从全球到地方:东莞家具产业的绿色化升级路径

地方产业链嵌入全球价值链带动绿色化升级的研究已开始成为经济地理学关注的研究话题。在梳理国内外产业绿色化升级研究基础上,构建发展中国家产业绿色化升级理论分析框架,以东莞市家具产业为案例,通过实地调研和半结构访谈法,分析东莞家具企业嵌入全球生产网络的发展历程,理清在全球化动力、国家和地方动力等两大驱动力的作用下,东莞家具产业绿色化升级的路径和动力机制。结果显示：全球动力、国家和地方动力影响下的家具产业绿色化升级路径有差异,全球动力推动的绿色化升级被锁定在有限范围内,并对本地出口企业造成“可持续采购挤压”,而国内绿色家具利基市场的形成和产业绿色化发展的制度环境对本地绿色化升级起关键作用。结论对理解中国制造业由外向型向内循环发展过程中产业绿色化升级有一定的实践意义。     

市场转向与产业升级路径分析——以珠江三角洲出口导向型家具产业为例

近年来,特别是2008年全球金融危机爆发以后,中国出口导向型制造业出现了由以出口为主转向出口和内销并进的发展趋势。然而现有文献较少关注市场转向对制造业企业产业升级的影响。基于全球生产网络的视角,以珠江三角洲出口导向型家具产业为例,通过以深度访谈为主的定性研究方法,探讨出口导向型制造业企业在出口转内销过程中的产业升级路径。结果显示：在与中国国内市场进行战略耦合（strategic coupling）的过程中,家具制造业企业分别通过网络式、企业内部协调式及市场型方式嵌入国内市场导向型的生产网络,并呈现出产业升级（upgrading）和降级（downgrading）等多元化路径。中国市场为家具制造业企业提供了产业升级特别是功能升级的机会,但小部分制造业企业也经历着产品降级的过程。研究市场转向中的产业升级对理解后危机时代新兴市场的崛起具有一定的理论意义;同时对理解在全球经济背景下中国出口导向型加工制造业转型具有实践意义。     

发展杨树生产对沅江市血吸虫病抑制和环境影响的初探

通过对沅江市杨树生产的初步研究,着重讨论了杨树生产对沅江市区域经济和生态环境的影响。通过研究发现:大面积种植杨树能有效抑制钉螺的生长和繁殖,在一定程度上控制血吸虫病蔓延;带动当地家具业等相关产业的发展,提高了当地居民的收入;对当地居住环境的改善,防洪治水有着积极的意义。同时,大面积种植单一树种,也对湖区的湿地环境产生了一系列的不良影响。     

全球化背景下宜家空间扩散路径与模式研究

摘 要：宜家作为瑞典的一家乡村家具便利店,经过70多年的发展,已经成为全球性的家居用品商业帝国。目前,它的触角遍布世界各地,并从专门的家具邮购转向生活体验式的商业空间发展。宜家不仅是全球化的参与者、塑造者,也成为引领社会与个体生活方式的标杆。宜家的体验模式、空间扩散模式及全球在地化模式构成独特的“宜家现象”,并引起了学术界的关注。通过跟踪全球化背景下宜家的空间扩散路径和扩散模式,发现,点-轴扩散始终贯穿于宜家的整个空间扩散模式之中;宜家的空间扩散呈现出从初期的跨国区域性的邻近接触扩散,到后期全球化空间尺度的等级扩散的发展趋势。这种空间扩散战略对中国家具跨国企业“走出去”战略具有启示意义。     

MUEBLES RÚSTICOS IN MEXICO AND THE UNITED STATES

ABSTRACT. Sales of muebles rústicos, or rustic wooden furniture made in Mexico, have grown rapidly in the United States since 1994. Analysis of the recent rise of the industry tracks manufacturing and marketing methods in major production areas of Mexico. Consumer taste for “authentic” handmade goods of simple design and the vogue of the “Santa Fe” style across the American Southwest mesh with Mexican producers' need to seek foreign markets during an economic crisis. Changing style preferences, along with the furniture's handcrafted appearance, its competitive cost, and the makers' flexible production methods, are reasons for the increased popularity of this folk commodity.     

基于POI数据的长春市商业空间格局及行业分布

商业网点的空间集聚与分散是零售商业活动的重要表现,其合理化布局对发展城市经济、满足居民消费需求发挥着重要作用。基于核密度估计、区位熵指数及Ripley's K函数分析法,以长春市中心城区商业类城市兴趣点（POI）数据为基础,在分析城市商业空间格局特征的基础上,进一步从行业空间分异的视角,研究城市商业空间的行业分布及集聚特征。结果表明：① 长春市商业网点空间分布的集聚特征显著,并呈现多中心的分布形态,基于道路格网单元的商业网点热点区分布与识别的商业密度中心分布总体一致;② 不同商业中心表现出不同的等级规模差异,整体等级规模结构较为合理;③ 零售行业视角下的城市商业空间“中心—外围”分异明显,且不同行业表现出了不同的空间集聚模式;④ 各行业多尺度的空间集聚表现不同,综合零售、家用电器等行业区位选择的空间尺度范围较大,纺织服装、文化体育等行业区位选择的尺度范围较小;⑤ 行业视角的专业化功能区块差异显著,成熟区块呈现多功能要素、多优势行业集聚特征,发展中区块功能较为单一。     

基于敏感度模型的非首都功能疏解时序研究

利用北京市2012年竞争型投入产出表,构建了敏感度模型,定量分析了最终使用变动1%对某一产业增加值和就业的影响程度。研究表明：① 根据经济敏感度系数,北京应该优先疏解金属制品、机械和设备修理服务等8个产业部门。假设上述产业部门全部疏解,对北京市产业增加值的影响为1.06%,对应的产业增加值减少186.4亿元。② 根据就业敏感度系数,北京应该优先疏解木材加工品和家具、纺织品等8个产业部门。假设上述产业部门全部疏解,对北京市就业人口的影响为1.31%,对应的就业人数减少12.0万人。③ 根据综合敏感度系数和首都核心功能定位,北京应该疏解的产业部门依次是批发和零售、化学产品、食品和烟草、金属冶炼和压延加工品、煤炭采选产品等19个产业部门。     

Knowledge of plant resource use based on location, gender and generation

The differences in knowledge of biological resource use between societal and demographic groups are often poorly understood; yet they are an important element of sustainability. Differences in gender and generational knowledge of locally useful woody plant species in South African savannas are examined. The results showed that young people and middle-aged females were highly knowledgeable. Over half of the total 267 woody plant species in nine use categories (i.e., medicinal, fruits–seeds, fuelwood, beverage, cultural, furniture, craft, fencing and housing poles) had multiple uses. Therefore, differences in knowledge of resource selection and use between social or demographic groups (for example based on gender and age) may appropriately inform conservation prioritisation, planning and monitoring.     

Spatial subdivision of complex indoor environments for 3D indoor navigation

As we realize that we spend most of our time in increasingly complex indoor environments, applications to assist indoor activities (e.g. guidance) have gained a lot of attention in the recent years. The advances in ubiquitous computing made possible the development of several spatial models intending to support context-aware and fine-grained indoor navigation systems. However, the available models often rely on simplified representations (e.g. 2D plans) and ignore the indoor features (e.g. furniture), thereby missing to reflect the complexity of the indoor environment. In this paper, we introduce the Flexible Space Subdivision framework (FSS) that allows to automatically identify the spaces that can be used for indoor navigation purpose. We propose a classification of indoor objects based on their ability to autonomously change location and we define a spatial subdivision of the indoor environment based on the classified objects and their functions. The framework can consider any 3D indoor configuration, the static and dynamic activities it hosts and it enables the possibility to consider all types of locomotion (e.g. walking, flying, etc.). It relies on input 3D models with geometric, semantic and topological information and identifies a set of subspaces with dedicated properties. We assess the framework against criteria defined in previous researches and we provide an example.     

基于POI数据的西安市零售业空间格局及影响因素研究

基于POI数据,利用核密度估计、缓冲区分析等方法刻画西安零售业空间集聚状态,确定零售业分布核心范围,并利用双变量空间自相关分析、近邻分析等方法探究零售行业之间的空间集聚关系,以及零售业与居住小区、交通因素的空间关系。研究表明： ① 西安市零售业呈“中心-外围”结构,以钟楼为中心连片集聚分布,在距离钟楼16 km范围内为零售业分布核心区,在阎良、高陵、临潼、鄠邑4个郊区呈“孤岛”状集聚。② 文化、体育用品及器材零售,纺织、服装及日用品零售业更倾向于在内城分布,而汽车、摩托车、零配件和燃料及其他动力销售业,五金、家具及室内装饰材料零售集中在租金低但交通方便的城市中心外围。③ 集聚效应、人口分布与路网影响零售业的空间分布。与居民日常生活关系密切的零售行业如综合零售,食品、饮料及烟草制品零售,纺织、服装及日用品零售等在空间上集聚以接近消费者,分享消费市场和空间场地,而耐用品零售行业如汽车、摩托车、零配件销售业,家具及室内装饰材料零售等倾向于自身集聚,以共享品牌效应。交通干线尤其是城市二级道路明显影响零售网点的空间分布。     

近10年北京经济职能的发展变化

利用北京1992年、1997年和2002年投入产出表信息,根据净输出判断城市基本部门,采用主成分-因子分析等方法辨识产业群,借此分析了北京近10年间的经济功能变化。电子和信息产业群、医药产业群是北京第三功能优势和科技优势与第二产业的结合而发展的基本部门群。造纸及文教用品、家具制造业与高级服务业也形成了一个关联较密切的产业群。资源环境条件对北京的产业发展产生了一定的约束,但钢铁和机械工业群与石油加工和化学工业群中核心产业的发展却出现了相反的趋势,后者利用已有基础和相对有利的微观区位获得了明显的发展。本文尝试性地提出了“基本部门群”的概念,即核心产业为城市基本部门的产业群。     

基于DEA-Malmquist模型的唐山市工业经济与能源全要素生产率分析

以唐山市34个工业行业的面板数据为基础,选择DEA和Malmquist指数模型,对1992~2012年全要素经济生产率、2000~2012年全要素能源生产率及其分解结果进行了分析,并对全要素经济生产率、全要素能源生产率分别进行了影响因素分析。结果发现：研究期内,全要素经济生产率、全要素能源生产率均有所提高,其中技术进步发挥了最主要作用。总体上,经济、能源的TFP指数均在2010年表现最优。分行业看,唐山市的传统优势产业的经济、能源TFP指数增长较快,这对唐山未来产业转型和重组产生了较大阻力,但是也显示出能源集约化程度有所提高。从根本上看,产业结构的不合理不仅束缚了经济、能源效率的提高,且连带影响了对外开放水平的进步及能源结构的优化。通过对唐山市工业行业经济、能源的静态与动态效率分析,并进行影响因素分析,可判定唐山工业发展的质量及各行业的发展差异,为区域进一步转型发展提供理论依据。     

基于POI数据的西宁市零售业空间格局探究

零售业是城市商业结构中最有活力的组成部分,合理有序的零售空间结构对促进经济的发展、提高资源的配置、满足居民的生活需求至关重要。POI作为新的空间数据源,能够客观地、准确地对商业空间结构进行识别和探究。西宁市位于青藏高原东北部,是连接青藏高原与中国大陆的重要门户。西宁市集中大量的人口,且存在有潜力的消费市场。基于POI大数据,运用核密度、局域Getis-Ord G^*指数、Ripley’s K函数和区位熵的分析方法,以西宁市为研究案例探究零售网点的空间分布特征。零售业详细地分为以下8种类型,分别是食品、饮料及烟草制品,纺织、服装及日用品,文化、体育用品及器材,家用电器及电子产品,五金、家具室内装饰材料,医药及医疗器材,汽车、摩托车燃料及零配件,综合零售。结果表明:西宁市零售业集聚区空间分布特征显著,呈现"多集聚、多核心"商业空间形态。密度等级由中心区沿交通干线逐渐向外围递减;高密度集聚区分别分布在水井巷附近街区、商业巷附近街区、祁连路—北禅路交汇的附近街区(北山市场)和以万达广场为核心的海湖新区。行业属性不同使得零售点集聚和分布变化表现出较大的差异性,与人们日常生活密切相关的业态零售点呈现社区化、微型化和便利化的特征,且区位选择性较大,如:食品饮料及烟草制品、医药及医疗器材和综合零售行业,而家用电器及电子产品、文化体育用品和纺织服装等行业区位选择尺度小,集中在特定的区域;基于道路数据构建的街区单元冷热点区域分布特征显著,它受城市建设用地扩张,人口密度,交通可达性和城市规划等因素的影响,海湖新区将成为最有发展潜力的商业区;在街道尺度,各业态零售业专业化功能区块显著,发展成熟的街道表现出多优势行业集聚特征,西宁市多业态集聚区域较少,只有人民街街道。这项研究一方面有助于填补基于POI数据青藏高原河谷型城市商业空间结构研究的空白;另一方面,为政府战略制定,零售商选址和城市规划提供一些参考。     

Human impact on the forests of Bermuda: the decline of endemic cedar and palmetto since 1609, recorded in the Holocene pollen record of Devonshire Marsh

The wreck of the Sea Venture on Bermuda reefs in 1609 initiated continuous habitation by humans on these islands. Colonization brought significant changes to the native and endemic flora of Bermuda. Original floral diversity was low, due to the effects of isolation and lack of previous anthropogenic influences. Two dominant endemic components of the flora, Bermuda cedar (Juniperus bermudiana) and Bermuda palmetto (Sabal bermudana), were extensively utilized by the colonists. Cedar was used for housing, furniture, shipbuilding and export, while the palmetto was used for roof thatch, basketry, food and drink. Exploitation of these species occurred to such extent that the General Laws of Bermuda included resolutions protecting them as early as 1622. Later, in the period between 1946 and 1951, two accidentally introduced scale insects eliminated 95% of the existing cedar population.While the flora and geography of upland habitats on Bermuda have been drastically modified by humans, the peat marsh basins have remained relatively unaffected. From the peats of one of these, Devonshire Marsh, a 9-m core was extracted for pollen analysis and to evaluate the potential for further study. The pollen record below 1.6 m indicated very little change in the native and endemic flora of Bermuda, but above that depth statistically significant changes in the relative abundances of pollen of Bermuda cedar and Bermuda palmetto are noted. Relative abundances of both species decreases significantly above this depth. This decrease is interpreted to represent the arrival of colonists and their impact on the cedar and palmetto populations. A second decrease in relative abundance of Bermuda cedar is recorded above 0.7 m. This reflects the scale infestation and decimation of the remaining cedar population. Coincident with decreases in cedar and palmetto are increases in relative abundance of Poaceae and Asteraceae, indicative of cleared land and the spread of weedy taxa. A radiocarbon date of 520±70 yr BP at a depth of 1.7 m and major changes in relative abundance of palynomorphs in proximity to the marsh surface allows their interpretation as a record of human impact on the endemic flora of Bermuda.This is the 19th in a series of papers published in this special AMQUA issue. These papers were presented at the 1994 meeting of the American Quaternary Association held 19–22 June, 1994, at the University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA. Dr Linda C. K. Shane served as guest editor for these papers.     

International trade and industrial dynamics: Geographical and structural dimensions of Chinese and Sino-EU merchandise trade

This paper draws on trade data to examine the degree of upgrading of China’s trade structure with the world as a whole and in particular with the European Union (EU). More specifically it examines the evolution of the industrial structure of China’s trade with the world and with the EU between 1996 and 2008 and of the underlying dynamic indicators of revealed comparative advantage. This method of analysing China’s industrial structure provides clear evidence of upgrading into more advanced industries without at present losing significant competitive advantage in industries employing unskilled workers. The examination of revealed comparative advantage indices for world and Sino-EU trade also indicates an increasingly high degree of interdependence between the EU and China between 1996 and 2008. The EU (especially Germany, the UK, and France) is China’s most important export market, though it is also much more important as a market for China’s exports than the EU is as a supplier for China. China’s consequent trade surplus with the EU has gradually shifted from textiles and clothing to machinery and furniture. Further investigation reveals that the complementary Sino-EU bilateral trade is moving towards intra-industry trade at the 4-digit level of HS (Harmonization System) commodity classification. Although China is still a ‘global sweatshop’ with a strong specialization in labour-intensive commodities produced for economically developed countries (by importing machinery, raw materials and exporting processed goods), there are signs of technological upgrading in number of selected sectors in China, noticeably electronics, computers and telecommunications equipment. China’s reliance of imports of minerals indicates however that energy and resource security could be an important constraint on China’s long-term economic development.     

基于空间杜宾模型的山东省制造业时空分异研究

利用2003~2014年山东省17个地级市制造业27个部门的面板数据,研究了山东省制造业的时空分异特征,并基于空间杜宾模型（SDM）探讨了主要的影响因素,结果发现：山东省制造业份额呈现出自东向西递减、先东部集聚后向中西部扩散的规律。以2007年为转折点,制造业呈现东部沿海转出、内陆转入的特点,鲁北地区成为份额增长最快的区域。由于空间溢出效应的存在,市场规模、交通基础设施、产业规模和人力资本水平均有助于提升本地区制造业份额。因此,应该从地区关联的角度重新审视制造业发展规律并制定相应政策措施。     

基于个体网交易约束的北京市产业网络结构规模绩效分析

区域产业间规模差异性是各产业间竞争与合作的表征性结果。这种竞争、合作建立在产业间的供给—需求交易关系之上。产业间的多向供给—需求联系构成了复杂的交易关系网络。本文利用2002 年北京市投入产出表数据,构建了42×42 产业的（0,1）两值对称的链接交易网络,分析了该网络的结构特征及其外部绩效。研究结果发现：① 北京市不同产业的交易产业数量差异悬殊,各产业的交易链接网络规模为线性分布,网络有效规模表现为指数分布;② 北京市废品废料、服装皮革羽绒及其制品业、金属矿采选业、非金属矿采选业等10 个产业受到的网络约束最大,各产业约束量随产业交易网络规模的扩大而趋于减少,表现为非线性变动;③ 北京市各产业的网络竞争结构可以分为强约束—非均衡—小网络型、中约束—中均衡—中规模网络型、微约束—高均衡—大规模网络型,分别有13 个、18 个和8 个产业;④ 网络约束量、约束层级系数、制造业虚拟哑变量均对产业规模均产生了负向影响。交易约束量、制造业虚拟哑变量对产业规模的影响最大,且产业规模变动中的前者相对贡献要大于后者。网络交易约束量对制造业的绝对影响要小于非制造业。     

粤港澳大湾区产业创新与产业优势融合的时空演化格局

粤港澳大湾区作为中国实施“双循环”战略、产业转型升级的先行区,将产业创新与产业优势有效融合才能实现产业的高质量发展。论文运用偏离—份额分析法、耦合协调度模型对粤港澳大湾区地级城市单元2000—2020年工业各行业的创新优势与产业优势的时空匹配关系进行研究,并重点关注了珠三角9市与港澳创新联系和产业优势的关系。研究发现：大湾区各城市创新的工业行业分布格局虽然不同,但均呈现向计算机通信和其他电子设备制造、仪器仪表制造等行业集中的趋势;同时各地市在计算机通信和其他电子设备制造、通用设备制造、专用设备制造、仪器仪表制造等行业具有产业优势,且与创新的融合度较高,但在交通运输设备制造、化学原料制品、纺织等优势行业的创新融合度较低;珠三角城市与港澳地区的创新联系不断加强,尤以广州、深圳两市的联系强度最高。最后,从促进大湾区融合创新、产创协同的角度提出政策建议。研究从实证角度为理解产业链创新链融合的空间和部门属性提供了理论与现实依据。     

中国制造业分布的地理变迁与驱动因素

近年来中国制造业分布格局呈现出新的动向。以2004-2005年为转折点,以食品轻纺行业为主的部分制造业部门开始从沿海省份向中西部省份转移,北京、天津、上海、浙江、广东、福建等省份的产业份额明显下降,安徽、江西、湖南、河南、四川等中西部省份的产业份额趋于增加。在地市尺度上,制造业分布变化呈现出"西进北上"的特点,具体表现为产业份额从沿海发达城市转向沿海省份内部发展相对滞后的地市、以及中西部省份内部产业基础较好且本地市场规模较大的地市。中部地区的重点开发区域已成为承接产业转移的重要载体。沿海地区劳动力、土地等要素成本上升导致要素成本的区域差异不断扩大,与此同时中西部地区市场邻近和供给邻近逐步得到改善。沿海地区和中西部地区之间要素成本差异的扩大和贸易成本差异的缩小,使得贸易成本和要素成本的均衡关系发生逆转性变化,这是驱动中国产业分布地理变迁的核心因素。     

Islands, idylls and the detours of development

A passing parade of paradigms imported from distant places has failed to bring development to small islands and island states in the Pacific. Insularity might once have suggested purity, but more extended resource frontiers and other external pressures have challenged illusory benefits of 'isolation'. Failures of development, seemingly crystallized in the 'arc of instability', have brought new and more direct external intervention as regional geopolitics have been recast, despite the failure of earlier 'foreign flowers'. These have been paralleled by a new outward urge and simultaneous emergence of alternative indigenous responses at various scales, mostly encapsulated within indigenous 'cultural turns' and 'economic turns'. Older versions of syncretism and hybridity have taken more cultural and economic forms, in various contexts of disengagement and restructuring, which offer positive development outcomes and suggest the need for new, more culturally relevant dimensions and directions for development practice and theory.