基于地幔动力学模拟推断云南地区剪切波各向异性源的深度

地震各向异性与地幔对流导致的变形存在因果关系,因此地幔对流模拟可被用来预测地震各向异性,并推测剪切波各向异性地幔源的深度.本文建立了基于地震速度结构的地幔对流模型来预测云南地区剪切波分裂的快波方向,它同时受地表板块运动和地幔内部的温度扰动所驱动.通过与观测结果进行对比分析,推测在云南地区西北部和东部区域,剪切波各向异性源主要存在于岩石圈中.在西南部和四川盆地及其西缘,地幔流动可能是剪切波各向异性的主要贡献者,各向异性层分别位于210~330 km和170~330 km深度,导致西南部剪切波各向异性的地幔可能处于大幅度的剪切变形状态,而四川盆地及其西缘主要处于中等强度的剪切变形状态.

     

地震波速度约束的大横向黏度变化的地幔对流研究

本文将横向黏度变化提高到3个量级,获得了地震波速度结构约束下的大横向黏度变化的地幔浅部的极型场和环型场对流图像.与小横向黏度变化下的结果相比,本文的结果具有显著的改善.对极型场对流图像,主要体现在本文结果能更清楚地解释太平洋板块、大洋洲和南美洲以及东太平洋洋中脊处的现今运动状态;对环型场对流图像,能更合理地解释北太平洋板块的右旋运动.本文计算的极型场、环型场对流速率以及揭示的某些区域如欧亚大陆和非洲大陆的运动状态与现今地表板块的运动速率以及欧亚板块和非洲板块的运动状态有明显差异,但相比小横向黏度变化下的结果,有助于更好地认识和理解现今地表板块运动的深部动力学过程.     

三维地震波速结构约束下的变黏度地幔对流及其动力学意义

建立了三维黏度扰动下的变黏度地幔对流模型,并提供了在引入地幔的三维地震波速度结构下相应的求解方法. 依此反演了瑞利数Ra = 106时,两种不同边界条件下的极、环型场对流图像,这有助于深化对地幔物质流动和大地构造运动的深部动力学过程的认识和理解. 研究结果表明,不但地幔浅部的极型场对流图像显示出了与大地构造运动的相关性并揭示了其深部动力学过程,更重要的是,地幔浅部的环型场对流图像首次为我们认识和理解板块构造的水平与旋转运动提供了重要的信息：环型场速度剖面中在赤道附近存在一条大致南东东—北西西向的强对流条带,可能与环赤道附近大型剪切带的形成相关,进而表明可能是该带强震发生的深部动力学背景;在南北半球存在的旋转方向相反的对流环表明它们整体上可能存在差异旋转.     

A new conceptual model for whole mantle convection and the origin of hotspot plumes

A new conceptual model of mantle convection is constructed for consideration of the origin of hotspot plumes, using recent evidence from seismology, high-pressure experiments, geodynamic modeling, geoid inversion studies, and post-glacial rebound analyses. This conceptual model delivers several key points. Firstly, some of the small-scale mantle upwellings observed as hotspots on the Earth's surface originate at the base of the mantle transition zone (MTZ), in which the Archean granitic continental material crust (TTG; tonalite-trondhjemite-granodiorite) with abundant radiogenic elements is accumulated. Secondly, the TTG crust and the subducted oceanic crust that have accumulated at the base of MTZ could act as thermal or mechanical insulators, leading to the formation of a hot and less viscous layer just beneath the MTZ; which may enhance the instability of plume generation at the base of the MTZ. Thirdly, the origin of some hotspot plumes is isolated from the large low shear-wave velocity provinces (LLSVPs) under Africa and the South Pacific. I consider that the conceptual model explains why almost all the hotspots around Africa are located above the margins of the African LLSVP. Because a planetary-scale trench system surrounding a “Pangean cell” has been spatially stable throughout the Phanerozoic, a large amount of the oceanic crustal layer is likely to be trapped in the MTZ under the Pangean cell. Therefore, under Africa, almost all of the hotspot plumes originate from the base of the MTZ, where a large amount of TTG and/or oceanic crusts has accumulated. This conceptual model may explain the fact that almost all the hotspots around Africa are located on margins above the African LLSVP. It is also considered that some of the hotspot plumes under the South Pacific thread through the TTG/oceanic crusts accumulated around the bottom of the MTZ, and some have their roots in the South Pacific LLSVP while others originate from the MTZ. The numerical simulations of mantle convection also speculate that the Earth's mantle convection is not thermally double-layered at the ringwoodite to perovskite + magnesiowüstite (Rw → Pv + Mw) phase boundary, because of its gentle negative Clapeyron slope. This is in contrast with some traditional images of mantle convection that have independent convection cells between the upper and lower mantle. These numerical studies speculate that the generation of stagnant slab at the base of the MTZ (as seismically observed globally) may not be due to the negative Clapeyron slope, and may instead be related to a viscosity increase (i.e., a viscosity jump) at the Rw → Pv + Mw phase boundary, or to a chemically stratified boundary between the upper and the lower mantle, as suggested by a recent high-pressure experiment.     

外核黏性对地磁场发电机数值模型的影响

地磁场发电机过程由数学方程组和输入参数所控制.为研究发电机参数对系统的影响,本文使用MoSST模型模拟了在外核黏性ν变化下发电机模型的输出.通过使用跨越近3个量级的ν值,着重研究了各物理场及其典型尺度随黏性的变化.发现黏性变化显著影响流场;磁场随ν增加而近乎单调减小,但变化幅度不超过30%;温度扰动随ν增加而小幅（6%）单调增加.经过拟合,得到外核流速u和黏性ν的比例关系：u~ν^0.49.流速随黏性增加的现象本质上是由于黏性增加打破了Taylor-Proudman约束,使得临界Rayleigh数减小,从而在相同的驱动力下带来了流速的增加.此外,作用力平衡分析发现,随着ν的变化,系统在几种平衡模式间切换.通过与之前比例关系的研究对比,本研究支持在一定范围内,磁场与黏性关系不大的结论;但反对流速与外核黏性无关的假设.

     

横向黏度变化的全地幔对流应力场初步研究

将地幔地震波速度异常转换为地幔横向黏度变化(达到3个数量级),在球坐标系下计算了瑞雷数为106、上边界为刚性、下边界为应力自由等温边界条件下的岩石层底部的地幔对流极型和环型应力场.结果表明,地幔对流极型应力场与地表大尺度构造具有良好的对应关系:俯冲带和碰撞带的应力呈现挤压状态,而洋中脊处的应力则呈现拉张状态.地幔对流环...     

Topography of the mantle discontinuities beneath the South Pacific superswell as inferred from broadband waveforms on seafloor

We analyzed seismic waveforms recorded by the broadband ocean bottom seismographs deployed in the South Pacific superswell to determine the depths of the mantle discontinuities using a receiver function method. We estimated the thickness of the mantle transition zone (MTZ) to be 245 km on average beneath the superswell region, which is close to the global average. The MTZ is found to be thinned locally beneath the Society hot spot by 30 km. Temperature anomalies computed from the thinned transition zone and the Clapeyron slope of the olivine phase transformations are 150–200 K beneath the Society hot spot. Previous studies, using land-based data, suggested the presence of a hot MTZ beneath the Pitcairn hot spot. The locally hot transition zone beneath the hot spots is attributed to narrow mantle plumes probably rising from the lower mantle. The normal average thickness obtained from the present study indicates that there is no broad upwelling across the transition zone beneath the entire superswell region at present.     

下地幔布里奇曼石与毛钙硅石混溶对大型剪切波低速省长期演化的动力学影响: 二维数值模拟

布里奇曼石（bridgmanite）和毛钙硅石（davemaoite）是下地幔主要的端元矿物,是构成下地幔的重要基石.矿物物理学新的研究发现,在高温高压条件下这两种矿物可以发生混溶,因而可能改变下地幔的物理化学状态.本研究我们在二维地幔对流数值模型中以相变的方式模拟布里奇曼石和毛钙硅石混溶现象,讨论其对地幔热-化学结构（尤其是下地幔大型剪切波低速省）的长期动力学影响.模拟结果显示,布里奇曼石和毛钙硅石混溶更有利于下地幔大型剪切波低速省长期保存,并且这种稳定作用随大型剪切波低速省与周围地幔密度差减小而更加显著,而相变边界的克拉伯龙斜率则在长期演化过程中起次级作用.

     

鲜水河断裂带北西段跨断层基线变化机理探讨

2013年芦山M_S7.0地震发生后,鲜水河断裂北西段的侏倭、虚墟等跨断层测点基线测项均出现不同程度的异常变化,异常核实结果认为基线异常属实.该异常变化是否与芦山地震的发生存在一定关联性,值得深入研究.本文首先分析芦山地震发生前后鲜水河断裂北西段不同基线长度的变化特征.基于鲜水河断裂带及邻区三维非线性黏弹性有限元模型,以GPS观测资料、同震静态滑移量作为约束,通过开展多组数值模拟实验,探讨下地壳不同流变特征下,芦山地震发生前后不同阶段,不同跨断层基线长度的时序动态变化特征.初步研究结果表明,1）侏倭、虚墟基线测点原始观测资料均表现出地震发生时基线长度减小,发生后短时间内反向快速恢复及增加的协同变化;2）在以GPS观测数据为约束的块体间差异性运动的动力学边界条件下,鲜水河断裂表现为左旋走滑运动;3）模拟结果显示,地震发生时测点间距离迅速减小,表现为断层右旋的特征,这与实际观测资料反映的结果一致;4）鲜水河断裂带两侧地块的下地壳黏滞系数分别取10¹⁸Pa·s、10¹⁹ Pa·s时,由于黏弹性松弛效应的影响,造成基线长度在地震发生后短时间尺度内快速增加.对比分析认为,地震后短时间内实测资料反映的基线长度快速增加的特征可能是黏弹性松弛效应与构造作用共同作用的结果.

     

Tectonic evolution of the Lachlan Fold Belt, southeastern Australia: constraints from coupled numerical models of crustal deformation and surface erosion driven by subduction of the underlying mantle

We have used a coupled thermo-mechanical finite-element (FE) model of crustal deformation driven by mantle/oceanic subduction to demonstrate that the tectonic evolution of the Lachlan Fold Belt (LFB) during the Mid-Palaeozoic (Late Ordovician to Early Carboniferous) can be linked to continuous subduction along a single subduction zone. This contrasts with most models proposed to date which assume that separate subduction zones were active beneath the western, central and eastern sections of the Lachlan Orogen. We demonstrate how the existing data on the structural, volcanic and erosional evolution of the Lachlan Fold Belt can be accounted for by our model. We focus particularly on the timing of fault movement in the various sectors of the orogen. We demonstrate that the presence of the weak basal decollement on which most of the Lachlan Fold Belt is constructed effectively decouples crustal structures from those in the underlying mantle. The patterns of faulting in the upper crust appears therefore to be controlled by lateral strength contrasts inherited from previous orogenic events rather than the location of one or several subduction zones. The model also predicts that the uplift and deep exhumation of the Wagga-Omeo Metamorphic Belt (WOMB) is associated with the advection of this terrane above the subduction point and is the only tectonic event that gives us direct constraints on the location of the subduction zone. We also discuss the implications of our model for the nature of the basement underlying the present-day orogen.