济阳坳陷探井地质风险评价方法——以陡坡带砂砾岩体为例

济阳坳陷圈闭已进入隐蔽油气藏勘探阶段,当前面临的主要地质风险是不同类型隐蔽油气藏识别及含油气性判断、同一类型隐蔽油气藏的规模等。此文针对勘探重点类型陡坡带砂砾岩体建立探井地质风险评价方法,主要是从成藏地质条件和失利探井两个方面对地质风险的成因进行分析,总结成藏的主控因素,进而确定地质风险评价的地质要素,并通过地质条件和统计分析,对地质要素进行分级,建立分级标准;利用勘探成功率影响程度法,确定权系数,从而建立地质风险评价标准。用2009年已钻探井对评价标准进行检验,评价结果与钻探结果吻合率为80％,取得了较好的应用效果。     

New insights into the carbonate karstic fault system and reservoir formation in the Southern Tahe area of the Tarim Basin

As worldwide hydrocarbon exploration has extended from shallowly to deeply buried strata, reservoir quality has attracted substantial and persistent interest in petroleum geology. In particular, deeply buried strata (>5500 m) in the Tarim Basin have attracted considerable attention because carbonate reservoirs that have experienced fracture or dissolution have also been shown to demonstrate considerable hydrocarbon potential. Therefore, it is necessary to determine how these reservoirs are developed and distributed in detail from both scientific and practical standpoints.In this paper, we address this issue using a case study in the southern Tahe area, which is contained within the largest Palaeozoic marine oilfield in China. In the northern Tahe area, mega-paleokarst systems developed in the Ordovician strata; however, the reservoir quality in the southern part of the Tahe area is relatively poor because it is covered by insoluble formations during karstification. Observations of cores and analyses of images of well logging demonstrate that these reservoirs are dominated by caves, vugs and fractures that have developed near faults. We speculate that the faults penetrating insoluble formations represent the main dissolution passages that originally developed these karstic fault systems. Additionally, we analyse a series of outcrops, seismic data, and structures to characterize the spatial geometry of these major faults and their surrounding fractures in detail. Most of these are strike-slip faults, and their subsequent reservoirs can be divided into three categories based on their development, including dendritic, sandwich and slab reservoirs. Recent studies demonstrate that karstic fault reservoirs are most common traps in the study area. Although various types of carbonate karstic fault reservoirs are represented in this region, the dendritic karstic fault reservoir is the most hydrocarbon-rich.Guided by these initial results, 108 wells were drilled from 2013 to 2014, producing 485 thousand tons of oil and yielding success ratios greater than 89%. The average production of dendritic reservoirs is 37.4 tons per day (t/d), while those of sandwich and slab types are 20.2 t/d and 14.0 t/d, respectively. These results represent significant references for future hydrocarbon exploration and the development of similar deeply buried karstic fault reservoirs in the Tarim Basin and elsewhere.     

叠后烃检方法在渤海海域PL稠油区块的应用

针对渤海海域PL油田新近系明化镇组原油密度大,常规叠后烃检方法效果不佳的特点,利用储层含油气后高频端能量吸收衰减原理,在高精度频谱分解基础上,采用能量系数法和高频斜率衰减地震属性预测油气,效果一般;结合研究区地质特点,以神经网络多种成熟算法为基础算法,优选对油水有不同响应的地震属性作为训练参数,以含油饱和度曲线作为目标曲线,对全区地震数据体进行反演,用验证井与饱和度数据体有效响应比对,主力油层含油砂体吻合率高达75％以上.利用该方法结合其它成藏条件优选了显示很好的多套砂体作为进一步勘探潜力靶区.     

枯竭型油气藏储气库射孔完井技术

枯竭型油气藏储气库一般采用套管射孔完井方式,注、采气需要“缓进大出”,要求储层与井筒良好沟通.针对枯竭型油气藏储气库射孔完井工艺复杂、要求高、地层保护难度大等特点,阐述了射孔方式及工艺优选、射孔参数优化、射孔压实带改造技术、多级负压起爆技术等内容.该项射孔完井技术在中石化文96储气库13口井成功应用,取得了良好的效果.     

Fluid sources and stable isotope signatures in authigenic carbonates from the Northern Apennines,Italy

Authigenic carbonates are frequently associated with methane cold-seep systems, which extensively occur in various geologic settings worldwide. Of interest is the relation between the fluids involved in their formation and the isotopic signals recorded in the carbonate cements. Along the Northern Apennines foothills (Italy), hydrocarbons and connate waters still seeping nowadays are believed to be the primary sources for the formation of fossil authigenic carbonate found in Plio-Pleistocene marine sediments. Four selected outcrops of dolomitic authigenic carbonates were analysed to compare signature of seeping fluids with fractionation of stable carbon and oxygen isotopes recorded in the carbonate.Along the foothills, deep methane-rich fluids spontaneously rise to the surface through mud volcanoes or are exploited in wells drilled nearby to the fossil Plio-Pleistocene authigenic carbonates. The plumbing system providing fluids to present-day cold seeps was structurally achieved in Late Miocene and Plio-Pleistocene. δ¹³C values of methane, which vary from −51.9 to −43.0‰ VPDB, indicate that gas composition from the deep hydrocarbon reservoirs is relatively uniform along the foothills. On the contrary, δ¹³C in fossil authigenic carbonates strongly varies among different areas and also within the same outcrop.The different carbon sources that fed the investigated carbonates were identified and include: thermogenic methane from the deep Miocene reservoirs, ¹³C-enriched CO₂ derived from secondary methanogenesis and microbial methane from Pliocene successions buried in the Po Plain. The δ¹³C variability documented among samples from a single outcrop testifies that the authigenic carbonates might represent a record of varying biogeochemical processes in the hydrocarbon reservoirs. The sources of stable oxygen isotopes in authigenic carbonates are often ascribed to marine water. Oxygen isotopic fractionation in the dolomite cements indicates that marine pore water couldn't be the sole source of oxygen. δ¹⁸O values provide a preliminary evidence that connate waters had a role in the carbonates precipitation. The concomitant occurrence of active cold seepages and fossil record of former plumbing systems suggests that generation and migration of hydrocarbons are long-lasting and very effective processes along the Northern Apennines foothills.     

The Petrophysical Characteristics of Jurassic Reservoirs of the Coastal Mississippi Counties and Adjacent State Waters

The purpose of this study is the determination of petrophysical characteristics observable for Jurassic reservoirs in the study area; these characteristics are important for hydrocarbon production from those reservoirs. The study area consists of the three Mississippi coastal counties, Hancock, Harrison, and Jackson, and Mississippi's state waters offshore. The section of importance to this study is the Upper Jurassic, which is made up of, from oldest to youngest, the Norphlet Formation, Smackover Formation, Haynesville Formation (including a Frisco City-equivalent granite wash and the Buckner Anhydrite), and Cotton Valley Group. Within the study area only one Upper Jurassic gas field has been discovered. The Catahoula Creek field is located onshore in Hancock County in the western portion of the study area and is productive of gas from Cotton Valley sands below 19,000 ft. Well log and core data from dry exploratory holes in the study area were used to supplement the limited reservoir data at Catahoula Creek. Nine wildcat wells have penetrated the Jurassic in the study area, so the Jurassic wildcat drilling density is approximately one wildcat well per 290 mi2. Because of this lack of data in the study area, published information on the following Upper Jurassic fields in southwestern Alabama, both onshore and offshore, is included: Chunchula field (Smackover), Hatter's Pond field (Smackover), Hatter's Pond field (Norphlet), and Lower Mobile Bay Mary Ann field (Norphlet). Structurally, the three coastal counties and offshore state waters of Mississippi occupy the southern flank of the Wiggins Arch, an area of positive Paleozoic basement features, and the related Hancock Ridge. The Jurassic strati graphic section in the study area consists of more than 5,000 ft of clastics, evaporites, and carbonates at depths below 17,000 ft to 24,000 ft.     

Depositional and Diagenetic History and Petroleum Geology of the Jurassic Norphlet Formation of the Alabama Coastal Waters Area and Adjacent Federal Waters Area

The discovery of deep (20,000 ft) gas reservoirs in eolian sandstone of the Upper Jurassic Norphlet Formation in Mobile Bay and offshore Alabama in the late 1970s represents one of the most significant hydrocarbon discoveries in the nation during the past several decades. Estimated original proved gas from Norphlet reservoirs in the Alabama coastal waters and adjacent federal waters is 7.462 trillion ft3 (Tcf) (75% recovery factor). Fifteen fields have been established in the offshore Alabama area. Norphlet sediment was deposited in an arid environment in alluvial fans, alluvial plains, and wadis in updip areas. In downdip areas, the Norphlet was deposited in a broad desert plain, with erg development in some areas. Marine transgression, near the end of Norphlet deposition, resulted in reworking of the upper part of the Norphlet Formation. Norphlet reservoir sandstone is arkose and subarkose, consisting of a simple assemblage of three minerals, quartz, albite, and K-feldspar. The present framework grain assemblage of the Norphlet is dominantly diagenetic, owing to albitization and dissolution of feldspar. Despite the simple framework composition, the diagenetic character of the Norphlet is complex. Important authigenic minerals include carbon ate phases (calcite, dolomite, Fe-dolomite, and breunnerite), feldspar (albite and K-feldspar), evaporite minerals (anhydrite and halite), clay minerals (illite and chlorite), quartz, and pyrobitumen. The abundance and distribution of these miner als varies significantly between onshore and offshore regions of Norphlet production. The lack of sufficient internal sources of components for authigenic minerals, combined with unusual chemical compositions of chlorite (Mg-rich), breunnerite, and some minor authigenic minerals, suggests that Louann-derived fluids influenced Norphlet diagenesis. In offshore Alabama reservoirs, porosity is dominantly modified primary poros ity. Preservation of porosity in deep Norphlet reservoirs is due to a combination of factors, including a lack of sources of cement components and lack of pervasive early cement, so that fluid-flow pathways remained open during burial. Below the dominantly quartz-cemented tight zone near the top of the Norphlet, pyrobitumen is a major contributor to reduction in reservoir quality in offshore Alabama. The highest reservoir quality occurs in those wells where the present gas water contact is below the paleohydrocarbon water contact. This zone of highest reservoir quality is between the lowermost occurrence of pyrobitumen and the present gas water contact.     

油气差异聚集原理应用效果分析——以黄河口凹陷为例

黄河口凹陷是渤海湾盆地的富烃凹陷之一,近几年勘探发现原油超过2×108m3,天然气超过100×108m3,成果显著。但成功的背后,仍存在众多疑问：地质条件良好的构造上竟然钻了干井,同一个油源的相似构造,钻井结果有的以油层为主,而有的井含气层位多;同一深度段的油层,在不同井中原油密度却存在较大差异。为解决这些疑问,笔者运用差异聚集原理,首先对黄河口凹陷渤中28-2E空圈闭的形成原因进行了分析,建立了本区油气运移的模式。在此模式的指导下对渤中29-4构造开展了评价,准确预测了该构造含油气区域的分布范围,结果证明黄河口凹陷的油气运聚符合差异聚集原理。该原理能够很好的指导本区下一步的勘探,可以取得很好的经济效益。     

Fracture patterns and petrophysical properties of carbonates undergoing regional folding: A case study from Kurdistan,N Iraq

The Zagros-Taurus fold and thrust belt hosts a prolific hydrocarbon system. Most hydrocarbon reserves are stored in naturally fractured reservoirs and such fracture systems can therefore have a significant impact on reservoir performance. Fractures are one of the most important paths for fluid flow in carbonate reservoirs, and industrial geoscientists and engineers therefore need to understand and study fracture patterns in order to optimise hydrocarbon production. The observed fracture patterns in outcrops may have implications on fluid flow and reservoir modelling in subsurface reservoirs, and we have therefore undertaken a case study of fracturing associated with regional folding in Iraqi Kurdistan. In this area, some exploration wells currently target Upper Triassic dolostones (Kurra Chine Formation) and/or Lower Jurassic limestones and dolomitised limestones (Sehkaniyan Formation). In both units hydrocarbon production comes mainly from secondary porosity created by dolomitisation, dissolution and fracturing. Both formations have undergone multiple phases of deformation associated with burial, uplift, folding and thrusting. We investigate some fracture pattern characteristics and some petrophysical properties of these units using selected outcrops around the Gara, Ora and Ranya anticlines that form folds directly traceable for 25–70 km. Our outcrop data is compared with subsurface fracture and petrophysical datasets reported from wells in the nearby Shaikhan and Swara Tika Fields. The 1-2-3D fracture attributes collected from outcrops are fracture orientation, type, spacing, intensity, length and cross-cutting and abutting relationships. Fracture orientations show a clear relationship to the local fold axis in both the outcrop and subsurface, although in some cases they appear to relate more to the present day in-situ maximum horizontal stress direction or local strike-slip faulting. Three stages of fracturing are proposed: pre-folding, early-folding and post-folding fractures. In addition, we report petrophysical properties - porosity, permeability and acoustic velocity of both the Kurra Chine and Sehkaniyan formations in relation to their structural position within folds and faults and stratigraphic level. The highest porosities and permeabilities are recorded in the hinges and backlimbs of the Gara Anticline. The best reservoir quality (highest porosity and permeability) is often found in areas associated with replacement dolomite i.e. solution vugs and intercrystalline porosity. The Kurra Chine Formation displays similar trends in velocity-porosity data at both outcrop and the subsurface. However, the Sehkaniyan Formation displays lower acoustic velocity for a given porosity at outcrop compared to the subsurface.     

地震道的分形维计算及在滩海地区油藏描述中的应用

研究在滩海地区实现少打井多探明油气储量。首先给出利用地震数据求取容量维（振幅维）、关联维和R／S分析分形维等3种分形维数的计算方法，并阐明它们各自的物理意义。在分析滩海地区地震和地质条件的基础上，通过制作地质模型和对实际地震资料的分形维数计算，探讨了应用地震道的分形维数进行储层预测和油气检测的方法。在胜利滩海地区的应用实践表明，分形分维技术能够较准确地反映由地震波形等引起储层和油气层的变化，是1种比较好的进行储层预测和油气检测方法，在滩海地区的油藏描述中发挥了重要作用。     

构造作用对南黄海盆地三叠系青龙组储层的影响

充分利用黄海盆地及其邻区钻井、测井、地震等多种资料,综合分析了构造作用对该研究区三叠系青龙组储层的影响,研究结果认为,残存青龙组呈分割状NE—NNE向分布,岩性以碳酸盐岩为主,发育台地、陆棚等沉积相类型;印支—燕山运动时期造成的沉积间断使青龙组遭受强烈的风化剥蚀,形成了储集条件良好的古岩溶储层,其在平面有一定的分布;断裂在青龙组主要为NE向分布,可极大改善储层的性质;初步预测储集条件较好储层主要分布于WX5-ST1井—CZ24-1-1井—CZ35-2-1井一线周围,呈NE向展布。     

Conglomeratic reservoir characterization in the Caiyu field of the Langgu sag, North China

Several subaqueous alluvial fans are developed along the footwall of the northern boundary fault zone—the Daxing fault of the Langgu sag, Bohai Bay Basin, North China. A distinct feature is the significant difference in hydrocarbon enrichment between neighboring wells drilled in the same sedimentary facies. This paper analyses the controlling factors for hydrocarbon accumulation of subaqueous alluvial fan in the Caiyu field, north of the Langgu sag. Based on reprocessed seismic data and using Jason inversion method, the contrast of cross-well correlation panel was established and a reservoir type model was build-up; reservoir heterogeneity was interpreted from inversion impedance data. The result shows six conglomeratic bodies in this fan, which are stacked vertically and laterally. The lithofacies is the key controlling factor for the hydrocarbon accumulation, and diagenesis and tectonic stresses also play important roles in the hydrocarbon enrichment.     

Pore- and fracture-filling gas hydrate reservoirs in the Gulf of Mexico Gas Hydrate Joint Industry Project Leg II Green Canyon 955 H well

High-quality logging-while-drilling (LWD) downhole logs were acquired in seven wells drilled during the Gulf of Mexico Gas Hydrate Joint Industry Project Leg II in the spring of 2009. Well logs obtained in one of the wells, the Green Canyon Block 955 H well (GC955-H), indicate that a 27.4-m thick zone at the depth of 428 m below sea floor (mbsf; 1404 feet below sea floor (fbsf)) contains gas hydrate within sand with average gas hydrate saturations estimated at 60% from the compressional-wave (P-wave) velocity and 65% (locally more than 80%) from resistivity logs if the gas hydrate is assumed to be uniformly distributed in this mostly sand-rich section. Similar analysis, however, of log data from a shallow clay-rich interval between 183 and 366 mbsf (600 and 1200 fbsf) yielded average gas hydrate saturations of about 20% from the resistivity log (locally 50−60%) and negligible amounts of gas hydrate from the P-wave velocity logs. Differences in saturations estimated between resistivity and P-wave velocities within the upper clay-rich interval are caused by the nature of the gas hydrate occurrences. In the case of the shallow clay-rich interval, gas hydrate fills vertical (or high angle) fractures in rather than filling pore space in sands. In this study, isotropic and anisotropic resistivity and velocity models are used to analyze the occurrence of gas hydrate within both the clay-rich and sand dominated gas-hydrate-bearing reservoirs in the GC955-H well.     

基于广义S变换的吸收衰减技术在YP地区稠油识别中的应用

地震波在穿过含油气储层时,由于受油气流体的黏滞性和内摩擦力影响,在频率上会表现为高频衰减快、低频衰减慢的特征,在频谱上就表现为整体能量向低频移动,使得低频能量相对增强。同时,前人大量研究表明流体黏度越大,黏滞性越强,对地震波的吸收衰减效果越明显。在所研究的YP地区,油气运移到浅部成藏,经历了大量的生物降解作用,原油具有比重大、黏度大的特性。利用频率域的吸收衰减技术在研究区这种特性的油层进行了识别,最终实验结果与已钻井结果吻合度较好,预测井也与实钻井相吻合,验证了该技术在该区应用的可行性。     

Subsurface gas hydrates in the northern Gulf of Mexico

The northern Gulf of Mexico (GoM) has long been a focus area for the study of gas hydrates. Throughout the 1980s and 1990s, work focused on massive gas hydrates deposits that were found to form at and near the seafloor in association with hydrocarbon seeps. However, as global scientific and industrial interest in assessment of the drilling hazards and resource implications of gas hydrate accelerated, focus shifted to understanding the nature and abundance of “buried” gas hydrates. Through 2005, despite the drilling of more than 1200 oil and gas industry wells through the gas hydrate stability zone, published evidence of significant sub-seafloor gas hydrate in the GoM was lacking. A 2005 drilling program by the GoM Gas Hydrate Joint Industry Project (the JIP) provided an initial confirmation of the occurrence of gas hydrates below the GoM seafloor. In 2006, release of data from a 2003 industry well in Alaminos Canyon 818 provided initial documentation of gas hydrate occurrence at high concentrations in sand reservoirs in the GoM. From 2006 to 2008, the JIP facilitated the integration of geophysical and geological data to identify sites prospective for gas hydrate-bearing sands, culminating in the recommendation of numerous drilling targets within four sites spanning a range of typical deepwater settings. Concurrent with, but independent of, the JIP prospecting effort, the Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM) conducted a preliminary assessment of the GoM gas hydrate petroleum system, resulting in an estimate of 607 trillion cubic meters (21,444 trillion cubic feet) gas-in-place of which roughly one-third occurs at expected high concentrations in sand reservoirs. In 2009, the JIP drilled seven wells at three sites, discovering gas hydrate at high saturation in sand reservoirs in four wells and suspected gas hydrate at low to moderate saturations in two other wells. These results provide an initial confirmation of the complex nature and occurrence of gas hydrate-bearing sands in the GoM, the efficacy of the integrated geological/geophysical prospecting approach used to identify the JIP drilling sites, and the relevance of the 2008 BOEM assessment.     

珠江口盆地白云深水区含气储层AVO模板的建立及应用

白云深水区多口油气钻探揭示砂质储层含气和含水都有可能表现为Ⅲ类或Ⅳ类的AVO及亮点异常,单纯依靠亮点+Ⅲ类AVO异常进行烃类气体预测具有多解性,是钻前储层的流体预测面临的新挑战和难点。本文利用珠江口盆地白云深水区测井数据,根据储层特征与含气性差异性优选了多口测井数据齐全井,利用测井数据对不同井位储层段的AVO特征进行分析。通过Aki-Richards公式计算了不同井的截距和梯度属性,建立了白云深水区P和G属性图版。对比分析发现不同含气储层,随着岩性、含气性差异及其岩性组合不同,呈现不同AVO异常特征,岩心分析表明该异常不仅与储层含气性有关,也与盖层岩性密切相关,尤其是当盖层或者储层含有灰岩时,对AVO异常影响较大。利用M矿区目标储层的叠前反演弹性参数,再结合本文建立的P和G属性图版和流体识别因子方法,对目标储层含气性进行了预测,发现了该储层在横向上含气性不同,钻探结果证实预测结果有效与可靠,表明该AVO模板具有较好的实用性。     

A new Carboniferous coal/shale driven gas play in the Western Black Sea Region (Turkey)

The sedimentary sequence in the Western Black Sea region of Turkey both onshore and offshore offers many possibilities for different hydrocarbon plays. This study presents a new play, which considers Carboniferous coals and shales as source beds, Cretaceous sandstones as reservoirs and Cretaceous shales and marls as seal rocks. The evaluation of this play is performed using the petroleum system approach. Results suggest that the coals and shales have a good to very good source rock potential for gas, that the Cretaceous synrift sandstones are good reservoirs. On the other hand, the sealing efficiency of respective Cretaceous units is assumed to be sufficient based on their lithological (shales and carbonaceous marls) characteristics. Stratigraphic traps, which formed by transgression and by onlap on paleohighs, were sealed and potentially available at 97 million years (ma) before present. Structural traps related to Early Cretaceous extension were also sealed around 97 ma. On the contrary, traps formed by folding and thrusting during the Alpine orogeny only formed during the last 50 ma. The timing of gas generation and migration was determined by one and two-dimensional basin modeling in one well and along a cross-section. The modeling results indicated that during the period between 90 and 42 ma, large volumes of gas were generated from the Carboniferous source rocks. Comparison with the age of stratigraphic and structural traps showed that stratigraphic and normal fault traps were potentially available for the entire volume of generated gas and that the other structural traps associated with Alpine orogeny were available only for gas generated and/or re-migrated during the last 50 ma. The evaluation of this new play results in the conclusion, that the Western Black Sea region is worthy of further exploration for conventional accumulations of thermogenic gas.     

渤海油田泡沫吞吐解堵技术研究与应用

稠油油藏由于储层胶结疏松,原油胶质、沥青质含量高,加上稠油中重质组分与细粉砂、泥质成分混在一起,往往在防砂管柱筛孔处形成堵塞,造成近井地带堵塞,影响了油井产能。常规的有机解堵或酸化增产措施很难解除这种复合堵塞,即使解堵后,效果也不理想。针对上述问题,提出了泡沫流体吞吐解堵技术,进行了室内实验和数值模拟计算。优选的高效清洗剂Po-Ca,在5%浓度时降黏率达到99.28%、对油砂的清洗效率达到94.6%,并通过在渤海油田一口稠油井首次成功应用后该井由停产井变为产量为28-30 m^3/d的高产井,取得了满意的效果。该技术为海洋稠油油藏低产低效井综合治理提供了一种新的技术手段,对渤海油田低产低效井的增产具有重要的意义。     

多子波地震道分解技术在平湖油气田的应用

多子波地震道分解是一种新的地震道分解技术,它是以分解算法将地震道分解成不同形状,不同频率的子波。利用多子波地震道分解等技术,对东海平湖油气田花港组油藏地震数据体进行多子波地震道分解与重构、频谱衰减和数据体波形分解等应用研究,找出了与钻井资料吻合,并含有地质意义的属性,勾画出该地区主要油藏的含油气范围和有利目标,取得了较好的应用效果。