海南东部外海海域鱼类群落结构季节变动及其影响因素

【目的】研究海南东部外海海域鱼类群落特征,比较其与近海海域鱼类群落的差异,为海南外海渔业资源的科学管理提供参考依据。【方法】运用群落参数和环境-生物的冗余分析(RDA,Redundancy analysis)研究2019年春季(4月)、秋季(9月)水深86～380 m的海南东部外海海域鱼类群落结构特征。【结果与结论】春、秋季共调查到鱼类312种,隶属于26目96科195属。优势种组成方面,春季为黄鳍马面鲀(Thamnaconus hypargyreus)和深水金线鱼(Nemipterus bathybius);秋季为蓝圆鲹(Decapterus maruadsi)、黄鳍马面鲀、深水金线鱼和短尾大眼鲷(Priacanthusmacracanthus);春秋季共有优势种深水金线鱼和黄鳍马面鲀的优势体长存在明显的季节波动,黄鳍马面鲀为秋季(80～105 mm)大于春季(60～85 mm),而深水金线鱼则反之。渔获量季节变化明显,秋季多样性特征指数平均值略高于春季。RDA结果表明,水深、pH、水温、溶解氧和盐度在春、秋季对鱼类资源量(质量密度,kg/km2)空间变化的解释率分别为58.34%、53.94%。水深(P=0.003～0.004)和pH (P=0.017～0.002)在春秋季均对鱼类群落结构有显著影响,盐度仅在秋季有显著影响(P=0.013),在春季则无影响(P=0.860)。海南东部外海海域鱼类种类组成、资源量优于海南近海、雷州湾、大亚湾和北部湾海域;在渔业资源开发过程中,除应关注主要经济种类种群水平上的捕捞产量外,更应关注群落水平上种类多样性及优势种的季节变化。     

北部湾斑鳍白姑鱼群体结构特征与时空分布

2010-2011年在北部湾以底拖网方式按季节定点采样,采集到斑鳍白姑鱼(Pennahia pawak)样本共2 425尾,通过生物学测定及耳石年轮鉴定,研究北部湾斑鳍白姑鱼种群结构及时空分布特征。结果显示:样品体长65~203 mm,体质量5.2~224.0 g,优势体长组为81~130 mm(占84%),优势体质量组为10.1~50.0 g(占83%),平均体长为107 mm,平均体质量为32.5 g;年龄组成主要是0~2龄,大部分1龄以下,未发现3龄及以上样品;1龄样品平均体长153 mm,2龄样品平均体长180 mm。北部湾斑鳍白姑鱼的繁殖期为春季,其渔业资源主要分布在108°~110°E,19°~22°N的湾内海域,资源密度有明显的季节性波动,出现频率、资源密度范围、平均资源密度春季最小,分别为28%、1.59~18.78 kg/km2、1.6 kg/km2,夏季、秋季逐渐递增,冬季最大,分别为56%、5.24~74.80 kg/km2、19.0 kg/km2。     

南海北部陆架区海域深水金线鱼的产卵场

根据 1997年 12月至 1999年 6月在南海北部陆架区海域进行的底拖网渔业资源调查的资料 ,统计分析了南海北部陆架区海域深水金线鱼性腺成熟期的组成及分布、季节性变化和水深变化规律。结果表明 ,南海北部陆架区海域深水金线鱼的产卵场位于广东沿海水深 6 0～ 15 0m海区 ,尤其是珠江口外海区的群体更为密集 ;该生殖群体的产卵期较长 ,且分布范围大 ,未见有显著性变化。     

闽东北外海哈氏仿对虾数量分布及群体结构特征

【目的】研究哈氏仿对虾在闽东北外海数量分布及其群体结构特征。【方法】2008年5月(春)、8月(夏)、11月(秋)和2009年2月(冬)开展闽东北外海海域(26o~28oN、120o~125o30′E)虾类资源调查。【结果】哈氏仿对虾渔获量占虾类总生物量的4.8%,出现频率为22.4%,总渔获量平均密度指数为3.47 kg·km~(-2),出现站位渔获量平均密度指数范围0.04~60.11 kg·km~(-2),平均为15.50 kg·km~(-2)。以2008年8月和11月数量为多,其渔获量分别占总渔获量的35.6%和40.0%,渔获量平均密度指数分别为4.78 kg·km~(-2)和5.56 kg·km~(-2),2009年2月和2008年5月数量较少。水深60 m以内的调查站位出现频率为100%,渔获量占总渔获量的73.4%,渔获量平均密度指数达16.44 kg·km~(-2),最高达60.11 kg·km~(-2);水深60~80 m出现频率为31.2%,渔获量占总渔获量的23.7%,渔获量平均密度指数为5.97 kg·km~(-2);水深大于100 m的海域没有哈氏仿对虾分布。渔获的哈氏仿对虾体长范围为32~119mm,优势体长组为80~100 mm,占54.8%;雌虾平均体长和体质量分别为86.2 mm和7.2 g,雄虾则分别为66.5 mm和3.1 g;雌雄性比为1︰0.11,雌性性腺成熟度以Ⅲ期和Ⅱ期为主,分别占34.0%和24.5%,生殖群体占相当比率,Ⅳ期以上个体占29.3%;空胃率和饱胃率均较低,平均摄食等级为1.62。【结论】哈氏仿对虾数量分布时空变化明显,主要出现于夏、秋季,春季数量很少,在空间分布上主要栖息于调查海区水深60 m以内的近岸海域,渔汛期为2-5月和8-11月,秋末冬初向深水区作适温徊游。雌虾个体明显大于雄性个体,且数量明显多于雄性,摄食强度中等略大,不同季节和不同性别平均摄食等级没有显著差异。     

中街山水域虾类组成及其群落多样性

根据2010~2011年中街山列岛水域4个季节的渔业资源调查资料,分析了该水域虾类资源密度和群落多样性,并探讨了底层温度、底层盐度和水深对虾类数量分布和多样性的影响.结果表明:共有虾类20种,隶属于9科18属;广温广盐种无论在种类数还是尾数密度与生物量均占主导地位;虾类生物量和尾数密度在季节分布上,以冬季最高,冬季均与春、夏和秋三季呈显著差异(p值<0.05);平面分布上,生物量与密度指数总体上呈南北高、中间低,东部高西部低的特征;生物量与平均底温显著相关(P<0.05),与平均底盐和水深相关性较差(p值>0.05);葛氏长臂虾、细巧仿对虾、中国毛虾、日本鼓虾和中华管鞭虾为四季的优势种,且均属广温广盐种;虾类群落Margalef丰富度指数为0.61~1.09,Shannon-Wiener多样性指数为0.76~1.31,Pielou均匀度指数为0.50~0.70,其中丰富度指数和多样性指数春季与冬季均存在显著差异(P<0.05),均匀度指数秋季与冬季存在显著差异(p值<0.05).     

北部湾海域浮游植物的种类组成与数量分布

1998年2月至1999年5月在北部湾进行了5个航次的调查.结果共检出浮游植物382种(包括变种),主要优势种为细弱海链藻(Thalassiosirasubtilis)和小舟形藻(Naviculasubminusula).调查期间浮游植物细胞数量为43.5×104～283.6×104m-3,平均101.8×104m-3.北部海域的数量远高于南部海域,数量密集区均分布在北部近岸水域,南部和中部海域的数量分布则随季节的变化而变化.浮游植物细胞数量的季节变化较明显,以春季数量最大,多样性指数和均匀度则均以春季最低,秋季最高.     

南海区拖网方目网囊选择性试验

为了科学地确定南海区拖网网囊的结构和适宜网目尺寸 ,于 2 0 0 0年 1 1月 2 5日～ 1 2月 2 0日在南海北部珠江口以外海域水深 36～ 70m拖网渔场 ,对 4种不同网目尺寸的方目网囊进行了网囊套网式捕鱼选择性试验 ,获得了蓝圆鱼参(Decapterusmaruadsi)、多齿蛇鲻 (Sauridatumbil)、条尾绯鲤 (Upeneusbensa si)等 3种主要鱼种的选择性曲线。试验结果表明 :4种方目网囊的数量平均逃逸率均高于重量平均逃逸率 ;网囊渔获的优势体长总是大于套网渔获的优势体长 ;蓝 鱼参、多齿蛇鲻、条尾绯鲤之类的圆体鱼类比扁体鱼类更易于逃出方目网囊。     

张家口坝上高背型鲫鱼耗氧率和窒息点的初步研究

研究张家口坝上两个规格高背型鲫鱼在不同温度下的耗氧率和临界窒息点.结果显示:在水温24.9~33.0℃条件下,体长76.13±4.66 mm、体质量7.56±1.48 g 的小规格鱼24 h 平均耗氧量为0.220±0.087 mg/(尾·h),耗氧率为0.029±0.012 mg/(g·h),窒息点为0.03 mg/L;在水温12.4~13.4℃条件下,体长153.00±6.66 mm,体质量53.43±6.59 g 的大规格鱼24 h 平均耗氧量为0.506±0.145 mg/(尾·h),耗氧率为0.010±0.003 mg/(g·h),窒息点为0.02 mg/L.高背鲫鱼耗氧率存在明显的昼夜变化,昼间高于夜间,并在7:00-9:00、15:00-17:00出现两个高峰.该鱼窒息点极低,在溶解氧较低的环境下仍能存活,并且达到窒息点的耗时与水温密切相关     

2001—2017年中国不同耕作区重建MODIS LAI时空动态

叶面积指数Leaf Area Index （LAI）作为植被生物量指标之一,耕作区LAI不仅能反映作物的长势动态,且与农业生态、作物产量密切相关。本文通过对2001—2017年中国农田区域的MODIS-LAI长时序数据进行重建,利用Mann-Kendall检验、变异系数、重心迁移模型等方法分析了中国耕作区LAI的时空变化特征。结果表明：① 中国耕作区LAI在2001—2017年显波动式上升,且与农作物单产相关系数高达0.91;② 不同耕作区季节差异显著,夏季>秋季>春季>冬季,夏季平均为1.54,生长季平均为1.13,秋季平均为0.78,春季平均为0.63,冬季平均为0.31;③ 2001—2012年二熟、三熟区LAI变化平缓,2012年后有上升趋势但未发生明显突变;一熟区2006年之前处于平稳上升状态,2006年之后发生突变上升趋势显著;④ 研究时段内我国长江以北的耕作区LAI变异程度较为突出,最高达4.12; 农田面积重心经历了先向西南迁移,后再向西北迁移过程,农田生长季LAI重心相对于农田面积重心变幅较大,经历了南北波动式向西部迁移过程,迁移距离分别为82.78 km、90.53 km。     

珠江口海域营养盐和叶绿素a的时空分布特征

【目的】研究珠江口海域营养物和叶绿素a的时空分布特征。【方法】根据2015年5月(春季)、8月(夏季)和10月(秋季)3个季节的现场调查资料,通过对3个季节浮游植物Chl-a以及包括氮磷比在内的营养结构进行综合分析,深入探讨珠江口海域浮游植物Chl-a的时空变化调控机制。【结果】珠江口海域各季节营养盐呈高氮低磷分布,3个季节N︰P均值49.6。叶绿素a季节差异明显,夏季叶绿素a含量是春季的2倍、秋季的9倍。【结论】春季浮游植物生长受温度影响较大,夏、秋两季由于外海水的入侵导致磷限制比较显著;DIN能满足各季节浮游植物生长的需要,珠江口海域浮游植物生长对于磷营养盐的响应要优于氮营养盐。     

Evaluation of three harvest control rules for Bigeye Tuna (Thunnus obesus) fisheries in the Indian Ocean

The stock of Bigeye tuna(Thunnus obesus) in the Indian Ocean supports an important international fishery and is considered to be fully exploited. The responsible management agency, the Indian Ocean Tuna Commission(IOTC), does not have an explicit management decision-making framework in place to prevent over-fishing. In this study, we evaluated three harvest control rules, i) constant fishing mortality(CF), from 0.2 to 0.6, ii) constant catch(CC), from 60000 to 140000 t, and iii) constant escapement(CE), from 0.3 to 0.7. The population dynamics simulated by the operating model was based on the most recent stock assessment using Stock Synthesis version Ⅲ(SS3). Three simulation scenarios(low, medium and high productivity) were designed to cover possible uncertainty in the stock assessment and biological parameters. Performances of three harvest control rules were compared on the basis of three management objectives(over 3, 10 and 25 years): i) the probability of maintaining spawning stock biomass above a level that can sustain maximum sustainable yield(MSY) on average, ii) the probability of achieving average catches between 0.8 MSY and 1.0 MSY, and iii) inter-annual variability in catches. The constant escapement strategy(CE=0.5), constant fishing mortality strategy(F=0.4) and constant catch(CC=80000) were the most rational among the respective management scenarios. It is concluded that the short-term annual catch is suggested at 80000 t, and the potential total allowable catch for a stable yield could be set at 120000 t once the stock had recovered successfully. All the strategies considered in this study to achieve a ‘tolerable' balance between resource conservation and utilization have been based around the management objectives of the IOTC.     

Soil carbon stock and flux in plantation forest and grassland ecosystems in Loess Plateau,China

Carbon sequestration occurs when cultivated soils are re-vegetated. In the hilly area of the Loess Plateau, China, black locust(Robinia pseudoacacia) plantation forest and grassland were the two main vegetation types used to mitigate soil and water loss after cultivation abandonment. The purpose of this study was to compare the soil carbon stock and flux of these two types of vegetation which restored for 25 years. The experiment was conducted in Yangjuangou catchment in Yan′an City, Shaanxi Province, China. Two adjacent slopes were chosen for this study. Six sample sites were spaced every 35–45 m from summit to toe slope along the hill slope, and each sample site contained three sampling plots. Soil organic carbon and related physicochemical properties in the surface soil layer(0–10 cm and 10–20 cm) were measured based on soil sampling and laboratory analysis, and the soil carbon dioxide(CO2) emissions and environmental factors were measured in the same sample sites simultaneously. Results indicated that in general, a higher soil carbon stock was found in the black locust plantation forest than that in grassland throughout the hill slope. Meanwhile, significant differences in the soil carbon stock were observed between these two vegetation types in the upper slope at soil depth 0–10 cm and lower slope at soil depth 10–20 cm. The average daily values of the soil CO2 emissions were 1.27 μmol/(m2·s) and 1.39 μmol/(m2·s) for forest and grassland, respectively. The soil carbon flux in forest covered areas was higher in spring and less variation was detected between different seasons, while the highest carbon flux was found in grassland in summer, which was about three times higher than that in autumn and spring. From the carbon sequestration point of view, black locust plantation forest on hill slopes might be better than grassland because of a higher soil carbon stock and lower carbon flux.     

SUSTAINABLE USE OF LAND RESOURCE AND ITS EVALUATION IN COUNTY AREA－A Case of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region,China

Sutainable use of natural resources is different from sustainable development.As the most important natural resource,sustainable use of land resource is the essential guarantee of sustainable development.The nature of sustainable use of land resource is to retain the quantity and productivity of land resource from generation to generation.The evaluaton of sustainable use of land resource is an important method to ensure land-use to get onto the sustainable track.Furthermore,building index system is the key of the evaluation.In view of tendency of the evaluation indexes chosen so widely,the evaluation indexes should include only three kinds in the researches on the evaluation of sustainable use of land resourece.The first is the stock and structure index of land resource,viz,Areas quantity structure of land resources.In China,it is especially paid attention to the per person index of landquantity and rate between cultivated land farmland.The second is the productive index of land,which includes the productivity,potentiality,stability and renewal situation of land.The third is the sustained index of land environment .On the evaluation research of areal level,we should lay particular emphasis on statistic indexes.With a case of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region in China,the evaluation index system of sustainable land-use in county area has been built in this thesis,Using the weighted average method to calculate the means of sustainable land-use in each county,according to the land-using situation,all counties in the autonomous region have been divided into three types.(1)Sustainable Pattern contains 18 counties,which have higher land resource productivity,stronger sustained abilities of land environment.The economic benefits of land-using in these conties are obviously higher.These counties have gotten highly intensive farming,and tyey are all in the good circumstance.(2)Basically Sutained Pattern contains 48 counties,which productivity of land resource is of middle level.In part of counties are obviously higher.These counties can rapidly enter in a good circumstance.(3)Critically Sustained Pattern contains 14 counties,which are mostlyin the karst mountain areas.They have less stock of land resource,lower productivity and more extensive culitivation.The productivity of land renewing has been hindered.so it urgently need to be renovated.At last,the writers have explored the basic ways of sustainable use of land resource in Guangxi,China-(1)Retain the stock of land resource and strictly manage farmland uses.(2)Strengthen the value accounting of land resource,and control the farmland occupation of non-agricultural controction.(3)Depend on technology advanced,optimize the land-using structure,and promote the productive level.(4)Carry out land management all-round,and improve the ecological environment of land resource.(5)Enhance evaluation researche and land monitoring ,and promote the sustainable utilization level of land resource.     

四川巴中地区38年来气候变化特征分析

利用1971—2008年巴中地区4个站点的地面常规观测资料和滑动平均、MK法及MHF小波分析等统计诊断方法,分析了该地区降水和温度的年际、年代际的气候变化特征。结果表明：巴中地区的年均气温总体上表现出暖→冷→暖3个阶段,并呈现出8年的准周期变化特征;冬春气温的年代际变化显示出暖→冷→暖3个阶段性特征,而夏秋气温的年代际变化则显示出暖→冷→暖→冷4个阶段性特征。巴中地区的年降水量呈现出减少的趋势,递减率为13．813mm／10年;春季降水量低于全国的春季平均水平,夏、秋季平均降水量均高于全国的平均水平,且占到全年降水量的80％以上。巴中地区的年降水量存在较为显著的2年和6年的准周期变化,降水量增加和减少的突变较多显示出其复杂性。春、夏、秋三季的降水量有随温度升高而下降的趋势,而冬季的降水量有随温度的升高先增多后减少的趋势。巴中气候特征的分析对巴中农业区划和生产安排有其重要意义。     

四川巴中地区38年来气候变化特征分析

利用1971—2008年巴中地区4个站点的地面常规观测资料和滑动平均、MK法及MHF小波分析等统计诊断方法,分析了该地区降水和温度的年际、年代际的气候变化特征。结果表明：巴中地区的年均气温总体上表现出暖→冷→暖3个阶段,并呈现出8年的准周期变化特征;冬春气温的年代际变化显示出暖→冷→暖3个阶段性特征,而夏秋气温的年代际变化则显示出暖→冷→暖→冷4个阶段性特征。巴中地区的年降水量呈现出减少的趋势,递减率为13．813mm／10年;春季降水量低于全国的春季平均水平,夏、秋季平均降水量均高于全国的平均水平,且占到全年降水量的80％以上。巴中地区的年降水量存在较为显著的2年和6年的准周期变化,降水量增加和减少的突变较多显示出其复杂性。春、夏、秋三季的降水量有随温度升高而下降的趋势,而冬季的降水量有随温度的升高先增多后减少的趋势。巴中气候特征的分析对巴中农业区划和生产安排有其重要意义。     

基于气象站观测数据的京津冀城市扩展对气温变化的影响研究

城市扩展引起的区域增温效应一直都是城市热环境研究中的热门领域。本研究首先基于1980-2015年7期城市扩展遥感监测数据,通过熵值法构建了京津冀地区58个气象站周边2 km半径范围内城市扩展程度指数;然后使用四分位法对该指数进行分级,将站点划分为低度城市扩展（C1）、中度城市扩展（C2）和高度城市扩展站点（C3）;最后通过3类站点年和季节平均气温变化趋势对比分析,揭示了城市扩展对气温变化的影响程度及其贡献率。结果表明：① 1980-2015年京津冀地区几乎所有站点周边都有城市扩展现象,58个气象站周边城市扩展程度指数平均为0.377,C3类站点周边城市扩展程度指数为0.650;② 3类站点年和季节平均气温增温速率均表现为C1 < C2 < C3,C3类站点年平均气温的增温速率为0.536 ℃/10a;在季节平均气温上,C1、C2和C3站点春季的增温速率均最高,其中C3类站点的为0.637 ℃/10a,而夏季或秋季最低;③ 城市扩展对C3类站点年和季节平均气温增温影响和贡献率均高于C2类站点,对C3类站点年平均气温的增温影响和贡献率分别为0.342 ℃/10a和63.81%;在季节平均气温上,城市扩展对C2和C3类站点的增温影响均在冬季最高,分别为0.229 ℃/10a和 0.410 ℃/10a,而在春季或夏季最低;城市扩展对C2和C3类站点的增温贡献率均在秋季最高,分别为73.24%和82.96%,而在春季最低。     

Study on respiratory electron transport system （ETS） of phytoplankton in Taiwan Strait and Xiamen Harbour

Phytoplankton respiratory electron transport system (P-ETS) activities were studied in two cruises in Taiwan Strait (Aug. 1997 and Feb. -Mar.1998) and two cruises in Xiamen Harbour (Oct., 1997 and Apr.,1998). Results showed that P-ETS activity in the surface water of southern Yaiwan Strait in summer was homogeneous [mean value of 0.106 μ102/(L.h)], inhomogeneous in northern Yaiwan Strait in winter. Variation of P-ETS activity in middle part of the Strait was not obvious between summer and winter. Mean P-ETS activity of Xiamen Harbour in autumn was 0.255 μ102/(L.h) with a little higher value in Jiulong River estuary areas. In spring, P-ETS activity was more homogeneously distributed and the mean value was 1.076 μ102/(L.h). P-ETS activity in spring was obviously higher than in autumn in Xiamen Harbour. Vertical distribution of P-ETS in Taiwan Strait was homogeneous at some stations in winter and in summer. An obvious daily variation of P-ETS activity was recorded at Stn 9837, high at midnight and low in the early morning. Significant correlation between P-ETS activity and Chl-a was observed. Results also showed that the ratio of estimated respiratory rate to photosynthetic rate varied seasonally, high in winter (0.41) and low in summer (0.12).     

Nitrogen Fertilizer Optimization and Cultivar Selection for Rice Grown near Mountainous Slopes in Orissa, India ——A Field Experiment and Simulation Model Study

Introduction Agriculture, which is the dominant sector in the mountains, is generally stagnant. Degradation of the natural resource base has contributed to an increase in frequency and intensity of landslides, gully formation, soil erosion, declining soil fertility, reduced per capita availability and fragmentation of land, and reduced flow of water for irrigation. This has led to steady decline in crop yields (5~30 %) or stagnation that caused food shortages at varying degrees among mountain …