辽宁省朝阳县长茂河子鱼眼石的矿物学特征

一、概述鱼眼石(Apophyllite)KCa_4[Si_4O_(10)]_2(F,OH)·8H_2O是一种不太常见的热浪矿物。它具有一种较特殊的由四方环和八方环组成的硅氧四面体层状构造,类似于云母,在某些方面也与沸石相似。文献曾报导过美国、德国、加拿大、墨西哥、瑞典产出的鱼眼石。国内也曾发现湖北大冶和辽宁锦西等地产出的鱼眼石。国内外对鱼眼石都做过一些矿物学工作,但不很系统。作者对朝阳鱼眼石进行了比较系统的矿物学研究,提供了产     

内蒙赤峰鱼眼石矿物学特征及其水的赋存状态研究

采用显微镜和XRD,EMPA,FTIR,RAMAN,TGA等现代测试方法对内蒙赤峰鱼眼石的晶体形态、矿物组合、化学成分、谱学特征、热力学性质等进行了测试分析,初步探讨了鱼眼石晶体形态的成因以及水的赋存状态。赤峰鱼眼石晶体呈粒状—假立方状,由四方柱{100}、四方双锥{111}和平行双面{001}聚合而成,无色-浅粉红色,玻璃光泽,透明到半透明,与钙铁辉石、雪硅钙石和毒砂等矿物共生。赤峰鱼眼石的主要化学成分为w(SiO_2)50.22%~52.73%,w(CaO)24.16%~25.28%,w(K_2O)3.57%~5.80%和w(F)2.62%~3.48%,含有少量的Na_2O,Al_2O_3和Cr_2O_3,平均成分的晶体化学式为:(K_0.964Na_0.109)_1.073Ca_4.036[(Si_7.727Al_0.091Cr_0.073)_7.891O₂₀](F_0.828OH_0.172)_1.000·7.775H_2O。硅的含量不足导致硅氧四面体层活性氧与层间阳离子的键强增大,促使鱼眼石晶体沿c轴方向的生长,形成粒状—假立方状晶体形态。红外光谱中3 556 cm^-1和1 691 cm^-1吸收峰以及96.7℃,255.9℃,418.9℃,437.7℃的主要失水温度均表明赤峰鱼眼石中的水属于结晶水,而600℃以后仍有少量的失重,以及红外光谱中3 418 cm^-1和3 242 cm^-1吸收峰的出现,又反映出赤峰鱼眼石中部分水具有结构水的特点。     

溧阳小梅岭发现标准鱼眼石

最近,在作省区测二分队的小梅岭样品中,发现了标准的鱼眼石(Apophyllite)(野外队怀疑为硅灰石)。这是迄今为止在江苏境内找到的最好的鱼眼石标本。鱼眼石国内外较为少见。国外1967年有报道并收集在国际通用标准矿物卡片(组)“JCPDS”(或“ASTM”)中。江苏的鱼眼石过去未见正式报道。笔者用X射线衍射分析方法进行了详细鉴定,并与国内外的鱼眼石资料进行对比,在此提供交流。     

红河石Ca18(□,Ca)2Fe2+Al4(Fe3+,Mg,Al)8(□,B)4BSi18O69(O,OH)9——符山石族新矿物

作为符山石族矿物的新成员,红河石(Hongheite,IMA 2017-027新矿物),Ca18(,Ca)2Fe2+Al4(Fe3+,Mg,Al)8(,B)4BSi18O69(O,OH)9发现于个旧世界级Sn-多金属矿田东北缘、与马拉格Sn矿床毗邻的北沙冲花岗岩(77.43Ma)内矽卡岩中。红河石常呈横径达4~25mm的放射状针-柱状集合体产出。当位于晶洞中时,红河石则呈发育良好的自形柱状晶体(0.5~4.0mm长,0.3~1.0mm宽)产出。与红河石共生的矿物见有赛黄晶、萤石、斧石-(Fe)、硅硼钙石、枪晶石、硼锡钙石、石英和羟鱼眼石-(K)等。红河石为墨绿色,条痕浅灰绿色,玻璃光泽,性脆,断口不规则。主要的晶面是:{100}、{110}、{101}和{001}。红河石的显微硬度:988.3N/mm2,相当于摩氏硬度6~7。其实测密度与计算密度分别是3.446g/cm3和3.423g/cm3。红河石一轴正晶,No=1.720(2),Ne=1.725(2);多色性弱。红河石的化学成分:SiO235.85%;TiO20.01%;Al2O311.00%;Fe2O37.92%;FeO2.14%;CaO 33.57%;MnO 0.42%;MgO 3.48%;B2O32.82%;Cr2O30.01%;Na2O 0.01%;F 0.40%(F≡O-0.17);Cl 0.14%(Cl≡O-0.03);H2O 0.75%,总量98.32%。依据晶体结构精测和Si在单位分子式中的原子数(即Si=18 apfu),计算和书写的红河石简化晶体化学式:Ca18(,Ca)2Fe2+Al4(Fe3+,Mg,Al)8(,B)4BSi18O69(O,OH)9。其三条最强粉晶线[d(?)(I/I0)(hkl)]为:2.9289(47)(004),2.7661(100)(342)和2.6079(68)(243)。红河石属四方晶系,空间群为P4/nnc,晶胞参数:a=15.667(3)?,c=11.725(1)?,V=2878(1)?3,Z=2。红河石晶体结构精测的R因子为0.063。红河石殊异于为已知的符山石族矿物种,在于其X(4)位以空位()为主、Y(3)位以Fe3+居优和T(2)位被B所占。顺便对符山石族矿物晶体-化学式的计算与书写予以讨论并提出建议。     

江苏硅灰石膏的发现及其矿物学研究

硅灰石膏(Thaumasite;)是一种复杂的盐类矿物。其化学式:CaSiO_3.CaCO_3·CaSO_4.14H_2O;结构式:〔Ca_3Si(OH)_6·11H_2O〕(SO_4)(CO_3)。在矿物学中,过去将其归入硫酸盐类。但是,鉴于硅灰石膏的化合物复杂性,因而对它以往的分类归属问题引起疑议。最近,笔者在研究苏南小梅岭地区硅灰石矿的物质成分时,发现了硅灰石膏,而且它是硅灰石矿层中的一种主要伴生矿物。小梅岭硅灰石膏的发现及其矿物学研究,这     

苏州高岭土中的变磷铝石及其成因探讨

变磷铝石(Al[PO_4].2H_2O)为含水的铝磷酸盐矿物,其化学成分和磷铝石(Al[Po_4].2H_2O)相同,但晶体结构截然不同,两者为同质二相体,前者属单斜晶系,后者属斜方晶系。变磷铝石结构中的Al可被Fe~(3+)置换,和红磷铁矿(Fe[PO_4].2H_2O)共同组成类质同象系列。变磷铝石在自然界中的产状国内很少报导。经笔者研究在苏州高岭土矿体的底部发现富集有一种球状变磷铝石,其产状特征对研究苏州高岭土成矿后期的淋滤改造很有意义。本文报导该矿物的矿物学特征并对其成因进行了探讨。     

湖北黄石与印度浦那鱼眼石的宝石学特征对比研究

近年来,在湖北黄石地区发现了具有重要研究价值的鱼眼石晶体,其结晶习性与其它地区的鱼眼石有一定的区别。以湖北黄石与印度浦那鱼眼石晶体为研究对象,采用宝石学常规仪器、电子探针、激光拉曼光谱仪对比分析了两者的晶体特征、化学成分和包裹体等。结果显示,湖北黄石鱼眼石样品的结晶形态以板状为主,印度浦那鱼眼石样品则以柱状为主;所有样品的主要元素均为Si,Ca和K,但湖北黄石鱼眼石样品中还含有Al和Na元素;湖北黄石鱼眼石样品以气液两相包裹体为主,印度浦那鱼眼石样品则以石英、沸石等晶体包裹体为主。     

碳硅钙石在我国的发现

1982年笔者在河北符山矿镁矽卡岩的裂隙中发现了碳硅钙石,具完好的板状晶体,发育有{100},{101},{120},{201}等单形。Ng=1.628,Nm=1.615,Np=1.609,(+)2V=67°;比重为2.76;空间群I2/m;a_o=10.1206,b_o=15.2058,c_o=6.6345;β=100°37′;Z=2.结构式为(Ca_(7.03)Fe_(0.01)Mn_(0.01)K_(0.002))〔Si_6O_(18)〕_(0.98)(CO_3)_1.06·2.1 H_2O,主要X—射线衍射线为3.02(100),2.99(80),2.78(35),2.49(40),1.896(40)。红外光谱有21个吸收带,CO_3群的伸缩振动谱带有明显分裂。DTA曲线表现有240℃及757℃两个吸热谷及895℃的放热峰。该地产出的碳硅钙石是矽卡岩晚期的低温热液矿物,与方解石,钙沸石,雪硅钙石,吉水硅钙石和硅灰石产膏等共生。     

伊毛缟石在我国的首次发现及其分析电子显微术研究

伊毛缟石是一种具有纤维状形态的类晶质水化铝硅酸盐矿物。本文对我国首次发现于福建郭山风化型高岭土矿床中的伊毛缟石用分析电子显微术进行了矿物学研究。研究结果表明,在透射电镜下,伊毛缟石呈长数μm,宽60—250的似线状或纤维状,这是它最重要的矿物学特征之一。选区电子衍射分析给出d_(42)=3.30、d_(04)=2.10和d_(06)=1.40三个比较(氵弥)散的衍射环所表征的典型伊毛缟石衍射花样。其化学成分主要由SiO_2、Al_2O_3和H_2O组成。     

单斜铜泡石——云南东川发现的一种含水的铜的砷酸盐新矿物

我们在研究云南东川铜矿的硫化物氧化带矿物时,发现了一种含水的铜的砷酸盐新矿物。矿物的成分与铜泡石(tyrolite)相似,晶体化学式为:Cu_9 Ca_2[(As,S)O_4]_4(OH,O)_(10)·10H_2O,单斜晶系,空间群:Pa或P2/a,晶胞参数:a_0=10.513,b_0=5.56,c_0=27.61,β=94°0′,Z=2。但其晶胞参数及光学性质与铜泡石有差异,根据所属晶系命名为单斜铜泡石(clinotyrolite)。同时工作中证实有斜方的铜泡石的存在,两者为同质多象关系。     

Wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometric determination of Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites

Komatiites are mantle-derived ultramafic volcanic rocks. Komatiites have been discovered in several States of India, notably in Karnataka. Studies on the distribution of trace-elements in the komatiites of India are very few. This paper proposes a simple, accurate, precise, rapid, and non-destructive wavelength-dispersive x-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) spectrometric technique for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites, and discusses the accuracy, precision, limits of detection, x-ray spectral-line interferences, inter-element effects, speed, advantages, and limitations of the technique. The accuracy of the technique is excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th and very good (within 4%) for Y. The precision is also excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th. The limits of detection are: 1 ppm for Sc and V; 2 ppm for Cr, Co, and Ni; 3 ppm for Cu, Zn, Rb, and Sr; 4 ppm for Y and Zr; 6 ppm for Nb; 10 ppm for Ba; 13 ppm for Pb; and 14 ppm for Th. The time taken for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in a batch of 24 samples of komatiites, for a replication of four analyses per sample, by one operator, using a manual WDXRF spectrometer, is only 60 hours.     

硅酸盐类样品中硅、铁、铝、钛、锰、钙、镁、钾、钠和磷的x射线荧光光谱测定

本文拟定了一种以熔融法制备样片,用X射线荧光光谱测定硅酸盐类样品中Si、Fe、Al、Tj、Mn、Ca、Mg、K、Na、P等元素的分析方法。在对不同靶材X光管和分光晶体实验对比的基础上,选择了最佳的测量条件。该法具有快速、准确,测量范围广,检测限低,价格便宜等优点。经过近百个各种类型标样或管理样品的分析对比表明,本法不仅适用于硅酸盐类岩石样品的分析,还适用于铁矿、铝土矿、碳酸盐类岩矿样品以及水泥、耐火材料等样品的分析。     

高压微波消解法测定醋酸纤维过滤器采集的微尘粒子中的砷镉钴铬铜铁锰镍铅钒锌

最新的流行病学研究表明,空气中较高浓度的悬浮细颗粒可能对人类的健康有不利的影响。根据该项研究显示,由于心脏病、慢性呼吸问题和肺功能指标恶化而导致死亡率的升高与细尘粒子有关。这些研究结果已经促使欧盟于1999年4月出台了限制空气中二氧化硫、二氧化氮、氧化氮、铅和颗粒物含量的法案(1999/30/EC),对各项指标包括对可吸入PM10颗粒的浓度提出了新的限制性指标。PM10颗粒是指可以通过预分级器分离采集的气体动力学直径小于10μm的细颗粒。目前研究的兴趣重点逐步偏向PM2.5这些更细微颗粒物,PM2.5这种颗粒物对健康有明显的不利影响。在欧盟指令2008/50/EC中,对PM10和PM2.5都提     

Isotopic systematics of He,Ar, S,Cu, Ni,Re, Os,Pb, U,Sm, Nd,Rb, Sr,Lu, and Hf in the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits

This paper reports the first results of a study of 11 isotope systems (³He/⁴He, ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar, ³⁴S/³²S, ⁶⁵Cu/⁶³Cu, ⁶²Ni/⁶⁰Ni, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd, ^206–208Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, Hf–Nd, U–Pb, and Re–Os) in the rocks and ores of the Cu–Ni–PGE deposits of the Norilsk ore district. Almost all the results were obtained at the Center of Isotopic Research of the Karpinskii All-Russia Research Institute of Geology. The use of a number of independent genetic isotopic signatures and comprehensive isotopic knowledge provided a methodic basis for the interpretation of approximately 5000 isotopic analyses of various elements. The presence of materials from two sources, crust and mantle, was detected in the composition of the rocks and ores. The contribution of the crustal source is especially significant in the paleofluids (gas–liquid microinclusions) of the ore-forming medium. Crustal solutions were probably a transport medium during ore formation. Air argon is dominant in the ores, which indicates a connection between the paleofluids and the atmosphere. This suggests intense groundwater circulation during the crystallization of ore minerals. The age of the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits was determined. The stage of orebody formation is restricted to a narrow age interval of 250 ± 10 Ma. An isotopic criterion was proposed for the ore-bearing potential of mafic intrusions in the Norilsk–Taimyr region. It includes several interrelated isotopic ratios of various elements: He, Ar, S, and others.     

Viscous, cohesive, non-Newtonian, depositing, radial slurry flow

Mining induced subsidence can significantly affect mining costs where major surface facilities and natural environment need to be protected. Overburden grout injection is a technology used to control coal mine subsidence by injecting the mine waste material extracted from the coal back into the inter-burden rock during longwall mining. The flowing slurry is here categorised as a nonlinear viscous cohesive (Bingham plastic) fluid. During longwall mining the grout slurry is pumped into the separated beds of the rock mass through a central vertical borehole, which is drilled deep into the inter-burden rock strata above the coal seam. However, a blockage can occur in the injection system when the slurry velocity falls below a certain critical threshold velocity, indicating a material phase change from cohesive-viscous to cohesive-frictional. In situ field injection tests through boreholes have been simulated at a smaller scale at the CSIRO laboratory in Brisbane by pumping the slurry through a radial disk (gap = 4 mm) from its centre. Laboratory experiments indicate a general, nonlinear, cohesive, viscous, frictional model for shear behaviour of the slurry, in which the material shear parameters are functions of the disk radial distance. Complete dimensional and dimensionless analytical solutions have been developed based on an approach related to Bingham–Herschel–Bulkley fluid mechanics. The derived formulae include relations for minimum pump pressure, local pressure and pressure gradient, wall shear stress, volume rate, velocity and velocity gradient. The theoretical results match the experimental measurements. The experiments covered slurries with maximum particle sizes of 0.5 to 2 mm with about 50% being larger than 100 µm. The viscosities at the various solids concentrations were measured with a standard torsion viscometer. This study differs from the previous research in several distinct aspects, namely, consideration of the variable shear parameters rather than fixed values, inclusion of total nonlinear behaviour, and implementation of a friction function to mimic behaviour of the deposited and consolidating stiff slurry, which can cause a significant pressure rise as a result of the increased shear resistance.     

硅酸盐中铁、锰、钛、钙、钾、磷、硅、铝、镁、钠、锶、铷、钡的X-射线荧光光谱定量测定

本文介绍样品经四硼酸锂熔融制成玻璃小饼。采用Lachance模式和理论a系数来校正元素间的效应,由3080E型X-射线荧光谱仪和DF-350B数据处理系统完成硅酸盐中十三个项目的测定。     

Bellechester,Minnesota, USA,lagoon collapses

Bellechester, Minnesota, is a small community of approximately 155 residents located on the county line between Goodhue and Wabasha counties in southeast Minnesota's karst region. Bellechester is served by a 21-year-old wastewater treatment facility (WWTF) consisting of three waste-stabilization ponds. On 28 April 1992 six sinkholes were discovered to have drained cell 2 of the WWTF resulting in the loss of approximately 8.7×10⁶ 1 of partially treated effluent and about 600 m³ of soil into previously undetected subsurface voids of unknown dimensions. In the week following the collapse, approximately 200 water wells located within a 5-km radius of the WWTF were sampled in an after-the-fact, emergency sampling program. Twelve samples with elevated fecal coliform levels, 18 samples with nitrate-nitrogen greater than the 10 mg/1 standard, and no samples with elevated chlorides were found. However, the elevated levels could not be unambiguously attributed to the WWTF collapse. This is the third WWTF to fail by sinkhole collapse in southeast Minnesota since 1974. All three collapsed lagoons have been located in similar geomorphic and stratigraphic settings. However, at least two lagoons have collapsed in the adjacent area in northeast Iowa, and these lagoons are located at different stratigraphic positions. Twenty-two WWTFs constructed in southeast Minnesota's karst region in the last 25 years have been identified as subject to potential sinkhole collapse. An unknown but significant number of manure storage lagoons, flood control structures, etc., have also been constructed in the karst region and are at risk. Public agencies are beginning to develop plans to deal with the risk associated with existing and future waste lagoons in this environment. The critical hydrogeologic parameters that can be used to prioritize the risk of collapse at existing facilities include: (1) the lithology of the first bedrock beneath each lagoon, (2) the thickness of surficial materials between the lagoon and the bedrock surface, (3) the presence and construction of liners (seepage rate), and (4) the proximity to existing sinkholes.     

滇东南花岗岩与锡、银、铜、铅、锌多金属矿床的成因关系

滇东南锡、银、铅、锌多金属矿床主要分布在个旧、白牛厂、都龙3个矿区,而滇东南较大的3个花岗岩体又分别出露在3个矿区或附近.花岗岩体均形成于燕山晚期,岩石化学、矿物成分相似,富含锡、银、铅、锌、钨、铜等成矿元素.矿床主金属元素组合与岩体之间的距离由远而近出现由锡、钨、(铍、铌、钽)→锡、钨、(铁)、铜、铟→锡、铅、锌、银、铟、(锑)有规律的变化.花岗岩浆是成矿物质来源和成矿热源.岩浆侵入初期使上覆地层隆起产生背斜(凹陷部位成向斜);同时使地层产生一系列裂隙、压性断层或层间断裂;岩浆侵入晚期,这些断层再次活动,表现为张性,岩浆产生的含矿热液沿由其活动所造成的断裂迁移、充填、交代、沉淀而形成矿床.     

Mercury,arsenic, antimony,and selenium contents of sediment from the Kuskokwim River,Bethel, Alaska,USA

The Kuskokwim River at Bethel, Alaska, drains a major mercury-antimony metallogenic province in its upper reaches and tributaries. Bethel (population 4000) is situated on the Kuskokwim floodplain and also draws its water supply from wells located in river-deposited sediment. A boring through overbank and floodplain sediment has provided material to establish a baseline datum for sediment-hosted heavy metals. Mercury (total), arsenic, antimony, and selenium contents were determined; aluminum was also determined and used as normalizing factor. The contents of the heavy metals were relatively constant with depth and do not reflect any potential enrichment from upstream contaminant sources.     

岩石密度和超高压岩石折返速率

在常温常压条件下对中国大陆科学钻CCSD主孔100-3000米岩心样品进行了密度测量,建立了密度连续剖面,并界定了不同超高压岩石的密度值。通过对比高温高压物性实验资料,岩石密度随着退变程度增强而降低,榴辉岩密度变化序列为3.52g/cm3→3.49g/cm3→3.07g/cm3→2.93g/cm3。超高压长英质岩石密度变化序列为3.00g/cm→2.80g/cm3→2.65g/cm3。上述实验资料是讨论不同折返阶段岩石所受浮力的基础,为研究折返速率大小提供了基本参数。本文通过折返板块运动平衡时,上浮力与粘滞力平衡这一关系式,定量研究了大陆俯冲板块的折返速率,认为密度差产生上浮力从而引起折返,温度对板块折返速率的影响最为显著;密度差大小、折返角度、折返板块大小对折返速率也有直接的影响。定量模拟分析表明,在温度高于850℃时,板块的折返速率可以超过100mm/a;当温度降至700℃时,折返速率则低于1.5mm/a。作者认为在折返早期,温度较高,板块快速折返至60-70km榴辉岩相深度;随着传导散热,温度降低,板块以较慢的速率折返至中下地壳。折返速率的估算表明,浮力是板块折返第一阶段(从>100km深部折返至<40km的中下地壳)的主要驱动力。