析。结果表明,离散元数值模拟能够有效地反映胶结砂土的主要力学特性,相比同一初始孔隙比的无胶结松散砂土,胶结砂土将具有更高的强度,应力-应变关系呈应变软化,体变为先剪缩后剪胀,且两者的差异随胶结强度的增大和围压的减小而越趋显著。此外,胶结砂土宏观力学响应（应力-应变关系和剪胀性）与其微观力学响应密切相关。     

胶结颗粒接触力学特性测试装置研制

为验证天然结构性砂土离散元模拟中接触模型及其参数的合理性,设计了一套用于理想胶结颗粒成型及实现不同加载条件下接触力学特性测试装置。通过胶结颗粒成型装置在两大小相同的铝棒间形成具有特定几何尺寸的胶结物,随后,采用一系列辅助加载装置实现简单及复杂加载条件下胶结颗粒接触力学特性的测试。试验结果表明：该装置可用于胶结颗粒在不同加载条件下接触力学特性的测试,实测胶结颗粒接触力学响应与天然砂土离散元中接触模型基本相符,且其抗剪和抗扭强度均随着法向压力的增大而增大,在三维应力空间中胶结颗粒强度包线呈椭圆抛物面状。     

不同开采方法下深海能源土离散元模拟

天然气水合物以胶结及孔隙填充等形式存在于深海能源土中,开采时因其分解会劣化地层力学特性进而引发海底事故,使得人们对能源土开采过程进行中力学特性的变化愈发重视。在前期室内试验的基础上,将一个温度-水压-力学二维微观胶结模型引入离散元商业软件PFC2D中,通过对排气、排水性较好的土体进行升温及降压法开采进行数值模拟,并将模拟结果与相同条件下的室内试验结果对比,验证了该胶结模型的适用性。进一步分析了颗粒接触分布与颗粒平均纯转动率（averaged pure rotation rate, APR）在水合物分解时的变化情况。升温分解过程中随温度升高,颗粒总接触分布各向异性程度增大;胶结接触逐渐减少并始终保持主方向为水平方向,无胶结接触增多并始终保持主方向为竖直方向;APR值逐渐增大且正负值分布逐渐趋于集中。降压分解过程中随反（水）压降低,颗粒总接触由各向同性分布逐渐发展为主方向为竖直方向的各向异性,APR值较小且分布均匀;恢复反压后,试样进一步破坏,颗粒总接触各向异性更加明显,APR值增大且正负值呈集中分布。     

沉积角对净砂宏微观力学特性影响的离散元分析

由颗粒定向排列导致的初始各向异性对净砂力学特性影响明显。为探究这一影响,首先采用自编的离散元软件生成4种不同沉积方向的椭圆颗粒净砂样,并分别对4种试样进行双轴压缩试验;其次,通过将离散元模拟结算与室内试验结果对比以验证该方法的可行性;最后,通过分析模拟结果研究沉积方向所产生的影响。结果表明：4种试样均出现应变软化及剪胀现象;随着沉积角? 的增加,试样具有由应变软化逐渐向应变硬化发展的趋势,试样的剪胀性逐渐减弱;在?=0°时试样取得最大峰值内摩擦角和最大残余内摩擦角,且随着? 的增大试样的峰值内摩擦角先降低然后基本不变,残余内摩擦角逐渐减小;颗粒排列初始优势方向基本与沉积方向平行,但随着轴向应变的增大,颗粒排列优势方向逐渐向平行于加载面方向旋转,接触点的优势方向由最初垂直于沉积方向逐渐向垂直于加载面方向旋转,且这两种旋转的改变幅度随着沉积角? 的增大而增大;而强接触力的优势方向始终垂直于试样的加载面。     

基于微观力学机制的各向异性结构性砂土的本构模型研究

在岩土破损力学基础上,基于微观破损机制,提出了考虑各向异性的结构性砂土本构理论。采用Lade-Duncan强度准则考虑中主应力对抗剪强度的影响;采用考虑颗粒排列组构的各向异性状态变量A反映各向异性对土体强度和变形的影响;通过相似扩大重塑土的屈服面反映结构性对土性的影响;通过引入非相关联流动法则考虑各向异性和结构性对土体塑性变形的影响。同时,将基于微观力学机制的损伤演化规律引入结构性土的硬化规律;该硬化规律同时考虑了塑性体积应变和剪切应变对各向异性结构性土强度的影响。然后将该模型用于模拟室内三轴压缩试验,初步验证了该模型的合理性和适用性。     

考虑简化胶结模型的深海能源土宏观力学性质离散元数值模拟分析

根据蒋明镜等所提出天然结构性砂土微观胶结模型[1–2]及微观胶结试验结果[3–5],将该模型引入离散元商业软件PFC2D,进行能源土双轴试验离散元数值模拟分析,并同Masui等[6]能源土三轴试验结果进行对比分析,结果表明,蒋明镜等所提出胶结模型能够较好的模拟水合物的微观胶结力学行为,水合物胶结的存在对能源土强度具有一定的贡献。     

结构性砂土静力触探试验离散元分析

为研究结构性砂土静力触探的宏微观力学特性,在10 g重力场中生成一个净砂地基;将一个考虑胶结厚度的微观胶结接触模型引入到净砂地基中以生成结构性砂土地基;用一定速率移动探杆以模拟结构性砂土中的静力触探过程,其中,探杆由4面刚性墙组成。结果表明,随着贯入深度的增加,锥尖贯入阻力逐渐增大,增长速度逐渐减慢,在达到临界深度后贯入阻力在某一定值附近波动;锥尖部位有明显的力链集中现象,力链的集中程度和范围会随着贯入深度的增加而逐渐提高和扩大;静力触探过程中,探杆两侧的土体经历了明显的加载和卸载过程,且土体主应力方向发生偏转;离探杆越远,主应力偏转速度越慢,最终偏转角越小;不同深度处平均纯转动率（APR）的变化趋势基本相同,而APR最大值会随着土体深度而逐渐增加;探杆的贯入会使土颗粒间胶结发生破坏,胶结的破坏形式主要有拉剪破坏和压剪破坏两种,而拉剪破坏数目要比压剪破坏数目多。     

基于数字图像相关法的砂土细观直剪试验及其颗粒流数值模拟

砂土等天然颗粒材料具有的剪胀性、压硬性、各向异性等特殊力学性质受控于其内部的微细结构及其演化,如何利用试验与数值模拟等手段对砂土细观组构进行量化,对深入研究砂土变形机制尤为重要。基于数字图像相关方法的光学测量技术与土工试验相结合的新手段,通过对直剪仪的可视化改造,开发了能初步实现土体宏细观力学性状联合测量的“砂土变形细观瞬时光学测量系统”,并利用该系统对福建标准砂进行了室内细观直剪试验。随后进行了基于颗粒流软件PFC2D直剪数值试验,提取室内试验还难以获得的细观信息,作为对室内试验的补充。通过对宏观力学性质和位移场、应变场、颗粒定向、速度场、颗粒配位数和接触力链等细观的室内与数值试验结果进行剖析,探讨了砂土力学性质的细观机制。     

基于微观胶结厚度模型的深海能源土宏观力学特性离散元分析

首先,引入蒋明镜等提出的考虑水合物胶结厚度的深海能源土粒间微观胶结模型,用以反映能源土颗粒之间水合物微观胶结接触力学特性;其次,采用C++语言将模型程序化,并将其引入离散单元法中;然后,对选定的水合物饱和度经过实际二维离散元模拟调算,得出相应的水合物胶结尺寸,以修正水合物临界胶结厚度、最小胶结厚度及胶结宽度,进而确定水合物微观胶结参数;最后,根据所确定的胶结参数,针对不同水合物饱和度试样进行能源土宏观力学特性离散元双轴试验模拟,并从应力-应变、体变、剪胀角等方面与Masui等所进行的能源土室内三轴试验进行对比分析。结果表明：采用考虑粒间胶结厚度的水合物微观胶结模型,能够定性反映深海能源土的宏观力学特性,能源土试样的峰值强度、黏聚力和剪胀角均随水合物饱和度的增加而增加,但水合物饱和度对内摩擦角的影响规律不明朗;能源土试样的峰值强度、残余强度及体积剪缩量随着有效围压的增大而增大;剪胀角随有效围压的增大而减小。     

结构性黄土一维湿陷特性的离散元数值模拟

针对结构性湿陷性黄土大孔隙和胶结特性,应用离散元生成了不同含水率结构性黄土试样,研究试样的一维湿陷特性。首先,根据已有的结构性黄土试验资料和胶结颗粒材料离散元数值试验成果,建立胶结强度和初始饱和度之间的关系。其次,采用蒋明镜等提出的分层欠压法[1]和胶结模型[2]制得不同含水率结构性黄土离散元试样,然后进行不同含水率双线法和同一含水率4个压力下单线法湿陷试验的离散元数值模拟。数值模拟结果表明,提出的离散元分析方法能模拟天然结构性湿陷性黄土的主要力学性质,随着含水率的减少,结构屈服应力和最大湿陷压力增加,湿陷系数随着压力先增加后减小,湿陷起始压力为饱和试样的结构屈服应力,单线法湿陷后压缩曲线与饱和试样的压缩曲线接近。此外,模拟结果还表明,不同含水率结构性黄土离散元试样的最大湿陷系数与天然结构性湿陷性黄土相差较远,但在最大湿陷系数与孔隙比的比值上相接近;结构屈服对应着胶结的逐步破坏,湿陷伴随着大量的胶结破坏。提出了基于胶结点数目的损伤变量,研究了其在加载和湿陷过程中的变化规律。研究成果为认识黄土复杂力学特性和建立其本构理论提供了基础。     

Study on the particle breakage of ballast based on a GPU accelerated discrete element method

Breakage of particles will have greatly influence on mechanical behavior of granular material(GM)under external loads,such as ballast,rockfill and sand.The discrete element method(DEM)is one of the most popular methods for simulating GM as each particle is represented on its own.To study breakage mechanism of particle breakage,a cohesive contact mode is developed based on the GPU accelerated DEM code-Blaze-DEM.A database of the 3D geometry model of rock blocks is established based on the 3D scanning method.And an agglomerate describing the rock block with a series of non-overlapping spherical particles is used to build the DEM numerical model of a railway ballast sample,which is used to the DEM oedometric test to study the particles’breakage characteristics of the sample under external load.Furthermore,to obtain the meso-mechanical parameters used in DEM,a black-analysis method is used based on the laboratory tests of the rock sample.Based on the DEM numerical tests,the particle breakage process and mechanisms of the railway ballast are studied.All results show that the developed code can better used for large scale simulation of the particle breakage analysis of granular material.     

Microscopic modelling of the hydraulic fracturing process

A microscopic perspective is introduced in this study which offers a detailed insight at the inter-particle level to the geo-mechanical responses caused by fluid injection and the resulting pressure build-up. This was achieved by employing the Discrete Element Method (DEM) to model the pressure development and the subsequent fracturing and/or cavity propagation. This technique represents the formation material as an assembly of discrete particles linked to each other through contacts. Numerical experiments were carried out on two sample materials. For the first instance, tests were carried out on a bulk material, representative of a generic intact rock, with the breakage of inter-particle bonds indicating the formation of cracks. The second series of tests was carried out on granular type materials such as sand, where particle separation signified cavity initiation and separation. It was observed from the DEM modelling results that the intact rock material showed a predominance of mode II fracturing at high fluid velocities. However, when the fluid velocity is reduced considerably the fracturing behaviour tended towards more of mode I. Also, records of the pressure development were taken from the numerical results and were used to monitor the fracturing events. The outcome of this study highlights important aspects of the hydraulic fracturing process especially at the particle–particle scale, and thus provides a strong basis for more exhaustive studies involving larger scale reservoir modelling and more complex fracturing scenarios.     

Micromechanical analysis of the failure process of brittle rock

The failure process of brittle rock submitted to a compression state of stress with different confining pressures is investigated in this paper based on discrete element method (DEM) simulations. In the DEM model, the rock sample is represented by bonding rigid particles at their contact points. The numerical model is first calibrated by comparing the macroscopic response with the macroscopic response of Beishan granite obtained from laboratory tests. After the validation of numerical model in terms of macroscopic responses, the failure process of the DEM model under unconfined and confined compression is studied in micro‐scale in detail. The contact force network and its relation to the development of micro‐cracks and evolution of major fractures are studied. Confining pressure will prohibit the development of tensile cracks and hence alter the failure patterns. An in‐depth analysis of micro‐scale response is carried out, including the orientation distribution and probability density of stress acting on parallel bonds, the effect of particle size heterogeneity on bond breakage and the evolution of fabric tensor and coordination number of parallel bond. The proposed micromechanical analysis will allow us to extract innovative features emerged from the stresses and crack evolution in brittle rock failure process. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Experimental characterization and 3D DEM simulation of bond breakages in artificially cemented sands with different bond strengths when subjected to triaxial shearing

This paper describes the mechanical behavior of artificially cemented sands with strong, intermediate, and weak bond strengths, using experimentation and 3D discrete element method (DEM) simulation. The focus is on the features of bond breakage and the associated influences on the stress–strain responses. Under triaxial shearing, the acoustic emission rate captured in the experiment and the bond breakage rate recorded in the simulations show resemblance to the stress–strain response, especially for strongly and intermediately cemented samples, where a strain softening response is observed. The simulations further reveal the shear band formation coincides with the development of bond breakage locations due to the local weakness caused by the bond breakages. Strain softening and volumetric dilation are observed inside the shear band, while the region outside the shear band undergoes elastic unloading. The weakly cemented sample exhibits a strain hardening response instead; bond breakages and the associated local weaknesses are always randomly formed such that no persistent shear band is observed. Note that in the DEM simulation, the flexible membrane boundary is established by a network of bonded membrane particles; the membrane particle network is further partitioned into finite triangular elements. The associated algorithm can accurately distribute the applied confining pressure onto the membrane particles and determine the sample volume.     

钙质砂抗剪强度特性的环剪试验

珊瑚礁沉积的钙质砂与石英砂的物理力学性质有较大差别。对取自南海岛礁的钙质砂进行了单次往返环剪试验以分析钙质砂的抗剪强度特性,试验中考虑了相对密实度和竖向应力对结果的影响,并与相同级配和试验条件下的石英砂进行对比分析。结果表明：钙质砂正向剪切时应力-位移曲线为软化型,具有明显的残余强度特性,而反向剪切时则表现为硬化型,正向和反向剪切强度基本一致;石英砂正向剪切和反向剪切均表现为软化型。钙质砂正向剪切和反向剪切残余强度与峰值强度的比值在0.75～0.93之间;石英砂正向剪切和反向剪切残余强度与对应峰值强度的比值在0.89～0.96之间。相同级配和试验条件下,钙质砂残余强度均大于石英砂,且强度比值基本保持在1.05～1.3之间。在100、200 kPa竖向荷载作用下,钙质砂0.5～2.0 mm的颗粒发生了破碎,破碎率分别为4%和6%。     

冻结砂土力学性质的离散元模拟

基于离散单元法颗粒流理论,土体颗粒单元间采用接触黏结模型中来考虑冻土中冰的胶结作用,建立了冻结砂土的颗粒流模型。通过改变计算模型中颗粒单元的参数,模拟了在不同冻结温度以及不同围压下冻结砂土的宏观力学性质,并与冻结砂土的室内试验结果进行了比较,结果表明：颗粒流方法可以较好地模拟冻结砂土的应力-应变关系以及剪切带的发展变化过程,颗粒流细观参数对温度具有显著的依赖性。研究结果对离散单元法在特殊土中的应用具有一定的理论和应用价值。     

定轴排水剪切试验中各向异性砂土的力学响应

南京云母砂主要由片状颗粒组成,具有较为明显的各向异性特性。采用香港科技大学的自动控制空心圆柱扭剪仪进行了应力主轴方向角分别为10°、30°、60°、80°的密实云母砂定轴剪切试验,研究云母砂的初始各向异性规律。为研究中主应力的影响,又对同一密度的试样在中主应力系数b＝0.1、0.5、1.0三种不同情况下进行定轴剪切试验。试验结果表明,在大主应力方向角从0°～90°的变化过程中,强度先减小后增大,且随着b值的增加强度增大;变形表现出明显的各向异性,随着b值的增加体变增大