黄河三角洲盐碱地动态变化遥感监测

运用多期陆地卫星图像数据,结合野外调查及采样分析,对黄河三角洲近15a来盐碱地的动态变化进行了监测.研究区内发现盐碱地面积呈不断扩大趋势,不同类型的盐碱地变化不同:轻盐碱地不断增多,重盐碱地逐渐减少,光板地先增后减.盐碱地数量方面的增减并没有对盐碱地在不同土地类型中的空间分布格局产生太大影响.     

基于RS、GIS的松嫩沙地土地利用变化研究——以吉林省前郭县为例

土地利用变化是自然与人文因素综合作用的结果。在较短时间尺度上,社会经济因素是土地利用变化的主要驱动力。本文以吉林省前郭尔罗斯县为例,运用1987年和1996年TM影像及相关统计数据,采用空间分析、统计分析和遥感信息与空间化非遥感信息集成等方法,研究了10a来该县土地利用变化过程及其社会经济驱动机制。结果表明,近10a来,耕地面积明显增加,林地、牧草地面积减少,其它土地利用类型面积变化不大,农业产值、牧业产值、农业人口数和粮食产量是该县土地利用变化的主要社会经济驱动力.     

径向基函数对干热河谷冲沟DEM构建的影响

针对当前沟谷尺度侵蚀定量化研究中构建干热河谷区沟谷DEM时主要集中在宏观尺度DEM或微DEM构建与分析,而对DEM评价指标及构建等的研究不够深入的问题,文章以云南元谋典型冲沟为例,基于径向基函数插值,以平均误差、均方根误差及高程正负偏差为指标,通过交叉验证及检查点法,对比分析不同基函数、邻域搜索点数及搜索方位对DEM插值的影响。结果表明,张力样条函数、邻域3~18个点插值效果较好;限制搜索方位降低了样本及检查点的平均误差,其他参数不敏感;构建了大比例尺冲沟DEM,能够较真实的模拟元谋冲沟地表形态。     

基于点云数据内插DEM的精度比较研究

利用3维激光扫描技术,以云南元谋干热河谷地区冲沟为研究对象,扫描获得大量具有冲沟坐标信息的点云数据。离散的点云数据之间没有明显的拓扑关系,不能表达连续的地表形态,通过建立格网DEM可视化表达地形信息,利用不同的内插方法生成DEM并进行精度评定,以便在不同的地貌区和采点方式下选用最佳的内插模型。点云数据经过数据配准拼接以及噪声剔除,在ArcGIS软件中,通过数据格式转换,利用反距离加权插值、克里金插值、自然领域法插值三种不同的内插方法生成DEM模型,通过检查点法分析已有的固定点高程和内插相应点的高程值做误差比较,分析不同的内插精度。实验表明,反距离加权插值法和克里金插值中误差基本相同,自然领域法插值中误差最大。分析比较不同的内插精度,对地表的坡度、坡向、等高线的研究具有重要的意义。     

基于文献计量法的地表温度降尺度研究综述

利用文献计量法,分别从论文数量、引用频次、发表期刊、研究区域、降尺度方法、验证方法等多个方面对2005—2020年地表温度降尺度领域的185篇中英文文献进行统计总结.研究发现,近年来相关文献发表数量保持波动上升趋势,被引频次在2013年之前呈上升趋势,而之后逐渐下降;降尺度方法以统计回归为主,机器学习方法在近5 a来所...     

青藏高原近30年来现代冰川面积的遥感调查

以1960~1970年间1∶10万比例尺地形图、1975年MSS数据和2000年前后ETM数据为信息源,采用现代遥感技术,按自然山系对青藏高原现代冰川面积进行调查,基本查明了各山系内现有冰川的面积以及近30 a来冰川面积减少的数量:青藏高原现有冰川面积46 887.23 km2,减少了3 941.68 km2,年均减少131.4 km2。     

测量学教材中地貌名词的商榷

近三十年来,先后出版的多数测量学教材中,涉及的几个地貌名词:盆地与洼地、峡谷与冲沟、山脊与山背混淆不清,通过查考予以澄清。     

洞庭湖演化变迁的遥感监测数学模型

为了研究洞庭湖的演化变迁规律,利用不同历史时期的洞庭湖水域分布图及近几十年的遥感图像及地形图资料,采用GIS图形图像处理和人机交互式解译信息提取方法,获得了近3 000 a以来22个时期的洞庭湖水域面积变化信息。根据数据分布规律,运用数理统计分析方法建立了洞庭湖演化变迁遥感监测数学模型,并对洞庭湖未来发展变化趋势及其对洞庭湖区未来生态环境的影响进行了分析预测。研究结果表明,按照该数学模型计算,再过250 a洞庭湖将消亡。     

干旱区绿洲植被动态变化研究与分析

以2000年ETM+和2016年高分一号影像为数据源,对生态环境较为脆弱的拜城绿洲盆地区进行土地利用/覆盖类型分类,分析绿洲盆地植被时空动态变化。研究结果表明,2000~2016年耕地面积增加了155.94 km2,密林地在研究期内面积较为稳定,没有明显变化;而灌木林地和沼泽湿地近16 a间面积分布减少了11.15 km2和14.89 km2。因此保护和恢复木扎尔特河流域的天然植被资源,保持绿洲自然植被生产力的稳定性至关重要。     

江苏省沿海沙洲及潮汐水道演变遥感分析

简述了不同历史阶段江苏省沿海沙洲的分布及演变情况。通过对20世纪70、80、90年代3期卫星图像的解译和对比,着重对近20a来江苏省沿海沙洲及潮汐水道的分布、变化特点和发展趋势进行了分析研究。     

利用航空遥感信息进行小流域侵蚀环境系列动态制图与分析——以山西省离石县王家沟流域为例

本研究工作是在利用航空遥感信息进行黄土丘陵沟壑区侵蚀环境系列制图的基础上,对黄土侵蚀环境动态变化作了初步分析探讨。通过利用山西省离石县王家沟流域不同时期的航空像片,应用先进的地理信息系统软件ARc/INFO系统编制出了该流域不同时期,不同时段和不同类型的侵蚀环境系列图,包括影响侵蚀因素系列图、土壤侵蚀量分布图,流域沟谷形态变化图,时段侵蚀平均发展速度图以及治理评价图,并在此基础上,利用环境动态分析法分时段分析了流域侵蚀状况变化及其环境的变化。在侵蚀环境的分析中·不仅分析了影响侵蚀的自然因素,还揭示了人为因素对侵蚀的影响。研究结果,为黄土高原小流域水土流失综合治理措施的制定提供了科学依据。     

IDENTIFYING AND ASSESSING PROBLEM AREAS IN SOIL EROSION SURVEYS USING AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHS

Gully erosion has for many years been a problem in Rhodesia1s Tribal Trust Lands. This paper describes how Soil Conservation Service staff, with no previous ground knowledge of these areas, used good quality 1/25,000 scale aerial photographs to measure the extent of the gully erosion and to pinpoint erosion “black spots.” This enabled quick and reliable estimates of the cost of reclamation work to be made without the need for time-consuming field survey. The survey method discussed is capable of wide application wherever gully erosion occurs and needs to be brought under control.     

植被稀疏地区沟蚀变化的地面激光扫描监测与沟蚀量估算

针对传统沟蚀监测手段劳作强度大,且数据采集的完整性、代表性受切沟复杂地形制约等问题,提出了一种针对植被稀疏地区沟蚀变化的地面激光扫描（terrestrial laser scanning,TLS）监测方法,形成了一套数据处理与侵蚀量计算技术流程。以河北省官厅水库东岸某大型切沟为例,利用高精度TLS进行两年3期野外监测与点云数据分析。通过点云配准、滤波、重采样及曲面拟合等预处理,生成不同采样分辨率下3期切沟表面模型,并提取地形信息;采用杨赤中滤波推估法计算并比较不同点云重采样分辨率下的沟蚀量。结果表明:（1）当点云重采样分辨率与切沟表面凹凸微结构暨石块粒径（2~6cm）接近时,沟蚀量估算值趋于稳定、结果可靠;（2）经侵蚀作用,切沟外壁表面高程整体降低2~20 cm;（3）切沟内壁侵蚀量不均衡,坡度较大处侵蚀最为显著。     

陕北黄土丘陵地区土壤侵蚀强度遥感分析方法探讨

在地形破碎的黄土丘陵地区,利用航空遥感图像分析沟谷密度、沟谷发育阶段、地貌形态及其与土壤侵蚀强度之间的相关性,收到了良好的效果。研究表明,包括切沟在内的黄土丘陵区的沟谷密度值可高达20 km/km~2以上;黄土冲沟的发育阶段不同,其侵蚀强度也相应变化;切沟发育最活跃和最密集的地段,其侵蚀强度也最大。根据土壤侵蚀总量与侵蚀强度之间的相关,建立了土壤侵蚀模型,并利用遥感图像划分了土壤侵蚀综合类型,从而可用多元回归分析方法求算各侵蚀类型的侵蚀强度,为预测区域侵蚀总量开辟了新的技术途径。     

东北黑土区侵蚀沟遥感影像特征提取与识别

东北黑土区是中国重要的粮食生产区,而长期的开垦造成了严重的水土流失现象,坡耕地表面出现大量的侵蚀沟。侵蚀沟的识别是土壤侵蚀监测的重要手段之一,目前遥感技术在侵蚀沟的识别中应用广泛,但自动化程度不高。针对特定地物影像的识别,如何选取最能够有效描述该地物的特征是解决问题的关键。本文构建了耕地和侵蚀沟遥感影像的训练样本集,基于样本集分别提取了由光谱特征和纹理特征组成的浅层特征、SIFT特征经编码后得到的中层特征,以及利用卷积神经网络提取的深层特征;再基于不同层次的特征选用合适的分类器对遥感影像进行分类,识别出含有侵蚀沟的遥感影像,形成了一套针对侵蚀沟的特征提取与识别方法,为东北黑土区的耕地保护提供有力支持。测试结果表明:基于中层特征的识别精度最高,为98.5%,但该特征需要人工设计,自动化程度有限;而利用卷积神经网络可自动提取深层特征,其识别精度达到了95.5%,同时大大提高了自动化程度,满足侵蚀沟影像的识别的需求。     

Use of remote sensing to map gully erosion along the Atbara River, Sudan

The problems and impact of gully erosion along the Atbara River (Sudan), situated in semi-arid and arid environments, were investigated. The total gross area of gullied land and the loss of arable land by gully erosion were estimated. Multi-date sets of panchromatic aerial photographs and Landsat images (TM) were selected to represent two sites in the arid (New Halfa) and semi-arid (Showak town) zones along the Atbara River. Photo interpretation was conducted using physiographic and element methods. The interpretations detected the effects of water action in different climatic zones on geology, lithology, vegetation and land use. The results showed that the traditional rainfed agriculture has accelerated gully erosion in the semi-arid rather than in the arid zone. The progressive rate of gully erosion in the semi-arid zone resulted in loss of arable land at about 13.4 km² yr-1 and 9.8 km² yr-1 in the periods 1985–1987 and 1987–1990, respectively. The study provided data on the monitoring and mapping of gully erosion along the Atbara River and its tributaries.     

Gully boundary extraction based on multidirectional hill‐shading from high‐resolution DEMs

The gully boundary, which distinguishes gully from non‐gully areas, is a significant geomorphologic feature for research on gully development and gully erosion. This study presents a new method based on multidirectional hill‐shading maps, which identify the gully (i.e., shadow area) from inter‐gully (i.e., non‐shadow area). These shadows obtained from various illumination azimuths are merged; consequently, the border of the shadows, which is the gully boundary line, can be achieved. In this process, two key parameters, namely, altitude and azimuth of light, affect the accuracy of gully boundary extraction. The experiments in Yaojiawan area of China show that the method of average median slope of all sampling profiles across the gully boundary is effective and practical for light altitude selection. Moreover, the six azimuths are sufficient for gully boundary extraction in a loess hilly area. The application in the Madigou area indicates the replicability and rationality of this method. A comparison with the positive‐negative terrain and slope variation method confirms a higher accuracy of gully boundary extraction by the proposed method in terms of visual interpretation, length, and contour‐matching difference with reference to manually digitalized results. Accuracy assessment indicates that the proposed method is applicable for gully boundary extraction based on high‐resolution DEMs.     

一种黄土区土壤侵蚀强度遥感调查新方法

通过对TM图像的线性纹理提取和密度统计,首先获得了黄土丘陵区沟谷密度图,然后由沟谷密度反演区域土壤侵蚀强度。这种方法避开了影响土壤侵蚀量的诸多复杂因子。可直接从水土流失的外在表现---沟谷密度来反推土壤侵蚀强度。研究结果证明,这种方法对快速调查大范围黄土丘陵区的土壤侵蚀强度是十分有效的。     

Remote gully erosion mapping using aster data and geomorphologic analysis in the Main Ethiopian Rift

The Main Ethiopian Rift (MER) is an area of extreme topography underlain by post-Miocene volcanic rocks, Jurassic limestone and a Precambrian basement. A prime concern is the rapid expansion of wide gullies that are impinging on agricultural land. We investigate the potential contribution of Advanced Space-borne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) data and geomorphologic parameters to discern patterns and features of gully erosion in the MER. Maximum Likelihood Classification (MLC), Support Vector Machine (SVM), and Minimum Distance (MD) classifiers are used to extract different gully shapes and patterns. Several spatial textures based on Grey Level Co-occurrence Matrices (GLCMs) are then generated. Afterwards, the same classifiers are applied to the ASTER data combined with the spatial texture information. We used geomorphologic parameters extracted from SRTM and ASTER DEMs to describe the geomorphologic setting and the gullies’ shapes. The classifications show accuracies varying between 67% and 89%. Maps derived from this quantitative analysis allow the monitoring and mapping of land degradation as a direct result of gully-widening. This study reveals the utility of combining ASTER data and spatial textural information in discerning areas affected by gully erosion.     

Mass movement studies in Kosi catchment,mepal — A semi quantitative approach using aerial photographs

An area of about 5000 sq. km. in the upper parts of river basin of Sun Kosi falling in Nepal has been studied using medium and small scale aerial photographs of two different dates. The temporal variations in relation to mass movements that occur in the study area have been demarcated. The areas which have undergone increased erosion by slope failure and gully erosion over a period of 22 years are evaluated. An attempt has been made to quantify the increase in area of mass movement taking the advantage of three dimensional model of terrain as seen in the aerial photos.