线纹海马(Hippocampus erectus)性腺特异性结构与生殖细胞发育特征研究 *

海马属(Hippocampus)鱼类具有独特的雄性育儿繁殖方式, 其卵巢和精巢结构也极其独特。本研究系统阐明了线纹海马(Hippocampus erectus)的性腺及生殖细胞的发育特征, 根据组织学结构和细胞形态学变化特征, 将线纹海马的精巢和卵巢发育过程均分为6个时期。其中, 卵巢发育方式为不同步成熟型, Ⅰ期卵巢只包含第Ⅰ时相卵母细胞, 包括卵原细胞和早期初级卵母细胞(d<20μm); Ⅱ期卵巢开始出现第Ⅱ时相卵母细胞(d=20~140μm); Ⅲ期卵巢卵母细胞数量显著增多, 体积增大, 并开始出现第Ⅲ时相卵母细胞(d=140~260μm), 此时细胞内开始出现皮质小泡、卵黄颗粒和卵黄膜; Ⅳ期卵巢开始出现第 Ⅳ时相卵母细胞(d=260~1100μm), 卵黄颗粒充满整个细胞质, 形成过渡期的卵黄球; Ⅴ期卵巢出现大量第Ⅴ时相成熟卵母细胞(d=1100~2000μm), 细胞内形成流动性卵黄囊; Ⅵ期卵巢为排卵不久后的卵巢, 卵母细胞数量显著减少。线纹海马精巢属于非限制型小叶精巢, Ⅰ期精巢主要含精原细胞, 核大, 含一到多个核仁; Ⅱ期精巢开始形成精小囊, 囊内出现初级精母细胞; Ⅲ期精巢呈乳白色, 开始出现次级精母细胞; Ⅳ期精巢体积较 Ⅲ期时显著增大, 开始出现精子细胞, 并逐渐移向中央生精腔; Ⅴ期精巢内含大量的成熟精子, 随时准备释放。精子释放后精巢进入Ⅵ期, 残留少量精细胞在生精腔中。组织化学反应结果显示, 氨基酸、蛋白质和脂肪的信号在卵母细胞的细胞质、卵黄囊中呈阳性, 且随着卵母细胞的发育而增强。本研究结果为进一步探索海马属鱼类雄性繁殖策略提供了重要的基础数据。     

东海三疣梭子蟹雌体不同生理阶段肝胰腺的生化组成与其组织学结构的关系

通过生化分析和组织切片技术,系统研究了东海三疣梭子蟹第一次卵巢发育过程中肝胰腺指数(HSI)、主要生化成分和组织学结构的变化。结果表明:(1)三疣梭子蟹第一次卵巢发育过程中HSI呈先上升后下降趋势,最大值在Ⅳ期[(7.46±1.23)%],最低值在Ⅵ期[(4.62±0.63)%];(2)三疣梭子蟹第一次卵巢发育过程中,肝胰腺中的生化组成存在显著变化,Ⅰ期肝胰腺中水分含量高达67.91%,其他各期间无显著差异(P>0.05),肝胰腺中脂肪/湿重含量呈先上升后下降趋势,Ⅰ期最低(13.48%),Ⅳ期最高(24.24%);肝胰腺中蛋白/湿重并无显著变化(P>0.05),而总糖/湿重呈显著下降趋势(P<0.05);(3)不同生理阶段雌体肝胰腺组织学存在两个较明显的变化—生殖蜕壳及产卵前后,Ⅰ期肝小管中B细胞占优势(约50%左右),R细胞较细长,肝小管内腔中存在大量食物残渣和脱落的B细胞顶泡等,生殖蜕壳后(Ⅱ期后)的雌体肝胰腺中R细胞数量较多,随着时间的推移R细胞逐渐饱满。产卵后雌体肝胰腺中的细胞间界限变得模糊,部分肝小管的管腔开始自溶,但是此时B,F细胞数量开始增多,这说明随着春季东海海区水温的升高,雌体开始恢复摄食,以保证第二次卵巢发育的顺利进行。     

Acute response versus reproductive performance in five strains of brine shrimp exposed to copper sulphate

Five geographically and genetically diverse strains of the brine shrimp, Artemia salina, were tested for response to copper sulphate. Mean survival times (MST) were determined for each strain following continuous exposure to concentrations of 10^?1, 1, 10¹, 10², 10³, 10⁴ and 10⁵ ppm CuSO₄. In addition, lifetime reproductive performance parameters were evaluated for 15 females from each strain after 24 h exposure to 0·067 × 10^?9 CuSO₄.Two-factorial ANOVA revealed that treated females produced fewer offspring per brood and fewer broods per female, resulting in an overall decline in the mean number of offspring per day per female over the reproductive span. When the standard 24 h MST results are compared with the 24 h dose level of CuSO₄ found to impair reproductive performance, the latter was from 24,000 to 156,000 times more sensitive, depending upon strain.     

氨氮对我国不同产地卤虫的急性毒性试验

采用静水生物试验法测定了ＮＨ３－Ｎ对我国新疆艾比湖（ＡＢ），青海柯柯湖（ＫＫ），海南莺歌海（ＹＧＨ），山东埕口（ＣＫ）产地卤虫的初孵无节幼虫，拟成虫及成体的急性毒性试验。结果表明：１．不同发育阶段的卤虫对氨氮的耐受力是：成虫＞初孵无节幼虫＞拟成虫＞。２．不同产地卤虫对氨氮的耐受力有一定的差异，ＡＢ、ＫＫ、ＣＫ产地的卤虫对氨氮的耐受力均高于ＹＧＨ产卤虫。     

节肢动物的滞育研究

本文全面、扼要地叙述了节肢动物的滞育研究动态,论述了各发育期的滞育情况及环境因子影响,评述了Andrewartha提出的有关滞育发生的生理机制假说,并在此综合论述的基础上提出了8个今后的研究课题。     

中国六个盐湖卤虫品系生物学特征的研究

本文对中国六个盐湖卤虫卵的孵化速率，卵、脱壳卵、无节幼体的生物学测定值，成体的形态及染色体倍性组成进行了研究。结果表明，运城盐湖、工农湖、杭锦旗盐湖卤虫为两性生殖类型，均为二倍体。艾比湖、巴里坤湖、尕海湖卤虫为阪雌生殖类型，除二倍体外还有四倍体，其中巴里坤湖卤虫还有五倍林。两性生殖卤虫间无生殖隔离现象。两性生殖卤虫与阪雌生殖卤虫在生物学特征的诸方面均存在较大差异。     

青弹涂鱼卵巢发育的组织学研究

目前关于青弹涂鱼（Scartelaos virids）的研究多数集中在胚胎和仔鱼发育等个体生物学研究上。本文研究广东省湛江海域中青弹涂鱼在性周期内卵母细胞的发育时相及卵巢结构的周年变化,揭示卵巢发育和卵母细胞的组织学发育规律。结果表明：湛江海域的青弹涂鱼卵母细胞在3月进入大生长期发育阶段,4—6月为繁殖盛期,7—8月为繁殖末期,10月卵巢基本修整完毕,进入Ⅱ恢复期。青弹涂鱼属于一次性产卵类型。在小生长期,卵核的体积较核质的体积增大快,核质比大;大生长期,随着卵黄物质的积累,卵母细胞体积快速增加,核质比下降。最后讨论青弹涂鱼卵膜结构及其生理机能,围核透明层,繁殖习性等问题。     

日本新糠虾(Neomysis japonica)卵巢发育与卵子发生

结合日本新糠虾雌性生殖系统的解剖特征和组织结构特点,首次对日本新糠虾卵巢发育及卵子发生进行分期,并对各期卵巢发育时间及卵巢长与体长间相互关系进行分析。结果表明,日本新糠虾雌性生殖系统由卵巢和输卵管组成。卵巢呈“H”形,分左右两叶,两叶间有呈近三角形横桥连接,横桥内侧为生殖上皮。卵巢实质不分叶,卵细胞由横桥向两侧卵巢迁出并逐渐发育变大。卵子的发生经历5个阶段,分别为卵原细胞、卵黄合成前期卵母细胞、内源性卵黄合成期卵母细胞、外源性卵黄合成期卵母细胞和成熟期。滤泡细胞随着卵细胞的迁移而迁移,卵细胞发育后期出现滤泡细胞与卵母细胞相融合现象。卵巢发育分为5个时期,分别为未分化期（以卵原细胞为主,约为孵化后的18d）、小生长期（以内源性卵黄合成期卵细胞为主,约为孵化后的22d）、大生长期（以外源性卵黄合成期卵细胞为主,约为孵化后的25d）、成熟期（以成熟卵细胞为主,约为孵化后的28d）和退化期（为排卵后卵巢,约为孵化后的32d）。退化期卵巢中未见有结缔组织增生,而实质中存在着大量早期卵细胞,滤泡细胞呈多层分布于卵细胞周围。输卵管自卵巢末端生出,开口于第6胸肢基部内侧腹甲上,随卵巢发育,管腔渐增大。日本新糠虾卵巢长与体长间有正相关。     

The life history and sexual biology of Pseudunciola obliquua (crustacea: amphipoda) in the New York Bight

Pseudunciola obliquua is the most abundant subtidal amphipod of the near-shore macrobenthos in the New York Bight south of Fire Island. It has an annual life-cycle. Breeding occurs in March and April, and a single brood of between 8 and 20 eggs per female is produced. Fecundity is linearly proportional to maternal length. The eggs take about two months to develop; the juveniles emerge in June and July. Initial recruitment in the study area was estimated to be 2980 and 5850 per m² for the 1979–1980 and 1980–1981 year classes, respectively. Of the initial recruits only about 10% survive to form the reproductive stock of the following spring.Females and males grow at similar rates and are equally abundant as juveniles and initially as adults, until they reach sexual maturity. After breeding, the abundance of males decreases rapidly due to post-reproductive death. Females continue to live, carrying the developing eggs in their brood pouches. Mean female growth increases throughout the brooding period until the young are released, shortly after which adult females also die. The entire generation of reproductive adults has died by September.     

Common bivalve larvae from New Zealand: Leptonacea

The late stage larvae of three erycinid bivalves (Mollusca: Pelecypoda: Leptonacea) taken from the brood chamber of the adult are described (Kellia cycladiformis, Lasaea rubra hinemoa, and L. maoria), and the provisionally identified late stage larva of the erycinid Arthritica bijurca taken from the plankton is described. Also, the D‐shaped larvae of the erycinid bivalves Kellia cycladiformis, Borniola reniformis, Arlhritica crassijormis, and A. bifurca taken from the parent brood chamber are described. The seasonal occurrence of each late stage larva in the plankton at the Bay of Islands (35° 15'S, 174° 10'E), Wellington Harbour (41° 16'S, 174° 51'E), and Raumati Beach (40° 56'S, 174° 58'E), New Zealand is described. Aspects of the reproductive cycles of Lasaea rubra hinemoa and Arthritica bifurca are presented.     

盐度对不同卤虫品系存活和生殖性能的影响

作者采用中国渤海湾盐田固有的渤海湾孤雌生殖卤虫(Bohai Bay Artemia parthenogenetica,BHB)和分别源自美国旧金山湾盐田(SFB)与越南Vinh Chau 人工养殖(VSFB)的两性生殖卤虫(A. franciscana),研究盐度(分别为70, 125 和180)对上述品系卤虫存活和生殖力的影响。结果表明, 在实验盐度范围内, 所有品系卤虫存活率随盐度升高而显著降低, 但与BHB 卤虫相比, SFB 和VSFB 卤虫对高盐度的耐受力较强。盐度显著影响BHB 卤虫性成熟时间和产后代间隔时间, 并随盐度的升高而延长,但对SFB 和VSFB 卤虫没有显著影响。所有品系卤虫每窝产幼体或产卵数量均随盐度升高而有降低的趋势。较低盐度(70)下, BHB 卤虫以产幼体占绝对优势, VSFB 产幼体较多, SFB 产卵较多; 而在较高盐度(125 和180)下, VSFB 以产幼体占绝对优势, SFB 和BHB 也以产幼体居多。总之, 与SFB 和BHB 相比, VSFB 在高盐环境下存活率较高, 且以产幼体占绝对优势, 表明VSFB 卤虫更适应于高盐盐田环境,有利于该品系卤虫在盐场建立优势种群。     

Environmental effects on the reproduction and fecundity of the introduced calcareous sponge Paraleucilla magna in Rio de Janeiro,Brazil

The calcareous sponge Paraleucilla magna (Porifera, Calcarea) has been the subject of several studies in the last decade. It was first described along the Brazilian coast, where it is considered cryptogenic, and was subsequently found in the Mediterranean, where it is considered invasive. The wide artificial distribution of this species allows us to compare different aspects of the biology of an introduced species in different locations. Here, we analysed the effects of selected environmental parameters on the reproductive dynamics of P. magna in Rio de Janeiro (Brazil) over 18 months and compared our results with those obtained for the same species in the Mediterranean Sea. Specimens were collected monthly and analysed through histological methods. The density of reproductive elements in each month was calculated, and the effects of environmental parameters (photoperiod, precipitation, temperature, phytoplankton and bacterioplankton) were analysed using a regression tree analysis. Paraleucilla magna was reproductive throughout the study period. The densities of the reproductive elements (oocytes, embryos and larvae) showed no seasonality, and this species presented one of the highest reproductive efforts documented to date in the phylum Porifera (99.0 oocytes · mm^?3; 89.0 embryos · mm^?3; 319.0 larvae · mm^?3). The main environmental parameters related to the reproduction of P. magna were temperature, photoperiod and bacterioplankton. Temperature was the main driver associated with the densities of oocytes and embryos, while bacterioplankton was the main driver of larvae (positive relationships). In Rio de Janeiro, larvae were present and continuously released. This strategy is different from that observed in the Mediterranean, where a larger larval output was observed but only during the summer months. Our results show that P. magna is a species with a strong invasive potential, considering its high and continuous reproductive effort. This high fecundity stimulated by high temperatures may be a key factor contributing to the growth of P. magna populations and its invasion of new areas.     

Assessing multiple mating and reproductive skew in three species of clinid fishes (Blenniiformes: Clinidae: Clinini), in reference to multiple mating in viviparous teleosts

This study investigated multiple mating in three species of intertidal klipfishes (family Clinidae): super klipfish Clinus superciliosus, bluntnose klipfish Clinus cottoides, and nosestripe klipfish Muraenoclinus dorsalis. These species display the rare reproductive mode of female vivipary with superfetation, a phenomenon where offspring at various stages of development are found within the female. Three or four microsatellite loci were used to genotype 25–30 adults of each species, as well as embryos of 131 C. superciliosus from six broods, 103 C. cottoides from six broods, and 63 M. dorsalis from five broods. The presence of multiple mating by females was assessed by maximum-likelihood sibship reconstruction implemented in the program COLONY, and the non-random distribution of reproductive success among individuals (reproductive skew) within broods was tested using the binomial skew index. Multiple mating by females was pervasive and observed in 83%, 100% and 80% of the broods of C. superciliosus, C. cottoides and M. dorsalis, respectively. The mean number of sires per brood was 4.3, 3.0 and 3.2, and, correspondingly, 5/5, 5/6 and 1/4 of multiply-sired broods showed significant reproductive skew in C. superciliosus, C. cottoides and M. dorsalis, respectively. The presence of pronounced reproductive skew may indicate post-copulatory processes taking place that bias paternity. We compared our results on multiple mating within the klipfish family, and with four other fish families that have vivipary with superfetation, and found the klipfish patterns were among those of live-bearing vertebrate groups with the highest average numbers of sires per brood.     

不同光周期条件下罗氏沼虾幼体摄食量及发育的研究

于１９９１年３－５月，在光周期Ｌ：Ｄ为４：２０，８：１６，１２：１２和２４：０四种条件下以卤虫无节幼体作饵料，在三角烧瓶中对实验室孵化的罗氏沼虾通状休进行单只培养，测定各期状幼体的日摄食量和总摄食量，并观察幼体的发育情况，结果表明，随着光照时间的延长，特别是连续照明的条件与最短的光照时间条件相比，幼体的日摄食量增加４０％－１５０％，育成的Ｐ１体重增大４０％，且育成Ｐ１的时间缩短９ｄ，而幼体完成整个     

Seasonal variation in the molt status of an oceanic copepod

The timing of diapause, or suppressed development, in the dominant California Current copepod Calanus pacificus was examined in two ways. Diapause timing was inferred from changes in the abundance of deep, diapausing C. pacificus over a full year at a station off southern California, USA. Jaw phase and ecdysteroid content, indicators of molt cycle status in C. pacificus, were also examined to determine if shifts toward early molt phases, as are observed in diapausing Calanus, were also found among surface C. pacificus during periods when the abundance of deep, diapausing C. pacificus was increasing. The abundance of diapausing C. pacificus in deep water increased from June to mid-October, then declined from October to March. The percentage of surface-living C. pacificus CV with postmolt jaws, the earliest jaw phase, was significantly higher from June to mid-October than at other times. The ecdysteroid content of surface-living C. pacificus CV was also significantly lower during June to mid-October than during late October to May. Both of these changes indicate a shift to earlier molt phases in surface-living C. pacificus CV during periods of onset of diapause. However, the molt status of surface CV was variable from June to mid-October, suggesting that preparation for diapause was spatially or temporally heterogeneous. Hypotheses about environmental cues that induce diapause were evaluated, although the effect of cues on possibly sensitive stages could not be considered. The abundance of diapausing C. pacificus increased during a period of warm upper water column temperature and generally high and declining photoperiod; however, evaluation of the cues inducing diapause was inconclusive.     

海南澳洲管体星虫卵细胞发育及生殖周期研究

澳洲管体星虫(Siphonosoma australe)是海南当地极具特色的星虫资源,经济价值高。近年来该资源急剧衰竭,开展星虫资源恢复与保护十分重要。文章对海南澳洲管体星虫卵细胞的显微与超微结构进行研究。结果显示:1)卵细胞发育经历4个阶段:生长前期,体腔液中大量光滑的凹饼状红细胞出现表面凹凸不平的褶皱(直径小于30μm),暗示这些红细胞是卵原细胞;生长后期,30～40μm的卵细胞表面褶皱消失,变成光滑的圆厚饼状,并出现厚度1μm的卵黄膜,卵黄颗粒开始积累;成熟前期,卵细胞球状,直径60～120μm,卵黄膜增厚至5～11μm,卵黄颗粒增多,细胞核增大,部分染色质形成高电子密度的团块散布于核内;成熟后期,直径120μm,卵黄膜厚11～12μm,卵黄颗粒充满整个卵细胞,膜孔外露于膜表层。2)成熟期澳洲管体星虫卵黄膜仅分为两层:有一定厚度的均质内层和多层重叠膜结构组成的外层,同时外层上覆盖有粒状突。膜孔结构简单,主要是膜凹陷折叠形成。3)卵黄颗粒分为Ⅰ型和Ⅱ型,其发生途径主要由线粒体、内质网、高尔基体和溶酶体等细胞器演变而成,亦可由卵母细胞吞饮而成。最为常见的是高尔基体包裹形成的Ⅱ型卵黄颗...     

The Reproductive Cycle of Ophioderma brevispinum (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea)

Abstract. .The reproductive cycle of the brittlestar Ophioderma brevispinum is described using histological and organ index data for a population in Massachusetts, U.S.A. The cycle consists of a one month mid-summer spawning phase followed by gametogenesis and gradual gonadal growth during the winter, and greatly accelerated gonadal growth from May to June. At the end of the spawning season, oogonia proliferate near the base of the ovary, and a continuous layer of spermatogonia lines the testis. As oocytes grow to a maximum diameter of 350 um, yolk granules accumulate and the cytoplasm becomes less basophilic. Prior to spawning, the testis becomes branched and sulcate, and a whorl of spermatozoa produced by columns of spermatids accumulates in the lumen. Comparisons between the reproductive cycles of different populations of O. brevispinum and its congeners support the hypothesis that temperature may be a critical exogenous factor, but definitely not the only factor, in the initiation and duration of the growth and spawning phases of the ophiuroid reproductive cycle.     

青岛文昌鱼的繁殖生物学——Ⅰ.卵巢和卵母细胞发育的观察

对青岛文昌鱼卵巢和卵母细胞的发育作了周期性的观察。结果表明,青岛文昌鱼的卵巢和卵的发育,在繁殖季节前并不同步,早在第一年的12月就有卵黄生成期晚期的卵母细胞,而在第二年的6—7月达到成熟、产卵。文章还提出在沙子口的青岛文昌鱼可能有着季节性迁移的习性。     

Interannual and geographical variability of the brood size of the euphausiids Euphausia pacifica and Thysanoessa spinifera along the Oregon coast (1999–2004)

Brood sizes of 1259 adult female Euphausia pacifica and Thysanoessa spinifera were measured during 48 h incubations (10 °C, ±0.5 °C) on 27 oceanographic cruises between July 1999 and September 2004. The data set includes measurements from several stations off Newport, Oregon (Newport Hydrographic line, 44°39′N) made over a 5-year period and measurements from 14 more extensive cruises at stations representative of continental shelf, slope, and oceanic waters off Oregon and California, USA. E. pacifica had similar brood sizes at inshore (<200 m) and offshore (>200 m) stations with an average of 151 and 139 eggs brood⁻¹ fem⁻¹, respectively. T. spinifera brood sizes were considerably higher at inshore stations—particularly at Heceta Bank (44°N) and south of Cape Blanco (42°50′N)—than at offshore stations, 155 and 107 eggs brood⁻¹ fem⁻¹, respectively. Average brood sizes of E. pacifica increased during the study period, from 125 (in 2000) to 171 eggs brood⁻¹ fem⁻¹ (in 2003). Average percentage of carbon weight invested in spawning (reproductive effort) was higher in E. pacifica (14%) than in T. spinifera (6%), because both species have similar brood size but T. spinifera females are larger than E. pacifica females and produce smaller eggs. Reproductive effort for both species was higher during summer 2002, probably associated with anomalous cool subarctic waters and high chl-a concentration observed during that summer. Brood sizes and chl-a values remained relatively high in 2003–2004 compared to the 1999–2001 period. Geographical and temporal variability in brood sizes for both species were significantly correlated with in situ measurements of chl-a concentration but not with sea surface temperature. No gravid females were collected during late autumn and winter cruises, thus the spawning season along the Oregon coast appears to extend from March through September for both species. However, T. spinifera usually starts reproductive activity earlier in the spring (March) than E. pacifica. Both species had their highest brood sizes in summer during the period of most intense upwelling, which is associated with an increase in regional phytoplankton standing stock.     

三疣梭子蟹(Portunus trituberculatus)幼体不同干露温度下死亡率的研究

通过设置15℃、20℃、25℃、30℃4个干露温度梯度,检测不同发育阶段三疣梭子蟹幼体的露空时间、死亡率、含水量、失水率及体重消耗率等指标,分析干露温度、发育阶段与幼体死亡率的关系。结果表明,各发育阶段的幼体死亡率均随干露时间的增加而升高(P<0.05);不同温度条件下,Ⅰ期幼蟹(CⅠ)的含水量、失水率和体重消耗率均高于Ⅱ期幼蟹(CⅡ)(P<0.05);CⅡ20℃时的露空时间最长,为11h,半致死时间为7—8h;30℃时最短,为2h;CⅠ15℃时的露空时间最短,为0.5h;20℃时最长,为4h。相同温度下,幼体各发育阶段的耐干露能力为CⅡ>CⅠ>ZⅣ>ZⅢ=M。结果说明,温度≤15℃不利于幼体的存活,温度≥25℃干露耐受性降低。因此,20℃更有利于幼体获得长存活时间。