天水市麦积区税湾地震黄土滑坡特征及其形成机制

以天水市税湾地震黄土滑坡为例, 依据野外调查和室内测试结果, 总结天水地区历史地震黄土滑坡特点, 剖析地震黄土滑坡发生的力学机制, 初步提出历史地震黄土滑坡的识别标志。税湾滑坡及柳沟右岸滑坡群属典型的地震黄土滑坡, 具有规模大、滑动面切割深、滑坡坡度小、成群成带分布和高位下滑等特点, 可作为识别历史地震黄土滑坡的重要标志。税湾滑坡及柳沟右岸滑坡群坡体具有明显的黄土/泥岩二元斜坡结构, 极易沿黄土/泥岩接触面滑动。当坡体受到地震力作用时, 地震产生的循环动荷载一方面降低滑坡岩土体的抗剪强度, 另一方面改变滑坡体的力学状态, 坡体应力平衡遭到破坏, 地震力增加坡体下滑力、减小坡体抗滑力, 导致坡体失稳发生滑坡。目前, 税湾滑坡处于欠稳定状态, 遇地震或强降雨有可能再次失稳下滑, 因而有必要进一步开展地震黄土滑坡的成灾模式研究, 为潜在强震区防灾减灾提供科学依据。      

延安市阳崖黄土边坡开挖破坏离心模拟试验研究

人工开挖是黄土地区滑坡形成的主要诱发因素之一,开挖导致斜坡一定范围内产生卸荷回弹和应力重分布,斜坡应力重新平衡的过程伴随着斜坡形变,甚至破坏。延安市宝塔区枣园镇阳崖滑坡为典型开挖诱发的黄土边坡,本文选取阳崖滑坡为地质原型,采用TLJ-500大型土工离心机对边坡坡脚开挖状态下变形破坏过程进行模拟试验,通过对模型控制点监测数据分析,研究边坡坡脚开挖前后坡体形变位移特征、坡体内部土压力响应特征以及边坡变形破坏机理。结果表明:坡脚开挖后临空面附近产生局部垮塌,其坡体位移、潜在滑移面以及拉张裂缝均由坡体前缘往后部渐进性变化发展。开挖后坡体内部产生明显的应力松弛,且越靠近开挖面卸荷效应越明显,开挖主要影响坡体的中前部分,对坡体后部影响较小甚至无影响,分析得知坡体变形破坏机理为典型的渐进后退式。     

黄土-泥岩接触面滑坡的特征与成因

黄土-泥岩接触面滑坡是黄土沿下伏泥岩等接触面滑动的黄土滑坡, 是黄土高原广泛分布的主要黄土滑坡类型之一. 黄土-泥岩接触面滑坡发育的黄土斜坡一般为坡度10°～20°的地势低洼部位. 上部黄土、下部泥质岩的“双层异质”斜坡结构, 倾向坡外的接触面构成的软弱结构面, 是黄土-泥岩接触面滑坡发育的地质基础. 地下水作用是黄土-泥岩接触面滑坡的重要引发因素. 斜坡上部黄土的渗透性较好, 且垂直节理和落水洞发育, 有利于降水入渗, 而下部泥质岩的渗透性差, 地下水易在接触面及其低洼部位汇集, 使黄土底部接触面一带岩土长期处于过湿软塑-饱和状态, 成为滑坡发育的软弱结构面. 黄土-泥岩接触面滑坡具有滑动速度低、滑动距离短, 滑体稳定性差、易复活滑动等活动特征. 受斜坡地质结构和水文地质条件的控制, 黄土-泥岩接触面滑坡变形破坏的地质力学模式为滑移-拉裂型或塑流-拉裂型.     

孙水河流域阿坡洛滑坡成灾机理分析

阿坡洛滑坡位于四川省凉山州喜德县境内孙水河上游一级支流阿坡洛沟右岸,为暴雨诱发的大型滑坡。研究揭示,该滑坡发育于攀西红层区内,受褶皱构造影响,区内岩体破碎,产状多变。河谷下切过程中,斜坡在重力作用下坡体沿缓倾坡外的结构面,发生滑移和拉裂,导致滑坡前缘弯曲变形。地表水的不断入渗导致坡体中软弱夹层进一步弱化,坡体容重不断增加,坡体稳定性进一步降低,为坡体大规模的滑动失稳奠定了基本条件。2012年8·31特大暴雨最终触发了阿坡洛滑坡的发生。     

天水锻压机床厂滑坡变形破坏机制及形成演化

天水锻压机床厂滑坡(1.4×106 m3)发生于1990年8月11日, 滑坡体主要由次生黄土组成, 滑床为第四系黄土和新近系泥岩, 滑坡沿黄土-泥岩接触面发生, 属黄土接触面滑坡。通过野外调查和工程钻探对锻压机床厂滑坡变形破坏机制及形成演化进行研究, 结果表明, 该滑坡变形破坏方式表现为滑移-拉裂式, 受区内二元斜坡结构控制, 是在工程切坡和降雨、灌溉等诱发因素作用下形成; 其形成演化经历了高陡边坡形成期→滑坡孕育期→滑动面贯通临界期→滑坡启动下滑堆积期→滑坡复活变形期等过程。该滑坡目前处于欠稳定状态, 遇地震或强降雨等作用, 极有可能再次复活下滑。研究成果可为该类滑坡的防治预警提供理论依据。      

奉节白衣庵老苍屋新滑坡成因分析

通过对奉节白衣庵古滑坡体上发生在老苍屋附近的新滑坡的现场调查、地质钻孔勘探以及降雨坡面产流的调查情况,结合对滑坡边界的演化、渗入坡体水的软化作用等因素的分析,阐明了该滑坡发生的主要原因是降雨产流汇聚形成冲沟,而冲沟对坡体坡角的不断下切使其逐渐丧失了支撑。此外,降雨坡面的入渗增加了上覆荷载以及土石介质遇水软化的效应,也是滑坡发生的原因之一。滑坡前缘的冲沟坡降急剧下切也为滑动的持续提供了客观的地质条件。最后,对滑后坡体的治理方案进行出了初步地探讨。     

黄土崩塌的形成因素及其影响范围的确定方法

黄土崩塌是黄土地区常见的一种地质灾害,威胁着人类生产生活的安全。通过现场调查,认为黄土崩塌形成的内因主要为黄土土性特征、节理裂隙切割程度,外因主要为降雨作用、人类工程活动及生物活动。根据黄土崩塌常见的运动形式,提出崩塌体自由飞落及滚动情况下影响范围的理论公式。实例计算表明:若坡底地面水平,无论什么运动方式,崩塌影响范围为斜坡高度的0.4～0.6倍。随着坡度的变陡,崩滑距与斜坡坡高的比值也变大。当崩塌体自由飞落时,崩塌体的影响范围和碰撞点前的坡度有关。当崩塌体在坡面滑动时,崩塌体的影响范围和斜坡的坡度有关。研究结果可作为黄土地区黄土崩塌致灾范围预测方法,为黄土崩塌的防治提供理论依据。     

基于物理模拟实验的黑方台黄土滑坡破坏机理研究

在黑方台地区,由于长年的灌溉引发了大量的黄土滑坡,以焦家4#滑坡为例,对该滑坡进行了近景摄影测量分析以及详细的野外调查工作,对黄土滑坡破坏机理进行研究。结果表明:黄土滑坡破坏前期后缘开始发育大量裂缝,破坏后后缘呈圈椅状,滑动面处于液态化的状态,滑体软弱松散,是该区危害最大的一类滑坡。建立物理模型模拟该滑坡的破坏过程,结果表明:该滑坡演化过程中,边坡中后部率先出现裂缝,逐渐向坡面发展,裂缝方向顺着斜坡坡面方向,最后贯穿滑坡体。边坡破坏时,孔隙水压力激增,导致黄土液化,强度降低,前缘塑性流出,边坡破坏;表面位移量达到最大,表明该滑坡具有明显的突发性特征。     

贵州水城“7·23”特大山体滑坡

2019年7月23日20时40分,贵州省水城县鸡场镇坪地村岔沟组发生特大型山体滑坡。滑坡平面形态成长条形。滑体启动后沿坡面2条原有冲沟铲刮,扩容加速,受凸起地形阻挡,部分于堆积坡体中上部堆积,其余转为高速碎屑流下滑,冲击坡面居民点,共涉及23户、77人,27栋房屋,其中21栋被埋。截至7月29日,死亡42人,失联9人。     

管道穿越黄土陡坡斜井工程稳定性分析

长输油气管道工程频遇黄土冲沟,给管线的施工和安全运营带来了困难。基于邓肯-张非线性弹性本构模型,利用数值模拟方法,对斜井开挖法穿越边坡的井周及坡体的受力变形规律进行了系统的研究和分析。结果表明,在确保斜井布设在边坡潜在的最危险滑动面以外的前提下,坡顶斜井入口越接近坡肩,斜井井周及坡体的稳定性越好。鉴于黄土斜井拱顶易出现塌落的问题,基于多工况数值模拟分析结果,结合响应面方法,构建了拱顶屈服区深度的预测公式,经验证相关性良好,可用于对斜井穿越黄土冲沟或陡坡的支护设计。     

The terrestrial fauna of the Late Triassic Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry fissures,South Wales,UK and a new species of Clevosaurus (Lepidosauria: Rhynchocephalia)

Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry in South Wales yielded a rich cache of fossils in the early 1950s, including articulated specimens of new species (the small sauropodomorph dinosaur Pantydraco caducus and the crocodylomorph Terrestrisuchus gracilis), but no substantial study of the wider fauna of the Pant-y-ffynnon fissure systems has been published. Here, our overview of existing specimens, a few described but mostly undescribed, as well as freshly processed material, provides a comprehensive picture of the Pant-y-ffynnon palaeo-island of the Late Triassic. This was an island with a relatively impoverished fauna dominated by small clevosaurs (rhynchocephalians), including a new species, Clevosaurus cambrica, described here from a partially articulated specimen and isolated bones. The new species has a dental morphology that is intermediate between the Late Triassic Clevosaurus hudsoni, from Cromhall Quarry to the east, and the younger C. convallis from Pant Quarry to the west, suggesting adaptive radiation of clevosaurs in the palaeo-archipelago. The larger reptiles on the palaeo-island do not exceed 1.5?m in length, including a small carnivorous crocodylomorph, Terrestrisuchus, and a possible example of insular dwarfism in the basal dinosaur Pantydraco.     

The effect of water on accessory phase solubility in subaluminous and peralkaline granitic melts

The solubilities of columbite, tantalite, wolframite, rutile, zircon and hafnon were determined as a function of the water contents in peralkaline and subaluminous granite melts. All experiments were conducted at 1035 °C and 2 kbar and the water contents of the melts ranged from nominally dry to approximately 6 wt.% H₂O. Accessory phase solubilities are not affected by the water content of the peralkaline melt. By contrast, solubilities are affected by the water content of the subaluminous melt, where the solubilities of all the accessory phases examined increase with the water content of the melt, up to 2 wt.% H₂O. At higher water contents, solubilities are nearly constant. It can be concluded that water is not an important control of accessory phase solubility, although the water content will affect diffusivities of components in the melt, thus whether or not accessory phases will be present as restite material. The solubility behaviour in the subaluminous and peralkaline melts supports previous spectroscopic studies, which have observed differences in the coordination of high field strength elements in dry vs. wet subaluminous granitic glasses, but not for peralkaline granitic glasses. Lastly, the fact that wolframite solubility increases with increasing water content in the subaluminous melt suggests that tungsten dissolved as a hexavalent species.     

Quaternary stresses revealed by calcite twinning inversion: insights from observations in the Savonnières underground quarry (eastern France)

Calcite samples were extracted both from the rock matrix and the superficial coating of a karstified fault plane of an underground quarry, located in the eastern border of the Paris basin. The karstification is dated as Quaternary. Analysis of mechanical calcite twinning reveals that only the calcite matrix has also undergone a compression trending WNW that can be attributed to the Mio-Pliocene alpine collision. Both coating and matrix have undergone a strike-slip regime with σ₁ roughly trending north–south, that could correspond to the regional present-day state of stress, a strike-slip compression rather trending NNW, modified by local phenomena. To cite this article: M. Rocher et al., C. R. Geoscience 335 (2003).     

HYDROGEOLOGY

正20141756 Chen Ruige(Mathematical College,China University of Geosciences,Beijing100083,China);Zhou Xun Numerical Simulation of Groundwater Level Fluctuation in a Coastal Confined Aquifer with Sloping Initial Groundwater Level Induced by the Tide(Geological Bulletin of China,ISSN1671-2552,CN11-4648/P,32(7),2013,p.1099-1104,6 illus.,16 refs.) Key words:confined water,groundwater level     

METAMORPHIC PETROLOGY

正20141408 Cai Jia(Institute of Geology,Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences,Beijing100037,China);Liu Fulai Petrogenesis and Metamorphic P-T Conditions of Garnet-Spinel-Biotitebearing Paragneiss in Danangou Area,Daqingshan-Wulashan Metamorphic Complex Belt(Acta Petrologica Sinica,ISSN1000-0569,CN11-1922/P,29(7),     

SERIALS

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GEOPHYSICAL EXPLORATION

正20142386An Guoying(China Aero Geophysical Survey and Remote Sensing Center for Land and Resources,Beijing 100083,China)Application of Satellite Remote Sensing in Regional Hydrogeological Investigation:Taking Cenozoic Strata in Wenquan Sheet(1∶250 000)of Karakoram Range as an Example(Geosci-     

QUATERNARY GEOLOGY & GEOMORPHOLOGY

正20141016An Chengbang(Key Laboratory of Western China’s Environmental Systems,Ministry of Education,Lanzhou University,Lanzhou 730000,China);Zhao Yongtao Lake Records during the Last Glacial Maximum from Xinjiang,NW China and Their Climatic Impli-     

PETROLEUM GEOLOGY

正20141538 Cao Qing(School of Earth Sciences and Engineering,Xi’an Petroleum University,Xi’an 710065,China);Zhao Jingzhou Characteristics and Significance of Fluid Inclusions from Majiagou Formation,Yichuan Huangling Area,Ordos Basin(Advances in Earth Science,ISSN1001-8166,CN62-1091/P,28(7),2013,p.819-828,7 illus.,3 tables,43 refs.)     

GEOCHEMISTRY

正20142002 Wei Hualing(Institute of Geophysical and Geochemical Exploration,Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences,Langfang065000,China);Zhou Guohua Element Content and Mineral Compositions in Different Sizes of Soil in Tongling Area,Anhui Province(Geological Bulletin of China,ISSN1671-2552,CN11-4648/P,32(11),2013,p.1861