Late glacial and Holocene marine records from the Independence Fjord and Wandel Sea regions, North Greenland

The first marine sediment cores from the unexplored Independence Fjord system and the Wandel Sea, North Greenland, have been investigated to reveal the glacial marine history of the region. Two key sites in the Independence Fjord system, and an earlier analysed site from the Wandel Sea continental slope, off the mouth of Independence Fjord, are presented. The Independence Fjord sites reveal an early Holocene record (10.0–8.9 Kya) of fine-grained reddish muds with calcareous microfossils, dominated by the benthic foraminifera Cassidulina neoteretis . We suggest that a semi-permanent fast ice cover characterized the region in the early Holocene, and that the deeper troughs in the mouth region of the Independence Fjord system were intruded by subsurface Atlantic water. A stiff diamicton, at least 1.3 m thick, with coal and sandstone clasts of mainly local origin, and a 0.5-m-thick Holocene cover, are found in one of the sites. The diamicton is assumed to represent a subglacial till predating the early Holocene sediments (>10 Kya). Shallow seismic records off the mouth of Independence Fjord reveal kilometre-sized troughs with signs of glacial erosion, till deposition and a Holocene glaciomarine deposition. These features could indicate that glacial ice debouching from the Independence Fjord system at some time during the last glacial period extended to the mid-outer Wandel Sea shelf. Data from a high-resolution sediment core previously retrieved from the adjacent Wandel Sea slope indicate that the maximum ice sheet advance in this area culminated about 25–20 Kya.     

Meteorological Observations in 1999 at the Arctic Station,Qeqertarsuaq (Godhavn), Central West Greenland/Evidence of a warmer climate around AD 600, Mittivakkat Glacier,South East Greenland

In october 1990 an automatic weather station was established at the Arctic Station (65° 15', 53°31'W), Qeqertarsuaq (Godhavn), Central West Greenland. The Station register parameters each 20 minutes, and the paramters have been described in an earlier paper in this journal by Nielsen et al.(1995). The present paper summarizes meteorological parameters during 1999.

During a field campaign in 1999, woody remains from Salix glauca were found on a nunatak, 515 m. a.s.l. on the Mittivakkat Glacier, South East Greenland. Radio carbon dating determined the age of a wood sample to AD 640. Together with analyses of macroscopic botanical remains and insect rests in peaty material found nearby, these results indicate, that a warmer climate prevailed near the glacier around AD 600. These findings are in accordance with temperature records based on studies of ice cores from the Greenland Ice sheet.     

A Compilation of Radiocarbon Dates from Disko Bugt,Central West Greenland/Meteorological Observations in 1996 at the Arctic Station,Qeqertarsuaq (Godhavn), Central West Greenland/A Discussion on Pingos in Mellemfjord,Disko, Central West Greenland/Open System Pingos in Mellemfjord,Disko, Central West Greenland: A Reply to Gurney and Worsley

188 new and previously published radiocarbon dates on Holocene material from Disko Bugt, central West Greenland, are presented together with relevant informations (laboratory number, place name, dated material, geografic coordinates, altitude and δ¹³C-value) about the dates.

In October 1990 an automatic weather station was established at the Arctic station (65 °15′N,53 °31′W), Qeqertarsuaq (Godhavn), Central West Greenland. The Station register parameters each 20 min., and the parameters have been described in an earlier paper in this journal by Nielsen et al. (1995). The present paper summarises main points of the climate during 1996.

Open system, or more correctly, hydraulic pingos, are genetically poorly understood. A continuing problem concerns their need for a perennial groundwater supply (intra- or sub-permafrost). This has to be maintained despite the existence of continuous permafrost in many areas where they are located. Recent work on Disko Island has suggested a new type of hydraulic pingo developing only in a “marsh environment”. It is argued that the marsh setting is not relevant to the formation of these features and that they are simply hydraulic pingos.

Abstract

A group of marsh initiated open system pingo remnants from the Iterdlagssûp kûgssua valley mouth, in Mellemfjord, Disko Island, Central West Greenland was described in Christiansen (1995). Gurney and Worsley (1997) state that the location of this group of pingo remnants in the Iterdlagssûp kûgssua valley mouth is of no relevance to their genesis, and that they presumably were the result of an assumed late Holocene sea level regression, causing permafrost to be established in the valley bottom. In this reply the arguments by Gurney and Worsley (1997) on the Iterdlagssûp kûgssua valley pingos are commented, and it is argued by way of sea level information, frost penetration and water supply that the special setting must indeed have caused pingo initiation and growth. Furthermore, the area has experienced a relative sea level rise during the late Holocene.     

烟台外夹河东岸湿地的生态保护和恢复研究

在对外夹河东岸湿地自然地理概况、空间格局和资源现状等进行综合分析的基础上,通过分析湿地保护和恢复面临的问题,提出水系安全格局、水岸空间恢复、植物配置、动物多样性恢复等保护和恢复策略,为该地区的生态保护与可持续发展提供参考。     

中国沿海造船工业发展与展望

中国是古老的造船国家，目前已发展成为世界第三大造船国，是具有船舶产量发展速度快、技术含量高、具备国际性产业基本特征的工业部门。文章分析了我国造船工业分布的现状特征、存在问题与差距。对我国造船工业特别是在加入WTO后，如何进一步发展，提出了措施与对策。     

深圳海岸壶穴的形态及空间分布特征

对广东深圳西冲湾海滩东侧基岩海岸上壶穴的形态特征进行详细测量并对其位置和高程做三角高程测量。结合野外观测结果从经典统计学和空间统计学的角度定量地描述壶穴的形态和空间分布特征及其在基岩海岸发育过程中的地貌作用。研究得出以下结论：西冲海岸壶穴趋向形成于节理、断裂、层面等岩体软弱带,壶穴的形态和分布受这些软弱带控制,但形成于软弱带的具体位置却是随机的;西冲海岸壶穴的形成、扩大和加深实际上是对二级平台产生破坏,但壶穴以现代低潮线为下蚀极限;海岸壶穴是现代海岸动力侵蚀过程的产物,只要动力、岩石条件适合,壶穴随时都可形成;海岸壶穴的形态不仅与流水动力有关,而且与岩石硬度及壶穴发育过程有关;海岸壶穴与河流壶穴一样,可以在形成于各种类型的岩石,起源于各种各样的凹坑;海岸与河流的水动力差异导致了海岸壶穴和河流壶穴形态差异。     

华南弧形海岸岸线形态与地貌发育模式

利用主成分分解方法对华南34个典型弧形海岸线形态指标进行研究,同时分析华南弧形海岸的沉积、动力及其地貌等特征,结果表明：(1) 华南弧形海岸的形态具有多样性与复杂性特征。(2) 波浪的入射方向对海岸的形态发育不起作用,海湾的开口和波浪强度是海岸形态发生变化的重要因子。(3) 华南弧形海岸体系的地貌发育模式一般由堡岛、潟湖及其潮汐通道组成,并主要可分为海湾偏E型、海湾偏S型、海湾偏W型和海湾偏N型等4种发育模式。     

A method for the analysis of ultra-trace levels of semi-volatile and non-volatile organic compounds in snow and application to a Greenland snow pit

A method was developed to quantify a suite of organic compounds from snow melt water samples present at trace level concentrations, using a dichloromethane liquid–liquid extraction and GC–MS. Samples from a 3-m snow pit sampled in 2005 from Summit, Greenland were analyzed using the method developed, and a profile of organics over the past 4 years was compiled. Supporting data including the concentrations of total organic carbon (TOC), low molecular weight acids, and trace elements were determined using well established methods. The results show that low molecular weight acids contribute a significant percentage, up to 20%, of the measured TOC. Hopanes were measured quantitatively for the first time in Greenland snow. Hopanes, as well as PAHs, are at very low concentrations and contribute 0.0002–0.004% to TOC. Alkanes and alkanoic acids were also quantified, and contribute less than 1% and up to 7%, respectively to TOC. No apparent seasonal pattern was found for specific classes of organic compounds in the snow pit. The lack of seasonal pattern may be due to post-depositional processing.     

Role of landscape parameters in riverine run-off,and sediment and organic matter yield on Disko Island,West Greenland

Measurements of discharge and suspended sediment and organic matter yield from nine different drainage basins on the island Disko in central West Greenland were carried out in the period 19–30 July 1997. A series of landscape properties (glacier cover, altitude, slope, aspect and vegetation cover) were measured for each drainage basin from a digital elevation model and a satellite image. Principal Component Analysis and regression statistics have been used to examine which landscape parameters dominate the measured discharges and yields. It is concluded that differences in suspended sediment and organic matter yield between the drainage basins can be explained by the measured morphometric properties while differences in water run-off can not. Glacier cover percentage and percent area above 800 m a.s.l. were the most important parameters influencing suspended sediment and organic matter yield in the drainage basins on Disko during the study period.     

Zooarchaeological Analysis of a Late Dorset and an Early Thule Dwelling at Cape Grinnell,Northwest Greenland

Geografisk Tidsskrift—Danish Journal of Geography 110(2):315–336, 2010

Excavations were undertaken at the site of Cape Grinnell, Northwest Greenland, by the Inglefield Land Archaeology Project in 2008. A well-preserved Late Dorset semi-subterranean mid-passage dwelling and an early Thule semi-subterranean sod-block house yielded radiocarbon dates of ca. 700–500 cal. B.P. Faunal remains from both structures had marked differences in species diversity suggesting Late Dorset had a wider diet breadth and made more intensive use of locally available resources than early Thule. Spatial analysis of the house interiors revealed that Late Dorset tended to concentrate carcass processing and discard at the rear of their dwelling and bone burning is minimal. The early Thule processed their food in two main areas: in front of the sleeping platform and on the central paving stones adjacent to the storage alcove. Burned bone was concentrated near the sleeping platform and to a lesser extent on the central paving in front of the entrance. Carnivore gnawing was virtually non-existent in the Late Dorset structure but ubiquitous across the early Thule structure.     

海南昌江县海滨土地风沙化及其环境整治

昌江县海滨土地风沙化主要是由于昌化江、珠碧江两大河流及研究区其它西流水系源头及沿岸森林植被遭到严重破坏,水土流失日趋严重,生态环境恶化;恶劣的气候条件;盲目开发等原因所致。针对上述原因和研究区土地风沙化状况,海南省和昌江县林业部门开展了一系列治沙造林试验研究,主要技术措施是:①先固沙,后造林,为造林幼苗生长创造有利条件;②用木麻黄大苗、壮苗带营养袋深栽造林;③采用"旱天造林"新技术,确保造林质量。该试验研究已取得成功,但还是存在一些问题,如木麻黄枯梢较为严重;垂直于主风方向的露兜行成活率较低;治沙林树种单调;后期管理差等。为此,本文提出了有关解决问题的建议:①造林过程中施加稀土微肥,以增强治沙林的抗逆性等;②增加与主风方向垂直的露兜行行数,提高网格固沙露兜的成活率;③扩大藤本植物种植面积,以增强固沙能力;④尝试引进其它地区固沙效果较好的物种,以增强抵御自然灾害的能力;⑤在防风林中立体套种适于生长的经济作物,以林养林;⑥加大投入,加强管理,加强环保教育,以确保治沙造林任务的顺利进行和环岛海防林的早日保质保量合拢。     

典型海岸线指标识别与特征研究——以江苏中部海岸为例

从海岸线空间资源监测和综合管理出发,对高潮线、湿地线、海堤线、堤坝线、植被线、水边线等典型海岸线指标类型和特征进行了探讨,并以江苏中部海岸为例,利用遥感技术提取2014年海岸线指标,并采用基线法和统计方法对海岸线指标空间分布及海岸演变特征进行了分析。结果显示：① 江苏中部射阳河口与梁垛河口之间岸段海岸线指标总体呈西北东南走向,自陆向海依次为湿地线、海堤线、堤坝线、高潮线、植被线和水边线,湿地线与水边线之间的湿地总面积达1 178.94 km²;② 海滨湿地总体呈宽通道分布态势,总体纵深北高南低,其中湿地线-海堤线间平均纵深3 704 m,海堤线-堤坝线间平均纵深3 418 m,堤坝线-平均大潮高潮线间平均纵深447 m,高潮线-植被线间平均纵深984 m,植被线-水边线间平均纵深1 836 m;③ 海岸潮滩围垦长期活跃,尚未开发的潮上带区域仅分布在2个保护区岸段,潮间带盐沼在各个岸段均有分布,潮间带光滩保持了海岸总体冲淤态势,自北向南纵深逐步增大。     

Re-exposed basement landforms in the Disko region, West Greenland — disregarded data for estimation of glacial erosion and uplift modelling

Classifications of large-scale landscapes in Greenland have traditionally been based on type and intensity of glacial erosion, with the general idea that present landforms are mainly the result of erosion from ice sheets and glaciers. However, on southern Disko and in areas offshore in Disko Bugt, a basement surface has preserved remnants of weathered gneiss and pre-Paleocene landforms, recently exhumed from Paleocene basalt. Isolated hills and lineaments have been mapped in a digital terrain model and aerial photographs. Offshore have hills been mapped from seismic lines. The medium size bedrock forms on southern Disko as tors, clefts and roche moutonées have been studied in the field. Remnant saprolites were inventoried, sampled and analysed according to grain size and clay mineralogy. The basement surface retains saprolites up to 8 m thick in close relation to the cover rocks. The landforms in the basement rocks belong essentially to an etched surface only slightly remodelled by glacial erosion and, below the highest coastline, also by wave action. The outline of hills is governed by two lineament directions, ENE–WSW representing the schistocity of the gneiss and NW–SE fracture zones. These structures are thus interpreted to have been exploited by the deep weathering while the frequent N–S lineaments have not and thus might be younger. Main ice-flow has been from the NE and has resulted in plucking of SW facing lee sides, however the resulting bedrock forms are mainly controlled by structures and orientation of joints. The identification of re-exposed sub-Paleocene etch forms on Disko and the hills of similar size offshore, forming a hilly relief, have implications for identification of a hilly relief south of Disko Bugt, its relation to younger planation surfaces as well as for conclusions of uplift events.     

苏北盐城海岸带景观格局时空变化及驱动力分析

利用RS、GIS手段研究分析了盐城海岸带景观格局的时空变化及其驱动力因子。结果表明：在1983～2000年间,景观斑块数量倍增,平均斑块面积大幅度减小,景观基质构成由比重势均的人工、自然景观变成了以耕地、水域为主的人工景观;海岸带景观异质性整体上有减弱的趋势,主要表现为多样性指数降低、破碎化指数增大、分维数减小,而在空间和类型上又有异于整体的表现;自然地理条件、人口增长、经济收益差异、政府政策是导致盐城海岸带景观格局变化及其区域差异的主要驱动力;随着滩涂围垦利用等人类干扰的不断增加,海岸带景观生态环境保护与经济开发之间的矛盾将愈发突出。     

Recent marginal changes of the Mittivakkat Glacier,Southeast Greenland and the discovery of remains of reindeer (Rangifer tarandus), polar bear (Ursus maritimus) and peaty material

Geografisk Tidsskrift, Danish Journal of Geography 108(1):137–142, 2008

During field observations in August 2005 antler remains of a reindeer were found at a recently deglaciated site at about 500 m asl., and bones from a polar bear were found at about 300 m asl. along the margin of Mittivakkat Glacier, Southeast Greenland. Radio carbon dating determined the age of the samples to 720 ¹⁴C years and 350 ¹⁴C years, respectively. In August 2006 old surface vegetation covering peaty material became exposed due to ice recession close to the site where the antler was found. The radio carbon age of small roots from the material was determined to 1530 ¹⁴C years, and is in agreement with dating of woody remains of Salix glauca found close by, at the top of a nearby nunatak in 1999. The antler indicates that reindeer lived in the area when the glacier began to advance from a position where it was close to or smaller than today. The vegetation surface and peaty material indicate that the climate was warmer before the onset of the Little Ice Age in Southeast Greenland than today.