The Hawaii-2 Observatory

A permanent deep ocean scientific research facility-the Hawaii-2 Observatory (H2O)-was installed on the retired HAW-2 commercial submarine telephone cable in September 1998. H2O consists of a seafloor submarine cable termination and junction box in 5000 m of water located halfway between Hawaii and California. The H2O infrastructure was installed from a large research vessel using the Jason ROV and standard over-the-side gear. The junction box provides two-way digital communication at variable data rates of up to 80 kbit/s using the RS-422 protocol and a total of 400 W of power for both junction box systems and user equipment. Instruments may be connected by an ROV to the junction box at 8 wet-mateable connectors. The H2O junction box is a "smart" design, which incorporates redundancy to protect against failure and allows full control of instrument functionality from shore. Initial instrumentation at the H2O site includes broad-band seismometer and hydrophone packages     

A single-ship telemetric seismic refraction system

A telemetering, recoverable, sonobuoy system for seismic refraction surveying using a single ship is described. The novel feature of the system is two-way telemetry between ship and buoys, enabling the setting of gain controls in the buoys and conservation of battery power between recording periods. This makes it possible to have several widely separated buoys simultaneously record the shots. Thus a reversed or multiple-reversed profile is obtained from a single line of shots. By careful design of the telemetry system, a maximum range of 50 km is achieved with an antenna height of only 50 ft on the ship.     

拉蒙特-多尔蒂地球观测所的海底地震仪（OBS）

我们的海底地震仪（OBS）实验室正在研究和实验一种先进的仪器,用于测量海底在不同测量尺度时的变形。我们的初步研究是在国家科学基金海底地震仪组（OBSIP）的支持下,与伍滋霍尔海洋研究所及斯克里普斯海洋研究所合作下进行的。拉蒙特海底地震仪组（OBSIP）能够支持国家和国际科学委员会在海底长期测量宽带海底地震检波器。这些复杂的仪器必须能够放在海底,并且记录地震波时间达一年以上,     

The global endo-drainage system: Prospects of seismic prediction

Any natural phenomenon (process) occurs, develops, and dies away within a specific environment. Therefore, a study of its development patterns and forecast of its occurrence or extinction requires thorough knowledge of the host environment. In view of this, we have considered some characteristic features of the structure and functioning of the global endo-drainage system (GEDS) as a geological medium where all the seismic zones are concentrated and most of the major earthquakes in the world occur. We have described the basic principles of regional hydrogeodeformatics, which gives a methodology for the strain-field monitoring of extensive geological objects aimed at the short-term prediction of strong and devastating earthquakes. Based on data from long-term monitoring over the evolution of the earth’s hydrogeodeformation (HGD) field, we show some examples of possible earthquake predictions.     

Marine 3D seismic volumes from 2D seismic survey with large streamer feathering

Marine Geophysical Research - Strong ocean current influences a marine seismic survey and forces the streamer off-course from the survey line. The sideway drift of the streamer results in that the...     

A high-resolution seismic profiling system using a deep-towed horizontal hydrophone streamer

A seismic reflection profiling system utilising a surface air gun source and a deep-towed horizontal hydrophone streamer has been developed for high resolution studies in the deep ocean. The instrument is deployed on a conventional armoured single conductor cable at depths of up to 6 km. Seismic data from the 30 m long streamer is wide-band frequency modulated up the towing cable to the ship together with a high frequency monitor from a 3.5 kHz echo-sounder mounted on the instrument package. The geometry of the system allows an order of magnitude improvement in spatial resolution compared with that obtained from standard surface source/receiver configurations. The summed hydrophones of the streamer attenuate cable-generated mechanical noise, and the 3.5 kHz sea-surface and bottom reflected returns provide receiver positioning information. The system has been successfully deployed at depths of 5 km in the Vema Fracture Zone in the North Atlantic, and although initially difficulties were experienced in balancing the streamer, subsequent profiles across the transform fault show details of sub-bottom structure which on conventional surface records are generally masked by diffraction hyperbolae.     

小排列高分辨多道地震系统在岱山岛大桥工程中的应用

对运用小排列高分辨多道地震系统获取的岱山岛大桥附近海域高精度的地震数据进行了综合分析和处理,查明了调查区域的工程地质条件,并对两个桥址方案进行了地质条件的对比。采用的地震系统参数:拖缆为24道,道间距为2 m,偏移距为46 m,枪容积为10 in3,频带范围为1~1 000Hz。结果表明:(1)采用了统一方法和流程对岱山岛大桥工程中所获得的地震数据进行分析、处理,保证了两种选址方案调查结果的一致性。(2)舟山本岛-岱西桥位(方案Ⅰ)和舟山本岛-双合山桥位(方案Ⅱ)海底地形平缓,不存在海底滑坡体等不良地质现象,调查区域虽分别有6条和5条断裂,但所有断层的上覆第四系均未发生错断,断裂均为非活动性断裂,两个方案桥位线均具有建桥的良好工程地质条件。(3)与单道地震相比,小排列高分辨多道地震系统能得到更为丰富的地层反射地震数据,而该系统比传统的多道反射地震方法具有作业方便、经济的优势,可见,该调查方法适用于近岸区域浅水工程环境的地质调查工作,是一种方便、实用和经济的地质调查手段。     

The Long-term Ecosystem Observatory: an integrated coastalobservatory

An integrated ocean observatory has been developed and operated in the coastal waters off the central coast of New Jersey, USA. One major goal for the Long-term Ecosystem Observatory (LEO) is to develop a real-time capability for rapid environmental assessment and physical/biological forecasting in coastal waters. To this end, observational data are collected from satellites, aircrafts, ships, fixed/relocatable moorings and autonomous underwater vehicles. The majority of the data are available in real-time allowing for adaptive sampling of episodic events and are assimilated into ocean forecast models. In this observationally rich environment, model forecast errors are dominated by uncertainties in the model physics or future boundary conditions rather than initial conditions. Therefore, ensemble forecasts with differing model parameterizations provide a unique opportunity for model refinement and validation. The system has been operated during three annual coastal predictive skill experiments from 1998 through 2000. To illustrate the capabilities of the system, case studies on coastal upwelling and small-scale biological slicks are discussed. This observatory is one part of the expanding network of ocean observatories that will form the basis of a national observation network     

水下自动监测站的结构设计和试验

介绍了水下自动监测站的结构构成;围绕剖面测量功能的实现,论述了在总体设计、集成框架、浮动平台、驱传动系统、实时数据传输、剖面运动控制、试验和维护等方面应注意的主要问题以及采取的具体措施,供有关人员参考交流.     

基于GIS的海洋地震数据管理系统的设计与实现

基于大型Oracle数据库管理系统和先进的空间数据引擎SDE技术,将SEG-Y格式海洋地震数据与地理信息系统相结合,并按照“航次—测线—点”的数据组织结构设计了海洋地震数据库.论文首先总结了当前流行的地震数据组织和访问方式,然后阐述了地震数据管理系统的设计方案,最后介绍了数据查询、数据库管理、SEG-Y地震数据查看和地...     

一种新型潜浮式深海地震仪的设计与试验

鉴于国内外海洋地震台网的缺乏, 本文介绍了一种面向全球海域应用的漂浮式海底地震接收系统(mobile earthquake recording in marine areas by independent divers, MERMAID)。针对潜浮式地震仪MERMAID浮标的研发过程, 建立了浮标的总体设计要求与典型工作循环流程, 设计了液压式浮力调节系统、机械结构等, 并对比分析了不同转速及负浮力下潜过程, 最后进行了实验室压力检测和千岛湖湖试。试验结果表明, 该浮标能在15MPa压力下保持良好的密封性与稳定性, 利用水听器可以有效地采集到天然地震纵波(P波), 同时计算各模块单个周期的能耗, 以验证设计指标。     

国际海底观测网络的发展及现状

海底观测网络是推动海洋科学技术发展,了解地球环境系统的重要基础,也是帮助人类了解海洋从而促进全球经济发展的重要方法。文章回顾了各国在海底观测系统发展过程中的研究计划和建设情况;介绍了当前各国海底观测网络及其投入业务应用后,在多学科综合观测、多网络交互融合、数据交换利用以及海洋科学应用等方面的发展方向,对我国海底观测探测网络建设,深海新型传感器发展,海底观测网标准化体系完善等方向进行了分析展望。     

Mine Burial Experiments at the Martha's Vineyard Coastal Observatory

Several experiments to measure postimpact burial of seafloor mines by scour and fill have been conducted near the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution's Martha's Vineyard Coastal Observatory (MVCO, Edgartown, MA). The sedimentary environment at MVCO consists of a series of rippled scour depressions (RSDs), which are large scale bedforms with alternating areas of coarse and fine sand. This allows simultaneous mine burial experiments in both coarse and fine sand under almost identical hydrodynamic forcing conditions. Two preliminary sets of mine scour burial experiments were conducted during winters 2001-2002 in fine sand and 2002-2003 in coarse sand with a single optically instrumented mine in the field of view of a rotary sidescan sonar. From October 2003 to April of 2004, ten instrumented mines were deployed along with several sonar systems to image mine behavior and to characterize bedform and oceanographic processes. In fine sand, the sonar imagery of the mines revealed that large scour pits form around the mines during energetic wave events. Mines fell into their own scour pits, aligned with the dominant wave crests and became level with the ambient seafloor after several energetic wave events. In quiescent periods, after the energetic wave events, the scour pits episodically infilled with mud. After several scour and infilling events, the scour pits were completely filled and a layer of fine sand covered both the mines and the scour pits, leaving no visible evidence of the mines. In the coarse sand, mines were observed to bury until the exposed height above the ripple crests was approximately the same as the large wave orbital ripple height (wavelengths of 50-125 cm and heights of 10-20 cm). A hypothesis for the physical mechanism responsible for this partial burial in the presence of large bedforms is that the mines bury until they present roughly the same hydrodynamic roughness as the orbital-scale bedforms present in coarse sand.     

海底观测网技术进展与发展趋势

海底观测网络由于其特有的能源供给与信息传输优势,受到了广泛关注与重视。文中简要回顾了国内外海底观测网技术的发展现状,并就海底观测网技术发展趋势进行了探讨。     

A network-based telemetry architecture developed for the Martha'sVineyard Coastal Observatory

Underwater observatories with real-time data and virtually unlimited power transmission capabilities compared to traditional oceanographic moorings are beginning to provide scientists with continuous access to the coastal and open ocean. However, for any coastal observatory to serve as a cost-effective system for the collection of long-term scientific and environmental data, it must have a simple, upgradeable power and telemetry system and an instrument interface that is compatible with existing standards. It must be designed for extended environmental exposure and ease of service to avoid high maintenance costs. Most importantly, the observatory must be accessible to all potential users, including students, scientists, engineers, and policy makers. This strategy was applied to the design of the Martha's Vineyard Coastal Observatory on the south shore of the island of Martha's Vineyard. The new facility, and in particular its system architecture, as developed by the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution with support from the National Science Foundation, are described     

海陆地震联测:相邻地震台站的信号及震相特征对比

2004年作者在香港外海域进行了一次海陆地震联测实验,文章利用此次实验中的两个相邻固定台站珠海台和澳门台所记录的气枪信号数据,从波形、波谱特性和震相等方面分析了相邻地震台站对气枪信号的响应特征.结果显示,来自不同距离处的地震波波形和波谱特征在同一台站上变化不大,但在不同台站上的响应有所差别,珠海台受背景噪声影响更为强烈,其信号波形扰动大,具有较多高频成分,优势频率响应比较尖锐,而澳门台响应则比较平缓.对研究区下方速度结构进行了二维结构模拟,分析了台站附近速度结构对地震波到时的影响.珠海台PmP震相走时相对滞后,由于深圳断裂带穿过两台站之间,其引起的花岗岩基底破碎或上地壳厚度的差异都可能导致珠海台基底地震波速度的降低,这可能也是引起两台站对相同震源信号具有不同波形及波谱响应的因素之一.     

海洋多道地震拖缆数据实时传输系统的设计与实现

为满足深拖式高分辨多道地震勘探需求,设计并实现了海洋地震拖缆数据的实时传输系统。系统由数传包与地震采集站连接组成,采用推荐标准485(Recommended Standards 485,RS485)串行总线实现了采集站与数传包的物理连接,利用低电压差分信号(Low-Voltage Differential Signaling,LVDS)、预加重/均衡器、8位/10位(8 bit/10 bit)编码等技术实现了数传包之间的通信链路。设计了无等待反馈重传的差错控制方法,提高系统高效性和可靠性;在现场可编程门阵列(Field Programmable Gate Array,FPGA)内部采用先进先出(First Input First Output,FIFO)构建多优先级任务队列的多级流水线设计,解决了大容量数据并发而产生的数据漏帧问题。在实验室用已知正弦信号对系统进行了对比测试,结果表明系统能够满足海洋多道地震勘探的数据传输需求,对于海洋多道高分辨率地震资料的可靠获取具有重要的意义。     

海底观测网发展现状及趋势研究

文中详细研究了当前世界上最典型的海底观测网的建设发展规模、形式、设备类型以及我国海底观测网的发展现状,并对国内外海底观测网的发展趋势进行总结。对日本、加拿大、美国及欧洲的海底观测网进行了设备级研究,对我国台湾地区、东海、南海的海底观测网现状进行了研究,并讨论了国外先进观测网对我国的海底观测网建设的借鉴意义。文中总结出海底观测网发展的整体趋势为:单节点网络加速验证新型设备及传感器的水下能力;区域尺度网络用于加速多学科发展并提升灾害预警能力;而浮标平台网络作为补充,铺设在远海区域以降低阶段建设成本。     

SRME技术在澳大利亚Timer Sea地区的应用

表面多次波压制（SRME）技术是目前应用效果较好的多次波衰减技术。在介绍多次波类型和常见压制方法的基础上,引出SRME方法。基于平面波传播模型讨论SRME技术的基本原理,以及针对实际地震数据的迭代预测和减去方法,结合该技术的特点给出实际地震数据应用流程。澳大利亚Timer Sea地区海洋地震资料应用实例表明SRME这种数据驱动的表面多次波压制方法非常实用,尤其对崎岖海底多次波有显著效果。     

地震综合解释技术在JDZ2区块储层预测中的应用

迅速发展的地震技术为油气勘探提供了有力的技术支持。近年来全三维地震解释技术、储层反演技术、地震属性提取技术、谱分解技术、AVO分析技术等综合解释技术在油气勘探中起着重要的作用。通过JDZ2区块目标区地震综合解释应用效果分析,总结出适合本地区储层预测的关键有效的几种技术。