岩石中柱状装药爆炸能量分布

岩石中装药爆炸产生的爆破能量可分为爆炸冲击波能量和爆生气体膨胀能量。对爆炸能量分布的理论分析有助于改善爆破效果,提高爆破质量。在柱状耦合装药情况下,分析了冲击波作用下岩石变形和破坏的特点、爆生气体对爆腔的扩腔作用,考虑了在岩体的损伤情况下爆生气体对裂纹的驱裂作用。计算结果表明：埋深在临界深度以下时,岩石中柱状装药爆破冲击波做功消耗的能量约占爆炸总能量的40 %,剩余爆生气体能量中用于扩腔和扩展主要裂隙的能量约占总能量的23 %,剩余大约37 %的能量中有小部分能量用于新增裂纹数目,而大部分损失掉了。     

节理岩体爆破的DDA方法模拟

在非连续变形分析（DDA）方法中,通过跟踪炮孔扩张和炮孔周边裂隙的发展贯通求得爆腔的即时体积,进而根据爆生压力状态方程计算爆腔即时压力,并将爆生压力载荷作用到主炮孔内壁和贯通裂隙面上,实现了爆生产物作用下节理岩体爆破的DDA方法模拟。采用DDA方法模拟了节理岩体中的水平柱状炮孔抛掷爆破问题,得到了爆腔的体积扩张和压力衰减时间曲线,模拟很好的再现了岩石爆破过程中的炮孔扩张、岩体破坏、块体抛掷和爆堆形成过程。     

不同地应力条件下双孔爆破的数值模拟

考虑岩石介质的非均匀性,把爆破过程视为爆炸应力波和爆生气体压力共同作用的结果,基于损伤力学理论建立了岩石爆破的力学模型,并对不同地应力条件下岩石双孔爆破裂纹演化规律进行了数值模拟,分析了不同侧压力系数和埋 深对裂纹扩展规律的影响。数值模拟结果表明：①爆炸应力波导致裂纹的萌生,爆生气体压力则会使裂纹进一步扩展和贯通; ②裂纹演化过程与地应力密切相关,裂纹扩展的主方向趋于最大地应力方向;③随着埋深增加和初始地应力增大,裂纹扩展半径和裂纹区面积减小,地应力对爆破致裂的抑制作用明显。     

初始地应力对隧洞开挖爆生裂隙区的影响研究

隧洞开挖过程中控制爆炸对岩体的损伤,减小爆破裂隙范围,对保证工程安全具有重要意义。基于爆炸应力波作用下爆生裂隙形成机制的研究,采用摩尔-库仑准则及最大拉应力准则,研究了初始地应力对爆炸应力波作用下爆生裂隙区比例半径的影响。研究结果表明,初始地应力对爆生裂隙范围有显著影响。在压剪破坏模式下,爆生裂隙区比例半径随地应力的增大而减小,地应力侧压系数影响爆生裂隙区比例半径在洞壁圆周的分布。考虑围岩应力卸荷影响后,沿隧洞径向的爆生裂隙区比例半径比不考虑卸荷的小。拉伸破坏导致的岩体爆生裂隙区比例半径一般比压剪破坏模式下爆生裂隙比例小,爆炸应力波作用下隧洞围岩更容易沿结构弱面发生压剪破坏。     

爆生气体的准静态破岩特性

在分析爆生气体膨胀规律的基础上，建立了炮孔周围岩石中的准静态应力场，探讨了爆生气体的爆破致裂作用和扩腔作用。     

含软弱夹层顺倾边坡爆破层裂效应的数值模拟与试验研究

进行含软弱夹层顺倾边坡单孔爆破数值模拟,分析爆破过程中上覆岩体受到的应力作用、爆破层裂效应及其对边坡稳定性的影响。模拟结果表明,爆破层裂作用具有分区特性,爆轰气体对夹层的冲刷、推移作用形成夹层爆腔区,爆腔区外围是压密区,其次是离析区,离析区以外的夹层未受爆破层裂作用的影响;上覆岩体在空腔区受到爆轰气体膨胀压力作用,临近夹层壁面的峰值压力达0.75 GPa,压密区受到夹层挤压衍生的向上压力作用,压力峰值达0.21 GPa,且压力衰减较慢;空腔区的上覆岩体与夹层脱离,压密区和离析区改变了夹层与上覆岩体的接触状态,使模型的稳定性降低。剪切试验验证了数值模拟关于爆破层裂效应降低模型稳定性的结论。     

FEM/DEM法在典型柱状危岩体破坏过程数值分析中的应用

有限元/离散元耦合分析方法（FEM/DEM法）可计算连续介质的小变形,也可在新生裂缝并在裂隙间开展大变形计算。文章以位于重庆市巫山县长江左岸的箭穿洞柱状危岩体为例,分析了箭穿洞危岩体可能的破坏过程。分析表明:柱状危岩体的基座处于应力集中状态,既有拉应力集中区也有压应力集中区,应力集中造成柱状危岩体的基座附近边界岩体易破坏。应力集中新生了裂隙,裂隙的延展导致了危岩体的解体和最终的破坏。FEM/DEM方法预演了柱状危岩体压致拉裂的裂隙网络形成和破碎岩体运动过程。FEM/DEM对帮助分析大小变形混合的斜坡变形十分有利,是未来数值模拟的发展方向之一。     

断层带爆炸裂隙区范围及裂纹扩展长度的研究

常用求算岩石内爆炸裂隙区半径的计算公式中忽略了冲击波的作用、粉碎区的存在以及爆生气体的准静态作用。醉对该公式进行修正后并引和断层带应力波衰减指数α，并对尖力波损伤后的裂隙区的扩展长度进行分析计算，从而得出：考虑“预报伤”作用的爆炸裂纹长度大于不考虑“预损伤”情况下的裂纹长度。     

考虑损伤效应的岩锚梁光面爆破数值分析

在地下厂房岩锚梁爆破施工中,为获得良好的开挖轮廓面和较小的损伤区,常采用光面爆破的开挖方式,但在光面爆破施工中,主爆孔爆破对光爆层岩石造成较大程度的损伤,使岩石的力学参数发生变化,而在爆破设计与施工中未考虑这种损伤效应,结果造成单孔装药量偏大,岩石受到过度破坏,出现超挖或产生大量的爆振裂隙。应用动力有限元程序,建立岩体二维弹塑性模型,对不考虑损伤和考虑损伤的光面爆破过程进行了数值模拟,并比较两种模型最大有效应力随距离的变化关系。研究结果表明,在相同情况下,考虑损伤影响时可适当加大光面爆破的炮孔间距和抵抗线。在现场进行了考虑爆破损伤和未考虑爆破损伤的两组爆破试验,观察爆后效果表明：考虑爆破损伤效应的参数设计爆破效果好、损伤作用小。     

基于局部单元劈裂的FEM/DEM自适应分析方法

为了模拟岩体中裂纹的萌生、扩展,Munjiza提出了有限元法/离散元法(FEM/DEM)耦合分析方法。因为裂纹是沿单元边界进行扩展的,亦即裂纹扩展具有网格依赖性,为获得较好的裂纹扩展形态,需要划分密集的初始网格。为解决上述难题,基于FEM/DEM耦合分析方法,提出了基于局部单元动态劈裂的FEM/DEM自适应分析方法,以克服裂纹扩展形态对网格的依赖性。该方法在最初建模时无需划分很密的初始网格,随着荷载的施加,对裂纹尖端附近的局部单元进行动态劈裂,为裂纹的后续扩展提供了更多可能的扩展方向,使得裂纹扩展不必沿着初始网格的单元边界扩展,即可以沿着单元内部进行扩展,裂纹扩展形态更为平滑,与实际情况更为接近。同时相对原FEM/DEM耦合分析方法一开始就划分很密的网格而言,新方法可以划分较为稀疏的初始网格,计算成本降低。最后,通过巴西劈裂算例与原FEM/DEM耦合分析方法对比,分析表明,新方法在一定程度上克服了裂纹扩展形态对初始网格的依赖性。     

Modelling Rock Blasting Considering Explosion Gas Penetration Using Discontinuous Deformation Analysis

Explosion gas plays an important role in rock mass fragmentation and cast in rock blasting. In this technical note, the discontinuous deformation analysis method is extended for bench rock blasting by coupling the rock mass failure process and the penetration effect of the explosion gas based on a generalized artificial joint concept to model rock mass fracturing. By tracking the blast chamber evolution dynamically, instant explosion gas pressure is derived from the blast chamber volume using a simple polytropic gas pressure equation of state and loaded on the blast chamber wall. A bench blasting example is carried out. The blast chamber volume and pressure time histories are obtained. The rock failure and movement process in bench rock blasting is reproduced and analysed.     

Modelling rock fracturing and blast-induced rock mass failure via advanced discretisation within the discontinuous deformation analysis framework

Rock mass failure is a particularly complex process that involves the opening and sliding of existing discontinuities and the fracturing of the intact rock. This paper adopts an advanced discretisation approach to simulate rock failure problems within the discontinuous deformation analysis (DDA) framework. The accuracy of this approach in continuum analysis is verified first. Then, the advanced discretisation approach for fracturing modelling is presented, and the discretisation strategy is discussed. Sample rock static failures are simulated and the results are compared with experimental results. Thereafter, with a generalised definition of the artificial joints, this approach is further extended and applied in the simulation of blast-induced rock mass failures in which the instant explosion gas pressure obtained by the detonation pressure equation of state is loaded on the main blast chamber walls and the induced surrounding connected fracture surfaces. In the simulation instance of rock mass cast blasting, the whole process, including the blast chamber expansion, explosion gas penetration, rock mass failure and cast, and the formation of the final blasting pile, is wholly reproduced.     

Modelling the effects of discontinuity orientation, continuity, and dip on the process of burden breakage in bench blasting

The objective of this paper is to introduce the development of a dynamic blasthole expansion model, which is coupled to the discontinuous deformation analysis (DDA) code of Shi (1988). The developed model considers the effects of blast geometry (blasthole shape, angle, and location), the physical properties of the intact rock and existing discontinuities, the distribution and orientation of pre-existing discontinuities, and the blasthole pressure on the processes of burden breakage, fragment throw and muckpile formation. The newly modified DDA code (DDA_BLAST) describes the expansion of the blasthole as a function of blast chamber volume and time. It is assumed in the code that the rock is already fragmented in-situ due to the intersection of pre-existing discontinuities and the passage of stress wave. Hence, the model only considers the gas pressurization phase of the blasting process. Moreover, the proposed model for the blasthole expansion assumes an adiabatic expansion of explosion products and variations in the explosion pressure upon expansion of the blast chamber are calculated from an equation of state. Accordingly, the newly modified DDA_BLAST code was used to simulate typical blasting problems in jointed media and delve into the mechanisms involved (in a macro scale) in the gas pressurization phase of the blasting process, burden breakage, and the effects of the discontinuity properties on the process of rock breakage by blasting.     

高瓦斯低透气性煤体定向聚能爆破增透机制

针对传统煤层预裂爆破增透存在的问题,对定向聚能爆破控制裂纹演化方向的理论和方法进行研究,即通过聚能射流的初始导向裂纹与后续高压气体形成的气楔联合作用,达到控制裂纹演化方向和长度的目的。基于模型试验和数值模拟,探讨了定向聚能爆破聚能方向和非聚能方向裂纹演化的机制。在潘三矿掘进工作面现场运用定向聚能爆破技术,达到增加煤体裂纹与保护围岩稳定性有机的统一。试验结果表明：爆破后3 h内抽采瓦斯量变化最为明显,其中最大抽采量是原始抽采量的470倍。有效抽采半径为7 m以内,爆破后顶板振幅约为0.23 cm。     

爆破开挖对岩体含水裂纹扩展的扰动机制

岩体裂纹的水力劈裂是岩体开裂渗漏甚至施工涌水的重要影响因素之一,也是岩土工程界的研究热点。从断裂力学角度分析了爆破开挖对岩体含水裂纹扩展的扰动作用,结果表明,爆破开挖扰动下,岩体含水裂纹的扩展,与爆炸应力波强度及其入射角、地应力的大小与方向、孔隙水压大小、裂纹的倾角及断裂韧度等因素相关;爆炸应力波的作用,相当于增大了岩体裂纹中的孔隙水压力,每1 cm/s的峰值振动速度相当于增大100 kPa的孔隙水压力,爆破振动速度越大,所产生的爆破扰动荷载越大;岩体开挖引起的岩体裂纹近区地应力及其孔隙水压力的变化,对裂纹的失稳与扩展具有较复杂的影响,可改变裂纹的失稳扩展模式。     

基于TCK损伤本构的岩石爆破效应数值模拟

脆性岩石在爆破载荷下的动态破碎行为是工程技术人员所关心的,采用数值法预估岩体破裂范围和损伤大小对施工安全具有重大意义,其中合理的岩石损伤模型是关键。假设岩体破坏近似服从Mises屈服准则,且考虑到岩体的应变硬化特性,把Taylor-Chen-Kuszmaul（TCK）模型中的拉裂损伤演化方程和材料双线性、弹塑性本构耦合到一起,并简洁地嵌入到有限元分析软件LS-DYNA中,通过半无限岩体中柱形药包爆破实例验证了其合理性与准确性。对球形药包爆破问题也进行了数值分析。该损伤模型及其数值模拟在工程中具有一定的参考价值。     

复杂管网中瓦斯爆炸冲击波与火焰波传播实验研究

为了进一步探究瓦斯爆炸冲击波火焰波的传播特性,在自行设计并搭建的复杂管网中进行瓦斯爆炸实验.实验中利用高精度压力传感器和温度传感器收集压力变化和温度峰值数据;使用火焰传感器采集爆炸过程中出现的火焰波信号,根据理论公式计算得出火焰波传播速度;利用Origin软件对实验数据进行综合处理,研究复杂管网中瓦斯爆炸时的冲击波、火...     

Modeling the connectivity and intersection of hydraulically loaded cracks with in situ fractures in rock

The interaction of an advancing hydraulically loaded crack and in situ fracture network can yield highly complex patterns. We model the connectivity of cells in a finite element domain and in a fracture network by a simplicial complex data structure. The complete adjacency information between cells is determined by one level down facet and one level up cofacet neighborhood information. Combined with a disjoint set data structure, explicit algorithms are derived to efficiently track network connectivity and load transfer between independent fracture sets. We also propose an approach to regularize the application of hydraulic load to newly intersected in situ cracks to smoothen the transition of pressure on intersected cracks from ambient to hydraulic pressure and to avoid the sudden loading of the entire length of these cracks. Numerical results demonstrate the performance of crack connectivity and load transfer models and the effect of regularization model. The results show that as the angle between an incoming hydraulically loaded crack and an in situ crack increases, the effect of in situ crack shifts from slight realignment to diversion/offsetting of the loaded crack. As the angle difference approaches the normal angle, the loaded crack tends to penetrate through the in situ crack. The proposed schemes are also used for transient simulation of 2D reservoirs with multiple perforations surrounded by in situ cracks with and without a bias in the distribution of their orientation. It was shown that from 2 perforations with angles closer to in situ cracks at low loading rates to all perforations at higher loading rates can result in active hydraulic crack propagation. The h‐adaptive method of asynchronous space‐time discontinuous Galerkin method is used to exactly track complex fracture patterns in these dynamic fracture simulations.