青藏高原现代地壳运动与活动断裂带关系的模拟实验

本文以GPS观测、大地热流测量、较高精度地形数据、全球板块相对运动的REVEL模型为基础,建立了以青藏高原现代构造活动为主要研究对象的东亚地区构造形变场有限元模型.数值模拟结果显示,青藏高原内部和周边地区走滑断裂带的活动对东亚地区地壳运动速率和方向有较大的影响,特别是对青藏高原物质向东南方向运动有显著影响;不同构造块体岩石圈强度的差异直接影响了川滇菱形地块边界断层错动性质.在考虑青藏高原地形附加重力作用和周边板块汇聚作用对现今大型断裂带运动特征控制作用的同时,岩石圈之下的橄榄岩软流圈至转换带物质对流对岩石圈的拖曳力也是必须考虑的底部边界条件.     

中国大陆及邻区板内应力场的数值模拟及动力机制探讨

中国大陆位于欧亚板块的东南部, 受到印度板块、太平洋板块和菲律宾海板块的碰撞挤压与俯冲作用, 其构造应力场形态和动力学机制相当复杂. 本文采用伪三维有限元方法, 以世界应力图2008年版本数据(WSM2008)的应力方向和应力型两类指标作为主要约束, 对中国大陆及邻区的动力驱动机制进行数值模拟, 给出了中国大陆周边地区板块边界力的大小和方向估计. 同时对3个典型情况的数值模型进行了分析. 结果显示, 软流层静压推力对该区域构造应力场影响相对较小, 板块边界力作用则起主导作用; 印度板块在喜马拉雅造山带对欧亚板块的碰撞控制了中国大陆地区应力场的基本形态, 是形成川滇地区走滑型地震为主的重要原因; 琉球海沟——南海海槽俯冲带边界力显示了挤压-张性的分段特性, 贝加尔裂谷表现为拉张作用. 进一步的分析表明, 中国大陆大部分区域内最大水平剪应力分布图像与该地区地震辐射能量密度的分布存在较好的空间正相关性．      

汶川MS8.0地震前后龙门山及其 邻区构造应力场时空分布特征

基于2000年7月—2009年6 月龙门山及其邻区的震源机制解资料, 采用Gephart & Forsyth方法, 反演得到了汶川地震前后该地区构造应力主方向的空间分布. 结果显示: 沿鲜水河断裂带及其北部地区, 构造应力场变化显著, 区域构造应力的最大主应力方位由NNW变为NW, 断层错动类型由正断型兼走滑型变为走滑型; 沿龙门山断裂带的构造应力最大主应力方向仍然为近EW和NE向, 但其EW向范围在向NE方向扩张, 其南部汶川地震震中附近异常带范围在收缩. 另一方面, 对上述时间段龙门山及其邻区不同时段构造应力场的反演结果表明, 其构造应力场的特征参数(包括R值、 应力洛德参数μ′以及3个主应力的方位角和仰角等)均从第13时窗开始出现显著变化, 这表明第13时窗(2006年12月—2007年1月)是一个构造应力显著变化的特征窗口. 在该时窗内, 地震能量积累达到一个临界状态, 是汶川M_S8.0地震发生的时间节点.      

Normal and shear stresses acting on arbitrarily oriented faults, earthquake energy, crustal GPE change, and the coefficient of friction

As usual, earthquake energy is defined as the total energy released from an earthquake, which is partitioned into radiated energy, friction energy, and rupture energy regardless of crustal gravitational potential energy (GPE) change. We analyze the energy and stress parameters in earthquake energy budget. For arbitrarily oriented faults, we deduce the formulas for calculating the normal and shear stresses acting on the fault under principal stresses. We show that shear stress is composed of horizontal and vertical shear stresses. Then, we provide the expressions for computing crustal GPE change and the coefficient of friction. The GPE change should be considered, except strike-slip faulting, when investigating earthquakes. Also, for various faulting types, we show that the ratio of differential stresses is related to the fault orientation and the relative magnitudes of stresses. Finally, “12 May, 2008, Wenchuan, Sichuan, China, M_W 7.9 Earthquake” is cited to analyze and calculate various energy/stress parameters and the coefficient of friction. Our result of GPE change coincides with the post-event field observations.     

Crustal Stress Map of Iran: Insight From Seismic and Geodetic Computations

We used the focal mechanisms of crustal earthquakes (depth <40 km) in the period 1909–2012 and the available GPS velocities, derived from the data collected between 1999 to 2011, to estimate the magnitude and directions of maximum principal stress and strain rates in Iran. The Pearson product moment correlation was used to find the correlation between the stress field obtained from the focal mechanism stress inversion and that obtained using the seismic and geodetic strain rates. Our assumption is that stresses in a continuum are produced by tectonic forces and the consequent deformation on the crustal scale. Therefore, the direction of the stress and strain (or strain rate) are ideally to be the same. Our results show a strong correlation between the directions of the principal components of stress and strain (rate) obtained using the different data/methods. Using weighted average analysis, we present a new stress map for Iran.     

应用震源机制方法研究鹤岗煤田开采区的构造应力环境

求解鹤岗强矿震震源机制解结果,表现出走滑伴随逆断层和正断层活动、非双力偶型的多样性。两组节面优势分布方向和节面的倾角优势分布不显著,两者分布无明显规律,反映出矿井下破裂面比较复杂。矿震震源主压应力释放优势方向北西310°左右,优势倾角为25°～60°;主张应力轴走向NE,主张应力场优势方向为北东60°左右,仰角在30～70°之间;中等应力轴(N)近于垂直,优势倾角为70～90°。矿震震源机制解显示的矿区最大主应力方向与区域构造应力场的最大主应力方向近似正交,矿震震源机制主应力轴优势倾角远大于区域构造地震,反映的是矿区采煤生产的次生构造应力环境重力应力场的贡献明显。     

赣北地区中小地震震源机制分析

利用Snoke方法计算赣北地区2008—2015年11个M_L≥3.0中小地震震源机制。结果表明,其P轴和T轴方向与该区域构造应力场基本一致。赣北地区以近EW向挤压、近NS向拉张的构造应力为主。区域内断层错综复杂,以走滑、正断型为主。其中九江—瑞昌地区受襄樊—广济断裂、郯庐断裂相互作用,在方向稳定的构造应力作用下,易发生走滑型为主的地震。     

Tectonic stress controls on ascent and emplacement of magmas

The tectonic stresses can significantly affect the propagation of a magma-filled crack. It has been pointed out that the rheological boundaries control the emplacement of magmas through the effect of stress. However, it has not been clarified how the role of rheological boundaries depends on the regional tectonic and thermal states. We have evaluated the role of rheological boundaries under various tectonic and thermal conditions and found that the level of magma emplacement may jump according to the changes in the tectonic force or the surface heat flow. The stress profiles were estimated by a simple model of lithospheric deformation. We employed a three-layer model of the lithosphere; the upper crust, the lower crust and the upper mantle have different rheological properties. A constant horizontal force is applied to the lithosphere, and the horizontal strain is assumed to be independent of depth. When realistic tectonic forces (>10¹¹ N/m) are applied, the rheological boundaries mainly control the emplacement of magma. The emplacement is expected at the MOHO, the upper–lower crust boundary, and the brittle–ductile boundary. For lower tectonic forces (<10¹¹ N/m), the tectonic stress no longer plays an important role in the emplacement of magmas. When the tectonic stress controls the emplacement, the roles of rheological boundaries strongly depend on the surface heat flow. When the surface heat flow is relatively high (>80 mW/m²), the stress in the mantle is quite low and the MOHO cannot trap ascending magmas. For relatively low heat flow (<80 mW/m²), on the other hand, the MOHO acts as a magma trap, and the upper–lower crust boundary acts as a magma trap only when the magma supply rate is sufficiently high. Our results suggest that the emplacement depth can change responding to the change in the tectonic force and/or that in the surface heat flow. This may provide us a key to understand the relation between the evolution of a volcanic region and its tectonic and/or thermal history.     

Seismicity constraints on stress regimes along Sinai subplate boundaries

The relative movement between African, Arabian and Eurasian plates has significantly controlled the tectonic process of Sinai subplate region, although its kinematics and precise boundaries are still doubtful. The respective subplate bounded on both sides by the Aqaba-Dead Sea transform fault to the east and the Gulf of Suez, the only defined part, to the west. Seismicity parameters, moment magnitude relation and fault plane solutions were combined to determine the active tectonics along the aforementioned boundaries. Seven shallow seismogenic zones were defined by the heterogeneity in stress field orientations. Along the eastern boundary, the average fault plane solution obtained from the moment tensor summation (MTS) reveals a sinistral strike-slip faulting mechanism. The corresponding seismic strain rate tensor showed that the present tectonic stress producing earthquakes along the boundary is dominated by both NW-SE compression and NE-SW dilatation. Towards the north, the average focal mechanism showed a normal faulting mechanism of N185°E compression and an N94°E extension in the Carmel Fairi seismic zone. On the other hand, the active crustal deformation along the western boundary (Gulf of Suez region) showed a prevailing tensional stress regime of NE to ENE orientations; producing an average fault plane solution of normal faulting mechanism. The seismic strain rate tensor reveals a dominant stress regime of N58°E extension and N145°E compression in consistence with the general tectonic nature in northeastern Africa. Finally, the extensional to strike-slip stress regimes obtained in the present study emphasize that the deformation accommodated along the Sinai subplate boundaries are in consistence with the kinematics models along the plate boundaries representing the northern extremity part of the Red Sea region.     

欧亚地震带现代构造应力场及其分区特征

利用美国哈佛大学矩心矩张量目录中的2818个地震的震源机制解资料,分析了欧亚地震带及其5个分区现代构造应力场的基本特征,给出了5个分区的震源机制主压应力方向分布图。结果表明:①欧亚地震带以逆断型和走滑型断层活动为主;②地中海地震区以走滑断层活动为主,主压应力方向为SSW向;③伊朗—阿富汗—巴基斯坦地震区以逆断型断层活动为主,主压应力优势方向为NNE—NS向;④喜马拉雅地震以逆断型为主,主压应力优势方向为NS和NE向;⑤川—滇—缅地震区以走滑断层活动为主,主应力场方向为NNE向;⑥印度尼西亚地震区以逆断型断层活动为主,主压应力优势方向为NE—SSW向。各分区的主压应力方向明显受其所在区域板块运动的影响,由此推测板块运动可能是产生欧亚地震带构造应力的主要力源。     

Modern tectonic stress field in Southwest Yunnan, China

IntroductionSouthwest Yunnan region is located in the southeastern margin of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, bordering on the Sichuan-Yunnan rhomboidal block in the east and on the northeast corner of Indian Plate in the northwest. It is one of the regions of intense tectonic activities and frequent strong earthquakes in China continent. To study the features of modern tectonic stress field of this region is of significance for revealing the evolution mechanisms of Tibetan Plateau as well as for un…     

Current tectonic deformation and seismogenic characteristics along the northeast margin of Qinghai -Xizang block

Introduction The northeast margin of Qinghai-Xizang block has become the place with close attentions from geo-specialists at home and abroad for its significant tectonic movement and intensive seismicity. Quite a number of achievements have been obtained from the studies on geological structures and strong earthquake activities (DING, LU, 1989, 1991; GUO, et al, 1992, 2000; GUO, XIANG, 1993; HOU, et al, 1999; Tapponnier, et al, 1990; Gaudemer, et al, 1995). In the Development Program…     

In-situ stress state in the China’s Sea and adjacent areas

Based on 141 data of in-situ stress orientations data of breakouts, stress reliefs and hydraulic fracture tests, and some data of stress magnitudes from oil-well hydrofracturing operations, this paper discusses in-situ stress regime and the tectonic stress provinces in the China’s Sea and adjacent areas. Furthermore, the origin of tectonic stress field is expounded. The research results show that the tectonic stress in China’s Sea region can be divided into some stress provinces which are the extension of the Northern China and Southern China stress provinces toward the eastern sea area. The tectonic stress field in the Bohai and Huanghai and their neighbouring regions is controlled by a ENE-WSW compression, where the faulting types are mainly strike-slip. However, the stress in the East and South China’s sea region and the Taiwan Straits is dominated by the WNW-NW-NNW compressions, that is to say that the orientations of the maximum horizontal stress spread radially from the central mainland toward southeastern sea areas. The principal stress directions become more and more steady and uniform as depth increases. In the North China and nearby areas, the types of faulting are primarily strike-slip. In Southern China and adjacent sea areas, there is a transition layer at 1,700M depth, the faultings principally show reverse faults above that depth and strike-slip below it. Furthermore the origin of the tectonic stress field in this region may primarily come from the composite action of the Pacific, the Philippine sea and the India-Australian plates.     

Research on Micro-relief of Active Faults on the Coast of Southeast Fujian and Its Adjacent Area

On the southeast coast of Fujian and its adjacent area, the NE-trending Changle-Zhao′an fault zone and several NW-trending faults that are genetically related to the former are well developed. With micro-relief analysis, the paper deals with the Quaternary activity of the faults and the tectonic stress field since the late Pleistocene in this region. The results indicate that the micro-relief of the NE-trending Changle-Zhao′an fault zone and the genetically related NW-trending faults is characterized by vertical and horizontal movements since the Quaternary; the faults in the region have undergone two active stages since the Quaternary, i.e. early Quaternary and late Pleistocene; since the late Pleistocene, the movement of the NE-trending faults showed a right-lateral strike-slip, while that of NW-trending faults a left-lateral strike-slip, indicating a NWW-SEE oriented horizontal principal stress of the regional tectonic stress field     

南北地震带震源机制解与构造应力场特征

南北地震带作为中国大陆地应力场一级分区的边界,其构造应力场的研究对理解大陆强震机理、构造变形和地震应力的相互作用具有重要意义.本文收集南北地震带1970—2014年的震源机制解819条,按照全球应力图的分类标准对震源机制解进行分类,发现其空间分布特征与地质构造活动性质比较吻合.P轴水平投影指示了活动块体的运动方向,T轴水平投影在川滇块体及邻近地区空间差异特征最为突出,存在顺时针旋转的趋势.南北地震带的最大水平主应力方向具有明显的分区特征,北段为NE向走滑类型的应力状态,中段为NEE—EW—NWW向的逆冲类型,南段为SE—SSE—NS—NNE向走滑和正断类型,在川滇块体的北部和西边界应力状态为EW—SE—SSE的正断层类型,表明来自印度板块的NNE或NE向的水平挤压应力和青藏高原物质东向滑移沿大型走滑断裂带向SE向平移的复合作用控制了南北地震带的岩石圈应力场.川滇块体西边界正断层类型应力状态范围与高分辨率地震学观测得到的中下地壳低速带范围基本吻合,青藏高原向东扩张的塑性物质流与横向边界(丽江—小金河断裂带)的弱化易于应变能的释放,在局部地区使NS向拉张的正断层向EW向拉张正断层转变.反演得到的应力状态基本上与各种类型地震的破裂方式比较吻合,也进一步验证反演结果的可靠性,可为地球动力学过程的模拟和活动断层滑动性质的厘定提供参考.     

新疆伽师及周围构造应力场区域特征探讨

在利用伽师及周围58次中强地震震源机制解对这一地区的构造应力场进行分析的基础上,结合系统聚类和应力场反演计算结果,对不同时期、不同区域应力场的变化特征进行了分析。该区域地震以走滑错动为主,柯坪块体逆冲作用更为明显。区域最大主压应力方向近SN,但不同构造背景下的主压应力方向存在着较明显的差异。乌恰-喀什地区P轴基本近SN向,但存在着由NW—SN—NE的随时间变化的过程;柯坪块体内部长期以来受较为一致的NW-SE向压应力作用;伽师震区P轴方向为NE-SW。1996年区域应力场方向开始发生明显的变化,P轴方位向NE偏转,倾角增大。结果表现出不同构造环境下应力场分布格局的特征或变化     

Stress Patterns in Northern Iraq and Surrounding Regions from Formal Stress Inversion of Earthquake Focal Mechanism Solutions

The collision zone between the Arabian and Eurasian plates is one of the most seismically active regions. Northern Iraq represents the northeastern part of the Arabian plate that has a suture zone with the Turkish and Iranian plates called the Bitlis–Zagros suture zone. The orientations of the principal stress axes can be estimated by the formal stress inversion of focal mechanism solutions. The waveform moment tensor inversion method was used to derive a focal mechanism solution of 65 earthquakes with magnitudes range from 3.5 to 5.66 in the study area. From focal mechanism solutions, the direction of slip and the orientations of the moment stress axes (P, N, and T) on the causative fault surface during an earthquake were determined. The dataset of the moment stress axes have been used to infer the regional principal stress axes (σ ₁, σ ₂, and σ ₃) by the formal stress inversion method. Two inversion methods, which are the new right dihedron and the rotational optimization methods, were used. The results show that six stress regime categories exist in the study area. However, the most common tectonic regimes are the strike-slip faulting (43.94 %), unspecified oblique faulting (27.27 %), and thrust faulting (13.64 %) regimes. In most cases, the strike-slip movement on the fault surfaces consists of left-lateral (sinistral) movement. The normal faulting is located in one small area and is due to a local tensional stress regime that develops in areas of strike-slip displacements as pull-apart basins. The directions of the horizontal stress axes show that the compressional stress regime at the Bitlis–Zagros suture zone has two directions. One is perpendicular to the suture zone near the Iraq–Iran border and the second is parallel in places as well as perpendicular in others to the suture zone near the Iraq–Turkey border. In addition, the principal stress axes in the Sinjar area near the Iraq–Syria border have a E–W direction. These results are compatible with the tectonic setting of the Arabian–Eurasian continental collision zone and the anticlockwise rotation of the Arabian plate that is evidently responsible for the strike-slip displacements on fault surfaces.     

2019年6月17日长宁MS6.0地震序列震源区二维构造应力场特征研究

使用近震波形反演方法求解2019年6月17日四川长宁Ms6.0地震序列的震源机制解和震源深度, 共得到30个可靠的M>3.0地震震源机制解和震源深度, 结合该地区已有的震源机制解, 开展震源区构造应力场反演, 小尺度探讨震源区的构造应力环境。 反演结果显示, 震中附近区域主要以逆冲型应力性质为主, 局部地区包括少量走滑分量以及混合类型。 最大主压应力方向主要以NEE向或NE向为主。 在筠连以东地区, 不同于北部的逆冲型, 应力性质以走滑型兼少量混合类型为主, 最大主压应力方向近EW向。 构造应力场方向与形成长宁背斜的构造应力存在一定交角, 2019年长宁6.0级地震可能是由NE或NEE向近水平应力挤压产生的该地区滑脱面之上背斜核部的逆断层活动造成的。     

Field of tectonic stresses from focal mechanisms of earthquakes and recent crustal movements from GPS measurements in China

Orientations of the principal axes of the tectonic stress field reconstructed from seismological data on focal mechanisms of earthquakes and strain fields determined from GPS measurements in China are compared. The data of GPS measurements used in the paper were obtained by the Crustal Movement Observation Network of China (about 1000 stations) in the period of 1998–2004. On the basis of information on the recent horizontal crustal motions, the strain field is calculated for the study territory by the finite element method. Calculations of the strain tensor using GPS data were carried out with a step of 1° in latitude and longitude. A catalog of earthquake focal mechanisms was used for the reconstruction of tectonic stress field components. Focal mechanisms of earthquakes were calculated with the use of seismological data on signs of first arrivals from the bulletin of the International Seismological Center. To estimate characteristics of the regional stress field, an approach based on the kinematic method proposed by O.I. Gushchenko was applied. The tectonic stress field was reconstructed in depth intervals of 0 < H < 35 km and 35 km < H < 70 km from data on focal mechanisms of earthquakes over the periods of 1998–2004 and 1985–2004. Comparison of directions of the principal strain axes at the surface (according to GPS measurements) and directions of the principal stress axes (reconstructed from focal mechanisms of earthquakes) showed their good convergence. Seismotectonic strains and GPS measurements coincide within a larger part of the territory. The coincidence is best in a depth interval of 0 < H < 35 km. Maximum misfit values are confined to areas of high 3-D gradients of strain axis directions and are possibly related to the structural heterogeneity of the region, zones with strains of the same type along both horizontal axes (compression or extension along all directions), or areas of small absolute values of recent horizontal movements. Areas with invariable directions of the stress axes are recognizable regardless of the depth of initial data. Good reproducibility of results obtained by two different methods made it possible to check the method of stress field reconstruction using data on focal mechanisms of earthquakes.