东海中北部海域虾类群聚结构特征及空间分布

利用1998年5月(春)、8月(夏)、11月(秋)和1999年2月(冬)在东海26°00′~33°00′N、127°00′E以西海域的虾类资源调查资料,采用聚类分析和非度量多维标度排序(nMDS)法,对该海域虾类的种类组成、优势种和多样性等群聚结构特征进行了分析,并研究了虾类群聚结构的空间分布变化。结果表明:共鉴定到的71种虾类中,对虾科和管鞭虾科种类数为最多,优势种为假长缝拟对虾Parapenaeus fissuroides、戴氏赤虾Metapenaepsis dalei、方板赤虾Metapenaepsis tenella、鹰爪虾Trachypenaeus curvirostris、中华管鞭虾Solenoceracrassicornis和葛氏长臂虾Palaemon gravieri等17种,其中,春季的优势种数量为最多(14种),秋季次之(13种),夏、冬季则较少(均为10种)。虾类多样性指数(H′)秋季为最高,夏、冬季次之,春季则最小。东海中北部海域虾类可划分为A、B、C 3个群聚,A群聚主要分布在30°30′N以北海域,主要种类有哈氏仿对虾Parapenaeopsis hardwickii、细巧仿对虾Parapenaeopsistenella、鹰爪虾、中华管鞭虾和葛氏长臂虾等广温、广盐性种类;B群聚主要分布在28°30′~30°30′N海域,主要种类有须赤虾Metapenaepsis barbata、大管鞭虾Solenocera melantho、凹管鞭虾Solenocera koellbeli和东海红虾Plesionika izumiae等高温、高盐性浅海种;C群聚主要分布在28°30′N以南海域,主要种类有菲赤虾Metapenaepsis philippi和九齿扇虾Ibacus novemdentatus等高温、高盐性外海种。不同类型群聚的空间分布呈现重叠交错,故没有明显的划分边界,但密集分布的海域有所不同。不同群聚间虾类组成的季节变化具有一定的连续性,这保证了整个海域虾类分布的稳定性。     

东海北部海域虾类不同生态类群分布及其渔业

本文根据1986～1991年对东海北部海域（26°00’～326°00’N，100m水深以浅）虾是调查资料，研究了不同虾类的栖息水深与调查区水系分布之间的关系，把本海区的虾类资源划分为广温低盐，广温广盐和高温高盐三个生态类群，并阐明各生态类群及主要种类的分布特点。文中还叙述了东海区拖虾渔业的发展现状，讨论了今后的发展对策。     

东海虾类的生态群落与区系特征

有关东海的虾类，刘瑞玉(1959，1963，1964)、董聿茂(1959，1980，1986)等已做过大量的调查研究。近10多年来，由于东海传统的主要经济鱼类资源衰退，捕食虾类的鱼类减少，因此，使虾类生存空间扩大，这有利于虾类资源的繁衍生长，使虾类资源发生量增多，数量增长较快。东海区三省一市近几年虾类产量达到80×104~90×104t，其中浙江省为60×104~70×104t，拖虾作业已成为东海区一大作业方式，对促进海洋捕捞业的发展起重要作用。20世纪80年代中后期，我们开展了东海虾类资源开发调查，尔后又继续与拖虾生产船相结合进行监测调查，积累了一些资料，本文就东海虾类生态群落结构与区系特征进行探讨。     

东海日本对虾的数量分布和变化

根据专业拖虾调查数据和历史资料,研究了东海日本对虾的数量分布和数量变化,结果表明,调查区日本对虾的年平均渔获率为65.9g/h,夏季时较高,为136.5g/h,其次是春季时,秋、冬季时较低。冬、春季时日本对虾主要分布在26°00′～28°00′N海域,其密集中心位于100m水深区域。夏、秋季时整个调查区都有日本对虾分布,最高站位的渔获率为1000g/h以上,主要出现在夏季,且分布于长江口区和温台渔场区。整个调查区日本对虾最高现存资源量为1360.6t,比20世纪80年代中期的2485t下降了45%。还讨论了日本对虾资源量下降的主要原因和恢复日本对虾资源的主要途径。     

东海黑潮流域仔、稚鱼的种类组成

本文是中国水产科学院黄海水产研究所和国家海洋局第一海洋研究所对东海区的仔、稚鱼的种类组成及其分布研究报告之一。1984年6—7月和1984年12月—1985年1月,国家海洋局北海分局和第一海洋研究所对东海黑潮流域进行了两次大范围的综合性调查。调查范围25°00′—33°00′N,128°30′E以西。东海海区是世界上著名的渔场之一,每年鱼获量居我国首位。研究东海区的鱼卵、仔、稚鱼的种类组成和数量分布,对我们查明东海区鱼类分布范围以及生长繁殖提供了可靠的依据。对我国的渔业生产和发展将起到一定作用。近年来,国内外许多学者十分重视东海区鱼卵、仔鱼的调查和研究工作。     

南海北部大陆架和北部湾沉积物中的矿物组合及其分布特征

本文对北纬17°00′—24°00′,东经106°00′—118°00′的南海北部大陆架和北部湾表层沉积物中碎屑矿物进行了研究。共分析了143个样品,重矿物粒径为0.25—0.063mm,轻矿物为0.25—0.1mm。 一、轻矿物组合及分布特征 本海区沉积物中轻矿物在0.25—0.063mm粒级中含量高,平均为99.35％,最高可达99.90％。     

台湾海峡东部海域海樽类被囊动物的分布

本文根据对1997至1999年3个航次在台湾海峡东部海域(23°30'～25°30′N,118°30′～121°00′E)采集的大型浮游动物样品的分析,首次专文报道了该海域浮游海樽类(Thaliacea)被囊动物的种类组成和数量分布,其中夏季的种类最多(11种),数量最大,平均丰度达7445×10-3个 m3,优势种是东方双尾纽鳃樽(Thaliademocraticaorientalis)、软拟海樽(Doliolettagegenbauri)和韦氏纽鳃樽(Weeliacy lindrica),而冬季的种类和个体数量最少,仅小齿海樽(Doliolumdenticulatum)的出现率较高.文章讨论了海樽类分布与水温、盐度及浮游植物丰度的关系,并与邻近海域海樽类的分布状况作了比较.     

台湾海峡南部海水化学要素分布状况

一.概要1979年6—7月,中国科学院南海海洋研究所“实验”号在南海北部进行了一次海洋科学考察,其中在台湾海峡南面117°30′—120°00′E、21°00′—23°00′N布设7个大面站和1个连续站(见图1)的观测。海水化学要素的调查项目包括盐度、溶解氧、PH、可溶性无机磷酸盐和活性硅酸盐等,并以现场采水测定。海水中盐度的测定采用HD_2型实验室盐度计; 海水中溶解氧(下称氧)的测定采用Winker碘量法;     

台湾海峡的底层流

本文主要根据1984年2月—1988年9月在南起21°49′N,北至27°00′N的台湾海峡及其邻近海域投放“人工水母”的结果,并结合实测底层流资料,对台湾海峡底层流的基本特征进行了分析。发现:台湾海峡区的底层流一年四季都向东北方向流动;在海峡西侧的福建沿岸一带,存在着底层流的向岸流动现象;海峡东侧,底层流主要顺台湾沿岸向东北方向流动;台湾海峡的底层流在北上进入东海后,其主体仍继续沿东北方向流动,在27°00′N,122°00′E附近与来自台湾东北侧的黑潮水(黑潮次表层水)相汇,并继续北上。     

汕头近海再现短刀偏文昌鱼

早在50年代,张玺先生曾报道在汕头近海发现短刀偏文昌鱼(Asymmetron cultelbtm(Peter)],至今尚未有人再报道过。在1974年3月闽南渔场资源调查时,曾于314渔区第9小区(117°25′E,22°35′N)用浮游生物大网水平拖获1尾短刀偏文昌鱼,全长17.2mm,体高2.0mm,肌     

Microbial Biomass and Organic Nutrients in the Deep-Sea Sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin

In order to assess the impact of deep-sea mining on the in situ benthic life, we measured the microbial standing stock and concentration of organic nutrients in the deep-sea sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin in the Indian pioneer area. Sediments were collected using box core and grab samples during September 1996. The total bacterial numbers ranged from 10 10 -10 11 cells per g -1 dry weight sediment. There was a marginal decrease in the number of bacteria from surface to 30 cm depth, though the subsurface section registered a higher number than did the surface. The highest numbers were encountered at depths of 4-8 cm. The retrievable number of bacteria were two orders less in comparison with the direct total counts of bacteria. An almost homogeneous distribution of bacteria, total organic carbon, living biomass, and lipids throughout the depth of cores indicates active microbial and benthic processes in the deep sea sediments. On the other hand, a uniform distribution of total counts of bacteria, carbohydrates, and total organic carbon in all the cores indicates their stable nature and suggests that they can serve as useful parameters for long-term monitoring of the area after the benthic disturbance. Further studies on temporal variability in this region would not only verify the observed norms of distribution of these variables but would also help to understand restabilization processes after the simulated benthic disturbance.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Geoacoustic Inversion via Genetic Algorithm and Its Application to Manganese Sediment Identification

An acoustic inversion method using a wide-band signal and two near field receivers is proposed and applied to multiple layered seabed models including a manganese sediment. The inversion problem can be formulated into a probabilistic model comprised of signals, a forward model, and additive noise. The forward model simulates wide-band signals, such as chirp signals, and is chosen to be the source-waveletconvolution plane wave modeling method. The wavelet matching technique, using weighted least-squares fitting, estimates the sediment sound-speed and thickness on which determination of the possible numerical ranges for a priori uniform distribution is based. The genetic algorithm is applied to a global optimization problem to find a maximum a posteriori solution for determined a priori search space. Here the object function is defined by an L 2 norm of the difference between measured and modeled signals. Not only the marginal pdf but also its statistics are calculated by numerical evaluation of integrals using the samples selected during importance sampling process of the genetic algorithm.     

A Review of Some Environmental Issues Affecting Marine Mining

This article reviews information recently available from existing marine and coastal mining for responses to environmental issues affecting marine mining at different depths. It is particularly but not exclusively concerned with those issues affecting seabed biodiversity impact and recovery. Much information has been gathered in the past 10 years from shallow mining operations for construction aggregate, diamonds, and gold, from coastal mines discharging tailings to shallow and deep water, and from experimental deep mining tests. The responses to issues identified are summarized in a series of eight tables intended to facilitate site-specific consideration. Since impacts can spread widely in the surface mixing layer SML, and can affect the biologically productive euphotic zone, the main issues considered arise from the depth of mining relative to the SML of the sea. Where mining is below the SML, the issue is whether it is environmentally better to bring the extraction products to the surface vessel for processing (and waste discharge), or to process the extraction products as much as possible on the seabed. Responses to the issues need to be sitespecific, and dependent on adequate preoperational environmental impact and recovery prediction. For deep tailings disposal from a surface vessel, there are four important environmental unknowns: (1) the possible growth of "marine snow" (bacterial flocs) utilizing the enormous quantities of fine tailings particles (hundreds or thousands of metric tons per day) as nuclei for growth, (2) the possibility that local keystone plankton and nekton species may migrate diurnally down to and beyond the depth of deep discharge and hence be subjected to tailings impact at depth, (3) the burrow-up capability of deep benthos and their ability to survive high rates of tailings deposition, and (4) the pattern and rate of dispersion of a tailings density current through the deep water column from discharge point to seabed. Actions to obtain relevant information in general and site-specifically are suggested.     

Increased Particle Fluxes at the INDEX Site Attributable to Simulated Benthic Disturbance

Particle fluxes were measured 7 m above the sea bottom during the predisturbance, disturbance, and postdisturbance periods by using time series sediment traps attached to seven deep-sea moorings deployed in the INDEX experiment site in the Central Indian Basin. The predisturbance particle fluxes varied between 22.3 to 55.1 mg m -2 day -1 . Increased and variable particle fluxes were recorded by the sediment traps during the disturbance period. The increase observed was 0.5 to 4 times more than the background predisturbance fluxes. The increases in particle fluxes (~4 times) recorded by the sediment trap located in the southwestern direction (DMS-1) were the greatest, which could be the result of preferential movement of resuspended particles generated during the deep-sea benthic disturbance along the general current direction prevailing in this area during the experimental period. Also, the traps located closer to the disturbance area recorded greater fluxes than did the traps far away, across the Deep Sea Sediment Resuspension System path. This variability in recorded particle fluxes by the traps around the disturbance area clearly indicates that physical characteristics such as grain size and density of the resuspended particles produced during the disturbance had an important effect on particle movement. The postdisturbance measurements during ~5 days showed a reduction in particle fluxes of ~50%, indicating rapid particle settlement.     

Determination of In Situ Sediment Shear Strength from Advanced Piston Corer Pullout Forces

The advanced piston corer (APC) has been used by the Ocean Drilling Program since 1985 for recovering soft sediments from the ocean floor. The pullout force measured on extracting the core barrel from the sediment is shown to correlate with the average shear strength of the sediment core measured in the ship's laboratory. A simple rule of thumb is derived relating the shear strength of the sediment to the pullout force. Multiple APC holes at individual sites allow the consistency of the pullout measurements to be assessed. The effects of different operational procedures during APC coring are also explored. Although generally applicable, the correlation between pullout force and laboratory measurements of shear strength breaks down for some APC holes, possibly because of the disturbance of some sediment types during the APC coring process. A better understanding of the physical process of APC coring, and its effect on the properties of the sediment both inside and immediately outside the core barrel, would indicate what confidence can be put on the measurement of pullout force as a way of evaluating the in situ shear strength of deep sea sediments.     

Phylogenetic diversity and phenotypic characterization of cultivable bacterioplankton isolated from polar oceans

A set of 27 marine planktonic bacteria isolated from the polar regions was characterized by 16S rDNA sequencing and physiological and biochemical testing. More than half of these bacteria were positive for caseinase, gelatinase and 13-glucosidase, and could utilize glucose, maltose or malic acid as carbon source for cell growth. Twelve isolates expressed nitrate reduction activities. Except for one antarctic isolate BSwlO175 belonging to Actinobacteria phylum, these isolates were classified as γ-Proteobacteria, suggesting that γ-Proteobacteria dominated in cultivable marine bacterioplankton at both poles. Genus Pseudoalteromonas was the predominant group in the Chukchi Sea and the Bering Sea, and genus ShewaneUa dominated in cultivable bacterioplankton in the Prydz Bay. With sequence similarities above 97%, genus Psychrobacter was found at both poles. These 27 isolates were psychrotolerant, and significant 16S rDNA sequence similarities were found not only between arctic and antarctic marine bacteria （ 〉 99% ）, but also between polar marine bacteria and bacteria from other aquatic environments （ ≥ 98.8% ）, including temperate ocean, deep sea, pond and lake, suggesting that in the polar oceans less temperature-sensitive bacteria may be cosmopolitan and have a bipolar, even global, distribution at the species level.     

Deep-Sea Sediment Compression Curves: Some Controlling Factors, Spurious Overconsolidation, Predictions, and Geophysical Reproduction

Oedometer tests have been carried out on 70 undisturbed surficial clays (at approximately 250 mm below the mudline), mostly collected by free-fall corers from sites widely scattered throughout the deep-sea North Atlantic. Acoustic measurements were also made, initially on contiguous samples and ultimately on the same sample using a geophysically instrumented oedometer which also collected electrical resistivity data. Apart from those quiescent areas below the carbonate compensation depth, such as north of the West Indies where very fine clays exist, most of the samples are silty clays whose geotechnical-geophysical properties are dependent on the type of clay minerals present (and their ability to take in moisture), the sand-size fraction, and the quantity of carbonate present. Thus the pure clays have high compressibilities which decrease on the addition of coarse particles, while the converse is true for the acoustic parameters, these increasing with the sand fraction. Using the notion of the intrinsic compression line for all samples, and comparison to it of the measured compression curves, it is clear that, contrary to some previously held ideas, most deep-sea clays are normally consolidated; the addition of carbonate has the effect of creating an open, stronger sediment skeleton. Interestingly, where information is available, the variation with depth of a sample's acoustic velocity follows the void ratio pressure relationship of the compression curve. This allows the construction of an in-situ sediment compression curve using the in-situ geophysical observations.