Daily Meteorological Observations in Cádiz – San Fernando. Analysis of the Documentary Sources and the Instrumental Data Content (1786–1996)

Meteorological observations in the city of Cádiz are acknowledged as having been made from the middle of the 18th century onwards although they were only recorded and preserved in documentary form from 1789 onwards. Data readings were taken at the new Naval Observatory in San Fernando, ten kilometres from Cádiz, from 1797 onwards. Continuous series for temperature and atmospheric pressure at a daily resolution have been compiled and constructed from 1817 until 1996. The data series is composed of thrice daily observations made at Cádiz (1821–1880) by local observers and hourly data from Naval Observatory at San Fernando (1870–1996).     

Progress in the Study of Nonlinear Atmospheric Dynamics and Predictability of Weather and Climate in China (2007--2011)

Recent progress in the study of nonlinear atmospheric dynamics and related predictability of weather and climate in China (2007-2011) are briefly introduced in this article. Major achievements in the study of nonlinear atmospheric dynamics have been classified into two types:(1) progress based on the analysis of solutions of simplified control equations, such as the dynamics of NAO, the optimal precursors for blocking onset, and the behavior of nonlinear waves, and (2) progress based on data analyses, such as the nonlinear analyses of fluctuations and recording-breaking temperature events, the long-range correlation of extreme events, and new methods of detecting abrupt dynamical change. Major achievements in the study of predictability include the following:(1) the application of nonlinear local Lyapunov exponents (NLLE) to weather and climate predictability; (2) the application of condition nonlinear optimal perturbation (CNOP) to the studies of El Nin o-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) predictions, ensemble forecasting, targeted observation, and sensitivity analysis of the ecosystem; and (3) new strategies proposed for predictability studies. The results of these studies have provided greater understanding of the dynamics and nonlinear mechanisms of atmospheric motion, and they represent new ideas for developing numerical models and improving the forecast skill of weather and climate events.     

Corrections of Systematic Errors and Data Homogenisation in the Daily Temperature Padova Series (1725–1998)

The correction, validation and homogenisation of the long temperature series of Padova (1725–1998) are discussed. After a careful historical investigation made in order to discover the metadata concerning the series, i.e., instrument features, calibrating methodologies, operational procedures (i.e., exposure, timing and number of daily observations), instrument maintenance, relocations and instrument replacements, the series has been corrected for all the systematic errors derived from any change in the instruments or the operative methodology. Above all, correction focused on instrumental drift, scale expansion, building influence, relationship between indoor-outdoor measurements, minima and maxima evaluation from observations performed at different times, homogenisation for difference of level and change of site. Statistical tests applied to the data and the comparison with other known series has clarified some uncertainties about exposure and operational procedures that the historical analysis of metadata was unable to solve. Moreover, gaps have been filled after the comparison of the series with others of neighbouring sites. The critical work of debugging, correcting, validating and homogenising the series is essential for a correct interpretation of data, as in some cases the errors that have been corrected have been found to be greater than the climate signal. Especially in the early period, the algebraic sum of the corrections of the mean daily temperature exceeds 8 ° C, where monthly corrections can reach 6 ° C. After correction, validation and homogenisation, the linear trend of the Padova series is positive, +0.31 ° C/100 yr over the period1774–today. Looking at post-industrial warming, the temperature rise is+0.44 ° C in the last 130 years, which means +0.34 ° C/100 yr, not farfrom the above bulk average.     

Marked changes in the aerosol chemical matrix recently observed at 1780 m a.s.l. (BAPMoN mountain station) and results of first comparisons with samples obtained simultaneously at 740 m a.s.l

Summary Recently we reported on results concerning the structure of the aerosol chemical matrix in samples collected from 1972 to 1982 at a mountain observatory at 1780 m a.s.l. in a clean air region (BAPMoN-station). Trend analyses and parameterizations have been made using the meteorological environmental conditions. Sampling and measurements were continued and show in the recent past for components of mostly anthropogenic origin significant reductions. Moreover, we give for the first time results of synchronous aerosol sampling at the mountain observatory and in the neighboring valley floor at 740 m a.s.l., the horizontal distance being only 6 km. The results are analyzed statistically.

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In jüngster Zeit beobachtete starke Änderungen in der Aerosolchemischen Matrix in 1780 m NN (BAPMoN-Bergstation) und Ergebnisse erster Vergleiche mit simultanen Proben aus 740 m NN

Zusammenfassung Kürzlich wurde über Ergebnisse der Struktur der chemischen Aerosol-Matrix berichtet, welche von 1972 bis 1982 auf einem Bergobservatorium in 1780 m NN in einer Reinluftzone(BAPMoN-Station)gesammelt wurden. Trend-Analysen und Parameterisierungen mit Hilfe der meteorologischen Umweltbedingungen wurden durchgeführt. Die Probenahmen und Messungen wurden fortgesetzt und zeigen im Hinblick auf Komponenten hauptsächlich anthropogenen Ursprungs in jüngster Zeit signifikante Reduzierungen, die dargestellt werden. Außerdem werden erstmals Ergebnisse mitgeteilt aus synchronen Aerosol-Probenahmen am Bergobservatorium in 740 m NN bei nur 6 km horizontaler Distanz. Die Ergebnisse werden statistisch analysiert.

     

Determination of the concentration of chemical main and trace elements (chemical matrix) in the aerosol from 1972 to 1982 at a North-alpine pure air station at 1780 m a.s.l.

Theoretical and Applied Climatology - Aerosol particles have been separated by filter at a mountain station at 1780 m a.s.l. continuously since 1972. The station (a WMO-BAPMoN station with extended...     

七十年代全球地面气温的初步研究(三)——我国东北冷、暖夏年全球温度场的分布

本文分析我国东北地区夏季温度与全球温度场的关系。夏季东北地区出现异常的低温或高温现象不是局地的和暂时的现象,它是全球气候异常的反映。全球温度的分布在东北为冷夏或暖夏时有很大的差别。冷夏时中高纬度偏冷、温度经向差异大,低纬度偏暖。暖夏时中高纬度略偏暖,温度纬向差异大,低纬度偏冷。用统计方法分析了全球若干地区与东北地区温度场的相关,并分析了东北冷、暖夏年温度场的演变。