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1.
Summary An approximate method of calculating the stability of two-dimensional convection rolls to cross-roll disturbances is evaluated by comparison with the results from exact analyses and good agreement is obtained. In particular, investigation of the second mode of the disturbance provides a qualitative estimate of the terms excluded in making the approximation. We conclude that this approximate method, sensibly used, gives a good indication of the stability of rolls to cross-roll disturbances.Application of this method is made to convection rolls heated partially or wholly from within, and to rolls in the presence of a longitudinal shear flow. The approximation indicates that, at high Rayleigh Numbers, growth rates are underestimated and so the amount of shear calculated to stabilise longitudinal rolls is a lower bound. Our results suggest that two-dimensional rolls are unlikely to be a stable flow pattern beneath even the fastest moving plates. 相似文献
2.
根据准动力学计算方案,通过采用等效热源和等效热传导系数的方法,用有限元法计算了不同俯冲角度,而俯冲速度为8cm/a、年龄为100Ma的俯冲带在稳定俯冲状态的热结构.计算结果表明俯冲带在接近670km间断面的最低温度可达到1100℃.全地幔对流模式热结构的计算结果表明670km间断面以下可存在最低温度达1000℃的低温区,相应于有0.7%—3.0%的P波低速异常存在.双层地幔对流模式表明,在670km间断面以上可有与周围地幔相差约400℃的水平舌状低温区存在,相应于0.5%—1.4%的P波低速异常. 相似文献
3.
构造热涌模型是为解释全球岩石圈和若干局部构造运动特征而提出的一种动力学模型 ,它强调在岩石圈的分层结构中 ,层的介质相对而言有“软”、“硬”之分 ,硬层内近垂向裂缝发育 ,软层物质可沿层间流动和沿硬层内裂缝上涌 ,因构造裂缝的开合是变化的 ,对软物质上涌起控制作用。依据近几年来岩石圈的一些探测成果 ,将构造热涌模型发展为层块构造热涌模型。本文阐述了构造热涌模型的要点和立论根据 ,并根据这个模型对一些构造现象和板块构造理论面临的一些困难问题进行了讨论 相似文献
4.
假定地幔为一个均匀的、粘滞系数为常数、同时均匀分布放射性热源的流体球层,其内部存在的对流则由流体力学3个基本方程:运动方程、能量方程和连续性方程确定.如果假定地幔处于低瑞利数的状态(临界瑞利数1.5倍左右),那么上述方程中的非线性项可以忽略不计.作为一类可能的模型,本文计算一组用6个边界条件确定6个未知数的线性方程组.这些条件包括板块绝对运动极型场、地球大地水准面异常和地震层析结果提供的地幔密度分布横向不均匀相应的“刚性地球”水准面异常等.模型计算表明:1.地幔中流体运动格局不仅受地幔热动力学参数(瑞利数)控制,而且强烈地受边界条件的影响.2.若不限定下边界为等温边界,则上、下地幔之间并不呈现出活动性明显差异;但是在模型瑞利数加大到一定值时,核-幔边界附近将出现一些局部的小尺度对流环.3.当模型瑞利数从很小增加时,对流格局将发生变化,这些格局可能反应由地幔热动力学参数决定的地幔固有特性.4.当瑞利数为50000和80000时,核-幔边界形变与PcP波得到的结果吻合较好. 相似文献
5.
这篇综述讨论大空间、大时间尺度的地幔动力学近几十年的发展和现状,着重讨论了相关的观测及其动力学意义.这些观测包括现在地球的板块运动的基本特性,中、长波重力异常及大地水准面异常,地震层析成像得到的地幔结构,以及过去10亿年超级大陆Pangea和Rodinia的形成、裂解和演化,及火山岩浆活动.关于地球动力学模型的讨论是围绕着这些相关的观测而进行的.涉及到的一些主要问题包括以下.第一,地幔动力学研究显示,地震层析成像得到的下地幔的二阶结构(比如核幔边界附近的LLSVP结构),和俯冲带的快速异常体,可以解释为过去1亿年左右的板块运动和地幔对流的结果;第二,地幔三维结构作为地幔对流的驱动力,是导致中、长波重力及大地水准面异常的直接原因;结合地幔动力学模拟,观测的大地水准面异常对地幔黏性结构提供了强有力的约束,很可靠的结果之一是下地幔的黏性比上地幔要高至少一个量级,并且最近的研究确定软流圈的存在;第三,过去10亿年大陆块体经历过的Rodinia和Pangea两期超级大陆的形成和破裂是地幔动力学在地表的反映.地幔结构在Pangea形成过程中是一阶结构(即一个半球是冷的下降流,而另一个半球是热的上涌流)主导的,而现在的二阶为主导的地幔结构是Pangea形成后,破裂前或破裂过程中才形成的;地幔动力学和其他研究支持地幔结构在一阶和二阶间转换的1-2-1模型;第四,板块构造在地球上的起源和动力机制依然是充满争议和不确定的课题,但是这些问题同时也是重要的地球动力学基本问题. 相似文献
6.
根据准动力学计算方案,通过采用等效热源和等效热传导系数的方法,用有限元法计算了不同俯冲角度,而俯冲速度为8cm/a、年龄为100Ma的俯冲带在稳定俯冲状态的热结构.计算结果表明俯冲带在接近670km间断面的最低温度可达到1100℃.全地幔对流模式热结构的计算结果表明670km间断面以下可存在最低温度达1000℃的低温区,相应于有0.7%-3.0%的P波低速异常存在.双层地幔对流模式表明,在670km间断面以上可有与周围地幔相差约400℃的水平舌状低温区存在,相应于0.5%-1.4%的P波低速异常. 相似文献
7.
假定地幔为一个均匀的、粘滞系数为常数、同时均匀分布放射性热源的流体球层,其内部存在的对流则由流体力学3个基本方程:运动方程、能量方程和连续性方程确定.如果假定地幔处于低瑞利数的状态(临界瑞利数1.5倍左右),那么上述方程中的非线性项可以忽略不计.作为一类可能的模型,本文计算一组用6个边界条件确定6个未知数的线性方程组.这些条件包括板块绝对运动极型场、地球大地水准面异常和地震层析结果提供的地幔密度分布横向不均匀相应的“刚性地球”水准面异常等.模型计算表明:1.地幔中流体运动格局不仅受地幔热动力学参数(瑞利数)控制,而且强烈地受边界条件的影响.2.若不限定下边界为等温边界,则上、下地幔之间并不呈现出活动性明显差异;但是在模型瑞利数加大到一定值时,核-幔边界附近将出现一些局部的小尺度对流环.3.当模型瑞利数从很小增加时,对流格局将发生变化,这些格局可能反应由地幔热动力学参数决定的地幔固有特性.4.当瑞利数为50000和80000时,核-幔边界形变与PcP波得到的结果吻合较好. 相似文献
8.
本文以板块绝对运动AM1-2模型为边界条件探讨了不同的瑞利数下地幔热对流模型.结果表明,瑞利数小于10000(529.41)时,地幔对流呈现以板块驱动图式,运动的极型场和环型场由板块运动激发,两种场占有差不多相同的功率.当瑞利数增加到接近或略超过最低临界值时(约1.5倍),对流呈现出复杂状态:1.板块运动速率小于下伏地幔对流速率;2.区域性的双层对流环出现;3.对流谱成分发生变化;4.环型场仅在地幔很浅的区域中起作用,而在地幔深部对流图式中影响很小. 相似文献
9.
本文以板块绝对运动AM1-2模型为边界条件探讨了不同的瑞利数下地幔热对流模型.结果表明,瑞利数小于10000(529.41)时,地幔对流呈现以板块驱动图式,运动的极型场和环型场由板块运动激发,两种场占有差不多相同的功率.当瑞利数增加到接近或略超过最低临界值时(约1.5倍),对流呈现出复杂状态:1.板块运动速率小于下伏地幔对流速率;2.区域性的双层对流环出现;3.对流谱成分发生变化;4.环型场仅在地幔很浅的区域中起作用,而在地幔深部对流图式中影响很小. 相似文献
10.
岩石圈和软流圈的相互作用是现今地球动力学研究的热点问题之一.本文针对岩石圈与软流圈的相互作用模型,开发了新的基于热-流-固三场耦合方法的有限元程序.岩石圈变形和对流的地幔之间的耦合方式为:地幔在热驱动(或运动岩石圈的拖曳)下产生对流,对流的地幔对耦合边界施加载荷并造成岩石圈的变形,变形的岩石圈反作用于软流圈从而影响其地幔对流的状态.温度场根据速度场和网格变形的结果适时调整,如此反复推动整个系统的演化.利用该耦合方法模拟了“地幔柱作用下地表隆升”地质过程, 其结果与实际地质资料和地质认识能很好的吻合,验证了该方法模拟地幔与软流圈相互作用过程的有效性及处理复杂耦合问题的能力. 相似文献
11.
地震各向异性与地幔对流导致的变形存在因果关系,因此地幔对流模拟可被用来预测地震各向异性,并推测剪切波各向异性地幔源的深度.本文建立了基于地震速度结构的地幔对流模型来预测云南地区剪切波分裂的快波方向,它同时受地表板块运动和地幔内部的温度扰动所驱动.通过与观测结果进行对比分析,推测在云南地区西北部和东部区域,剪切波各向异性源主要存在于岩石圈中.在西南部和四川盆地及其西缘,地幔流动可能是剪切波各向异性的主要贡献者,各向异性层分别位于210~330 km和170~330 km深度,导致西南部剪切波各向异性的地幔可能处于大幅度的剪切变形状态,而四川盆地及其西缘主要处于中等强度的剪切变形状态. 相似文献
12.
A new conceptual model of mantle convection is constructed for consideration of the origin of hotspot plumes, using recent evidence from seismology, high-pressure experiments, geodynamic modeling, geoid inversion studies, and post-glacial rebound analyses. This conceptual model delivers several key points. Firstly, some of the small-scale mantle upwellings observed as hotspots on the Earth's surface originate at the base of the mantle transition zone (MTZ), in which the Archean granitic continental material crust (TTG; tonalite-trondhjemite-granodiorite) with abundant radiogenic elements is accumulated. Secondly, the TTG crust and the subducted oceanic crust that have accumulated at the base of MTZ could act as thermal or mechanical insulators, leading to the formation of a hot and less viscous layer just beneath the MTZ; which may enhance the instability of plume generation at the base of the MTZ. Thirdly, the origin of some hotspot plumes is isolated from the large low shear-wave velocity provinces (LLSVPs) under Africa and the South Pacific. I consider that the conceptual model explains why almost all the hotspots around Africa are located above the margins of the African LLSVP. Because a planetary-scale trench system surrounding a “Pangean cell” has been spatially stable throughout the Phanerozoic, a large amount of the oceanic crustal layer is likely to be trapped in the MTZ under the Pangean cell. Therefore, under Africa, almost all of the hotspot plumes originate from the base of the MTZ, where a large amount of TTG and/or oceanic crusts has accumulated. This conceptual model may explain the fact that almost all the hotspots around Africa are located on margins above the African LLSVP. It is also considered that some of the hotspot plumes under the South Pacific thread through the TTG/oceanic crusts accumulated around the bottom of the MTZ, and some have their roots in the South Pacific LLSVP while others originate from the MTZ. The numerical simulations of mantle convection also speculate that the Earth's mantle convection is not thermally double-layered at the ringwoodite to perovskite + magnesiowüstite (Rw → Pv + Mw) phase boundary, because of its gentle negative Clapeyron slope. This is in contrast with some traditional images of mantle convection that have independent convection cells between the upper and lower mantle. These numerical studies speculate that the generation of stagnant slab at the base of the MTZ (as seismically observed globally) may not be due to the negative Clapeyron slope, and may instead be related to a viscosity increase (i.e., a viscosity jump) at the Rw → Pv + Mw phase boundary, or to a chemically stratified boundary between the upper and the lower mantle, as suggested by a recent high-pressure experiment. 相似文献
13.
首先计算了欧亚地区均衡残差大地水准面.基于地幔热对流的内负荷理论和最新全球层析成像结果,探讨了欧亚地区中波长均衡残差大地水准面的地球动力学意义.研究结果表明,中波长均衡残差大地水准面主要受上地幔粘滞度和岩石层强度的影响,进而得出欧亚地区一些古老地盾和构造稳定地区的上地幔与年轻山脉及构造活动地区的上地幔结构存在着差异.这个差异主要是占老地盾和构造稳定地区,如波罗的海地盾、中西伯利亚地台、东欧等区域,冷却的上地幔已穿透地幔较深,上地幔与岩石层之间耦合较好;而年轻山脉和构造活动区,如帕米尔、天山、贝加尔活动带、青藏高原、日本海周围地区,在上地幔可能存在着热物质即粘滞度很低的软流层,上地幔与岩石层耦合程度较差,甚至有可能解耦.从欧亚地区上地幔属性的差异,可以解释该地区的一些地球动力学问题. 相似文献
14.
地幔的流变性质已成为认识地球内部结构及动力学过程的核心问题之一。本文总结了近年来地幔粘度结构研究的方法,其中包括利用地球物理观测资料进行反演计算和实验室试验研究,重点讨论了利用冰期后回跳,板块运动速度和大地水准面异常资料反演地幔粘度结构2的方法和结果以及地幔矿物的实验结果,并对不同方法进行了比较总结。最后简单讨论了地幔粘度结构研究存在的问题和未来的研究方向。 相似文献
15.
本文评述了三维速度图像研究的现状,简要地叙述了在全球尺度、大尺度和区域尺度内三维速度图像重建所取得的主要成果.笔者在介绍了三维速度图像同地球科学其它领域的关系之后,在对未来的展望中认为,为板块构造和地球动力学这样一些基本的地学问题提供直接的地震学的证据将是一个长期的目标,并为此提出了三个要解决的问题,还针对我国现有条件提出了供选择的参考课题. 相似文献
16.
New satellite technology to measure changes in the Earth’s gravity field gives new possibilities to detect layers of low viscosity inside the Earth. We used density models for the Earth mantle based on slab history as well as on tomography and fitted the viscosity by comparison of predicted gravity to the new CHAMP gravity model. We first confirm that the fit to the observed geoid is insensitive to the presence of a low viscosity anomaly in the upper mantle as long as the layer is thin ( 200 km) and the viscosity reduction is less than two orders of magnitude. Then we investigated the temporal change in geoid by comparing two stages of slablet sinking based on subduction history or by advection of tomography derived densities and compared the spectra of the geoid change for cases with and without a low viscosity layer, but about equal fit to the observed geoid. The presence of a low viscosity layer causes relaxation at smaller wavelength and thus leads to a spectrum with relatively stronger power in higher modes and a peak around degrees 5 and 6. Comparing the spectra to the expected degree resolution for GRACE data for a 5 years mission duration shows a weak possibility to detect changes in the Earth’s gravity field due to large scale mantle circulation, provided that other causes of geoid changes can be taken into account with sufficient accuracy. A discrimination between the two viscosity cases, however, demands a new generation of gravity field observing satellites. 相似文献
17.
We use geodynamic models with imposed plate velocities to test the forward-modeled history of subduction based on a particular plate motion model against alternative seismic tomography models. We utilize three alternative published reference frames: a hybrid moving hotspot-palaeomagnetic, a hybrid moving hotspot-true polar wander corrected-palaeomagnetic, and a Subduction Reference Frame, a plate model including longitudinal shifts of subduction zones by matching subduction volumes imaged by P-wave tomography, to assess which model best predicts present day mantle structure compared with seismic tomography and volumetrically derived subduction history. Geodynamic modeling suggests paleo-longitudinal corrections applied to the Subduction Reference Frame result in lower mantle slab material beneath North America and East Asia accumulating up to 10–15° westward of that imaged by tomography, whereas the hybrid models develop material offset by 2–9°. However, the Subduction Reference Frame geodynamic model produces slab material beneath the Tethyan Domain coinciding with slab volumes imaged by tomography, whereas the hybrid reference frame models do not, suggesting regional paleo-longitudinal corrections are required to constrain slab locations. We use our models to test inferred slab sinking rates in the mantle focusing on well-constrained regions. We derive a globally averaged slab-sinking rate of 13 ± 3 mm/yr by combining the ages of onset and cessation of subduction from geological data and kinematic reconstructions with images of subducted slabs in the mantle. Our global average slab-sinking rate overlaps with the 15–20 mm/yr rate implied by mantle convection models using a lower mantle viscosity 100 times higher than the upper mantle. 相似文献
18.
首先计算了欧亚地区均衡残差大地水准面.基于地幔热对流的内负荷理论和最新全球层析成像结果,探讨了欧亚地区中波长均衡残差大地水准面的地球动力学意义.研究结果表明,中波长均衡残差大地水准面主要受上地幔粘滞度和岩石层强度的影响,进而得出欧亚地区一些古老地盾和构造稳定地区的上地幔与年轻山脉及构造活动地区的上地幔结构存在着差异.这个差异主要是占老地盾和构造稳定地区,如波罗的海地盾、中西伯利亚地台、东欧等区域,冷却的上地幔已穿透地幔较深,上地幔与岩石层之间耦合较好;而年轻山脉和构造活动区,如帕米尔、天山、贝加尔活动带、青藏高原、日本海周围地区,在上地幔可能存在着热物质即粘滞度很低的软流层,上地幔与岩石层耦合程度较差,甚至有可能解耦.从欧亚地区上地幔属性的差异,可以解释该地区的一些地球动力学问题. 相似文献
19.
本文评述了三维速度图像研究的现状,简要地叙述了在全球尺度、大尺度和区域尺度内三维速度图像重建所取得的主要成果.笔者在介绍了三维速度图像同地球科学其它领域的关系之后,在对未来的展望中认为,为板块构造和地球动力学这样一些基本的地学问题提供直接的地震学的证据将是一个长期的目标,并为此提出了三个要解决的问题,还针对我国现有条件提出了供选择的参考课题. 相似文献
20.
A model is developed that unifies vigorous hotspots with global-scale mantle convection and plate tectonics. The convection dynamics are assumed to generate flow patterns that emerge as closely packed polygonal cells in approaching the asthenosphere, and whose geometry is completely determined by a defining set of vigorous hotspots. Overlying viscously coupled rigid plates are driven with unique velocities (Euler vectors) at which the area integral of the shear forces is zero; these velocities are dynamically stable. The computed plate velocities, resulting from convection based on 15 hotspots, are compared with the velocities of plate motion models AM1-2 ( Minster and Jordan, 1978) and HS-NUVEL1 ( Gripp and Gordon, 1990), which combine transform fault geometries, magnetic anomalies and seismic data. The comparison shows a striking agreement for a majority of the plates. Geophysical implications of this numerical exercise are discussed. 相似文献
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