山西沁水盆地热史演化特征

沁水盆地是华北克拉通内的构造盆地,是天然气勘探的潜在重要区域,盆地的热史研究是天然气储层评价的重要基础。重点应用磷灰石裂变径迹的分析与模拟,配合镜质体反射率的分析与模拟以及区域构造地质背景分析,恢复了沁水盆地的古地温梯度和地热演化模型:早古生代地温梯度稳定,为3℃/100 m,晚二叠世至三叠纪地温梯度较前期略有降低,约为2.5~3.0℃/100 m;早、中侏罗世地温梯度开始上升,约为3.0~4.0℃/100 m;晚侏罗世—早白垩世地温梯度大幅度上升,为4.5~6.5℃/100 m;晚白垩世至古近纪早、中期为高地温场的延续时期,地温梯度为5.5~6.5℃/100 m;古近纪晚期—新近纪早期地温梯度大幅度降低,从6.0℃/100 m骤降至4.2℃/100 m左右;中新世以来地温场逐渐趋于稳定,地温梯度由4℃/100 m演变到接近现代地温场的3℃/100 m左右。     

冀中坳陷雄县地热田主控因素及成因模式

雄县地热田基岩埋深浅,储层条件优异,是雄安新区地热开发利用的重点.通过野外观测、岩心、薄片、测井、录井等资料,对雄县地热田主控因素进行了系统的分析,并提出雄县地热田成因模式.研究表明,研究区热源主要为深部地壳热传导及放射热,盖层地温梯度平均为4.54℃/100m,蓟县系雾迷山组储层地温梯度平均为0.87℃/100m;水...     

大庆徐家围子不同储层改造的干热岩潜力评估

针对如何评估大庆徐家围子不同储层干热岩开采潜力的问题,基于徐家围子深井的地质和测井资料,对其深部存在的三种储层情况进行了划分。首先提出了各储层改造方案并建立了三维压裂模型;然后基于储层改造结果,采用水热耦合软件TOUGH2对其进行了换热分析;最终得出了不同储层的干热岩开采潜力。研究结果显示,徐家围子营城组储层是该区目前最适合进行干热岩开采的储层:根据天然裂隙发育程度,可以分为致密储层和天然裂隙发育储层,天然裂隙储层经清水剪切压裂后,采用三垂直井开采模式,最大注入速率30 kg/s,20 a产热量达17000~18500 kJ/s;根据地应力遮挡情况,可以分为遮挡层和无遮挡层,遮挡层和无遮挡层采用传统支撑剂型压裂后,采用三水平井(水平段2000 m)的开采模式,最大注入速率分别为20和32 kg/s,20 a的产热量分别为3500~5350 kJ/s和5600~7760 kJ/s。此外,虽然致密层产出热量远低于天然裂隙发育储层,但传统支撑剂型压裂和水平井技术结合后,致密储层也具有了开采干热岩的潜力。     

甘肃武威西营地区存在优质干热岩资源的可能性探讨

研究区位于甘肃省武威市凉州区西北部,中酸性岩体发育,活动断裂密集,温泉密布,地热钻井揭露温度高,80.23 m钻孔实测孔底温度可达59℃;地温梯度高达8.5℃/100 m,是正常地温梯度2～3倍,地热增温随深度增大而升高;航磁△T异常等值线图经航空磁力测量图解译,研究区南部有NW—SE向有磁异常,推测区内航磁△T异常由隐伏花岗岩体引起;依据岩石放射性分析,区内规模较大的北大坂花岗岩体中含有半衰期长、含量高的铀(U)、钍(Th)、钾(K)等放射性元素,是构成干热岩成藏的稳态热源;侏罗系、白垩系泥岩、砂砾岩等对干热岩成藏起到聚热保温的作用,是构成干热岩成藏的良好盖层。通过对该区地质、水文、地球物理资料的研究认为,武威市西营地区存在潜力较大的优质的高热流酸性岩体型干热岩资源,建议在该区开展干热岩资源的专项调查研究工作,建立干热岩资源靶区,为今后的开发利用奠定基础。     

中国煤层气产业现状与发展战略

温度是影响深部煤储层含气性的重要因素,继而影响深部煤层气的开发效果。因此,明确煤储层地温条件及其对深部煤储层含气性的影响是系统认识深部煤层气富集特征及生产规律的关键。宁武盆地太原组9号煤层埋深大于1 000 m的面积占比超过90%,盆地腹部煤层埋深基本大于1 500 m,最大埋深超过2 500 m,属于典型的深部煤层气。以宁武南区块为例,基于井温测井数据、实验测试数据、录井资料及试井资料,确定宁武南煤储层地温场特征及其对含气性的影响效应。结果显示,宁武南区块9号煤储层温度为15.5~40.1℃,与煤层埋深具有显著的正相关性,地温梯度为1.27~1.95℃/hm,平均为1.52℃/hm,显示出低地温场特征。研究区煤储层含气饱和度为40.1%~93.7%,平均为71.7%,显示出深部煤储层低含气饱和度的特征。随着埋藏深度的增加,较低的地温梯度使得研究区煤储层温度增加缓慢,导致在相似埋深下,温度对研究区深部煤储层吸附能力的负效应显著低于大宁−吉县、临兴等深部煤层气区块,使得研究区煤储层吸附气向游离气的转换深度加深且转换比例降低。低地温条件是影响研究区深部煤层含气性的重要因素之一,继而影响其可开采程度。在深部煤层气的勘探开发中应重视煤储层地温条件的研究。

     

东南沿海厦门湾-漳州盆地地热地质特征及干热岩勘查方向

东南沿海位于欧亚板块与菲律宾板块的俯冲带,构造运动活跃,同时,该区也是我国最主要的高放射性花岗岩分布区,发育大面积的中生代酸性花岗岩体,具有良好的干热岩赋存背景。本文以东南沿海福建厦门湾-漳州盆地为例,在区域地热地质背景研究的基础上,从区域大地热流、地温梯度、热储温度、循环深度以及深部地温场分布等方面系统分析了厦门湾-漳州地区干热岩资源的形成条件,科学评价了本区未来干热岩资源勘查的适宜深度。分析认为,区内平均地温梯度约为18.3℃/km,低于大陆地区平均值;花岗岩体的放射性生热率仅略高于世界范围内的花岗岩放射性生热率的平均值;区内相对高的地表热流值很大一部分来自于地幔热传导,放射性元素生热贡献相对较低,要达到180℃的干热岩开发温度,勘查深度要超过6 km;区内未来干热岩资源的开发应充分考虑深部热源条件、地表盖层厚度以及区域断裂对钻探工程的影响,这些认识对于本区未来干热岩资源勘查开发工作有一定的指导意义。     

中国大陆干热岩地热资源潜力评估

内蒙古中部地区处于板块结合部位,经历了多期构造活动和岩浆活动,浅层水热型地热资源丰富,但对其深部干热岩地热资源仍缺少深入研究。基于区域地质与构造背景、大地电磁探测结果与地热异常显示,系统探讨内蒙古中部地区干热岩地热资源成因机制与地球动力学过程,建立干热岩成因模式。研究表明：内蒙古中部地区深层干热岩型地热资源的热源主要为深部局部熔融体和残余高温岩浆囊,热流通道包括板块缝合带、区域深大断裂带及其交汇部位、次级断裂及塑性流变韧性剪切带等壳内薄弱层;干热岩储层主要为新生代基性侵入岩,即辉绿岩和辉长岩体,被高温岩浆和侵入体加热的花岗岩类也可作为研究区潜在干热岩储层;干热岩区域性盖层为白垩系、新近系和第四系沉积地层。西伯利亚板块与华北克拉通板块之间的大陆碰撞、拼合,形成易于破坏的碰撞带,晚中生代−新生代以来的古太平洋板块对华北板块的西向俯冲作用,导致岩石圈底部熔融,岩石圈伸展、减薄,地幔软流圈热物质上涌,并伴随强烈的新生代断裂与断陷活动,共同导致晚中生代−新生代岩浆、火山活动强烈。内蒙古中部地区存在3种聚热模式：Ⅰ. 新生代辉绿岩、辉长岩储层高温干热岩系统,为研究区优势干热岩储层;Ⅱ. 新生代以前花岗岩储层中高温干热岩系统,为潜力干热岩储层;Ⅲ. 浅部碎屑岩、花岗岩或变质岩储层水热系统,为浅层水热型优势储层。内蒙古中部地区浅部高温水热型地热系统与深部干热岩地热系统存在同源共生关系,浅层高温异常区的圈定对于深部干热岩的发现具有重要的指示意义。

     

济南西北部碳酸盐岩热储浅埋区热异常机理研究

为了探寻济南岩体北部碳酸盐岩热储浅埋地热异常区形成机理,利用地质钻探编录、抽水试验、测温、水质分析测试等手段,对碳酸盐岩浅埋地热异常区地质特征、热储物性特征、地温场特征、水化学特征等进行研究,结果表明：碳酸盐岩浅埋区热储层发育在奥陶纪灰岩地层中,热储层岩溶裂隙发育,热储埋深150~1000m,地热异常区盖层地温梯度为7. 2~11. 5℃/100m,水化学类型为SO4- Ca型,TDS为1. 3~1. 5g/L,地热水中含有对人体有益的微量元素,地热水来源为大气降水,地热水中50年以前入渗的“古水”占主导;明确了热源除正常的地温传导之外,济南岩体阻挡迫使水流深循环加热后上涌,断裂沟通深部热源等也是地热异常区形成的重要因素。     

从青海共和—贵德盆地地热勘查成果探讨干热岩综合地球物理勘查技术

青海共和—贵德盆地位于秦岭—昆仑造山带"秦昆岔口",是新生代断陷盆地。盆缘断裂构造、岩浆岩发育,水热活动强烈,温泉密集,超过60℃的温泉6处,最高可达93.5℃(超过当地沸点92℃为沸泉)。盆地内地温场高,据地热钻井揭露见花岗岩的3个钻孔,共和QR1孔深969m孔底温度为70℃;DR1孔深1 455m孔底温度87℃;贵德R2孔深1 709.56m,孔底温度可达97℃。钻孔测温,地温梯度高达6~7℃/100m,是正常地温梯度2倍,地热增温随深度而升高,推测3 000m温度可达150℃~200℃。重力低推断的基底凹陷,与可控源音频大地电磁测深、地震反射波勘探推断基底界面不符,并有磁异常对应,经钻探证实,此重、磁异常为花岗岩引起。花岗岩为燕山—印支期,据区域资料对比,花岗岩铀、钍、钾丰度高、生热率高,上述进入花岗岩钻孔深部有热无水,花岗岩作为盆地热源称其为干热岩。     

青海省共和县恰卜恰干热岩体地热地质特征

基于地热地质、综合地球物理勘查成果等布孔依据,实施的GR1干热岩勘探孔位于共和县恰卜恰干热岩体中南部,是迄今我国钻遇地层温度最高的干热岩勘探孔,为我国首个EGS示范工程与科研试验平台建设奠定了基础。GR1孔测温结果表明,2500 m深处温度为150℃,进入干热岩段;终孔深度3705 m处的井底温度为236℃。2500~3705 m井段平均地温梯度为71.4℃/km,高于另3眼干热岩勘探孔;2800~3705 m井段地温梯度大于80℃/km,属中等品质以上干热岩。综合地球物理勘查与4眼干热岩勘探孔钻探结果表明,该干热岩体埋深2104.31~2500 m,面积246.90 km²;干热岩资源评价结果表明,3~5 km深度范围,100年内的潜在发电装机容量为3805.74 MW,以2%的采收率计,装机容量为76.11 MW;3~6 km潜在装机容量为7788.26 MW,以2%的采收率计,装机容量为155.77MW;3~7 km潜在装机容量为13639.25 MW,以2%的采收率计,装机容量为272.79 MW。     

The terrestrial fauna of the Late Triassic Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry fissures,South Wales,UK and a new species of Clevosaurus (Lepidosauria: Rhynchocephalia)

Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry in South Wales yielded a rich cache of fossils in the early 1950s, including articulated specimens of new species (the small sauropodomorph dinosaur Pantydraco caducus and the crocodylomorph Terrestrisuchus gracilis), but no substantial study of the wider fauna of the Pant-y-ffynnon fissure systems has been published. Here, our overview of existing specimens, a few described but mostly undescribed, as well as freshly processed material, provides a comprehensive picture of the Pant-y-ffynnon palaeo-island of the Late Triassic. This was an island with a relatively impoverished fauna dominated by small clevosaurs (rhynchocephalians), including a new species, Clevosaurus cambrica, described here from a partially articulated specimen and isolated bones. The new species has a dental morphology that is intermediate between the Late Triassic Clevosaurus hudsoni, from Cromhall Quarry to the east, and the younger C. convallis from Pant Quarry to the west, suggesting adaptive radiation of clevosaurs in the palaeo-archipelago. The larger reptiles on the palaeo-island do not exceed 1.5?m in length, including a small carnivorous crocodylomorph, Terrestrisuchus, and a possible example of insular dwarfism in the basal dinosaur Pantydraco.     

The effect of water on accessory phase solubility in subaluminous and peralkaline granitic melts

The solubilities of columbite, tantalite, wolframite, rutile, zircon and hafnon were determined as a function of the water contents in peralkaline and subaluminous granite melts. All experiments were conducted at 1035 °C and 2 kbar and the water contents of the melts ranged from nominally dry to approximately 6 wt.% H₂O. Accessory phase solubilities are not affected by the water content of the peralkaline melt. By contrast, solubilities are affected by the water content of the subaluminous melt, where the solubilities of all the accessory phases examined increase with the water content of the melt, up to 2 wt.% H₂O. At higher water contents, solubilities are nearly constant. It can be concluded that water is not an important control of accessory phase solubility, although the water content will affect diffusivities of components in the melt, thus whether or not accessory phases will be present as restite material. The solubility behaviour in the subaluminous and peralkaline melts supports previous spectroscopic studies, which have observed differences in the coordination of high field strength elements in dry vs. wet subaluminous granitic glasses, but not for peralkaline granitic glasses. Lastly, the fact that wolframite solubility increases with increasing water content in the subaluminous melt suggests that tungsten dissolved as a hexavalent species.     

Quaternary stresses revealed by calcite twinning inversion: insights from observations in the Savonnières underground quarry (eastern France)

Calcite samples were extracted both from the rock matrix and the superficial coating of a karstified fault plane of an underground quarry, located in the eastern border of the Paris basin. The karstification is dated as Quaternary. Analysis of mechanical calcite twinning reveals that only the calcite matrix has also undergone a compression trending WNW that can be attributed to the Mio-Pliocene alpine collision. Both coating and matrix have undergone a strike-slip regime with σ₁ roughly trending north–south, that could correspond to the regional present-day state of stress, a strike-slip compression rather trending NNW, modified by local phenomena. To cite this article: M. Rocher et al., C. R. Geoscience 335 (2003).     

HYDROGEOLOGY

正20141756 Chen Ruige(Mathematical College,China University of Geosciences,Beijing100083,China);Zhou Xun Numerical Simulation of Groundwater Level Fluctuation in a Coastal Confined Aquifer with Sloping Initial Groundwater Level Induced by the Tide(Geological Bulletin of China,ISSN1671-2552,CN11-4648/P,32(7),2013,p.1099-1104,6 illus.,16 refs.) Key words:confined water,groundwater level     

METAMORPHIC PETROLOGY

正20141408 Cai Jia(Institute of Geology,Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences,Beijing100037,China);Liu Fulai Petrogenesis and Metamorphic P-T Conditions of Garnet-Spinel-Biotitebearing Paragneiss in Danangou Area,Daqingshan-Wulashan Metamorphic Complex Belt(Acta Petrologica Sinica,ISSN1000-0569,CN11-1922/P,29(7),     

SERIALS

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GEOPHYSICAL EXPLORATION

正20142386An Guoying(China Aero Geophysical Survey and Remote Sensing Center for Land and Resources,Beijing 100083,China)Application of Satellite Remote Sensing in Regional Hydrogeological Investigation:Taking Cenozoic Strata in Wenquan Sheet(1∶250 000)of Karakoram Range as an Example(Geosci-     

QUATERNARY GEOLOGY & GEOMORPHOLOGY

正20141016An Chengbang(Key Laboratory of Western China’s Environmental Systems,Ministry of Education,Lanzhou University,Lanzhou 730000,China);Zhao Yongtao Lake Records during the Last Glacial Maximum from Xinjiang,NW China and Their Climatic Impli-     

PETROLEUM GEOLOGY

正20141538 Cao Qing(School of Earth Sciences and Engineering,Xi’an Petroleum University,Xi’an 710065,China);Zhao Jingzhou Characteristics and Significance of Fluid Inclusions from Majiagou Formation,Yichuan Huangling Area,Ordos Basin(Advances in Earth Science,ISSN1001-8166,CN62-1091/P,28(7),2013,p.819-828,7 illus.,3 tables,43 refs.)     

GEOCHEMISTRY

正20142002 Wei Hualing(Institute of Geophysical and Geochemical Exploration,Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences,Langfang065000,China);Zhou Guohua Element Content and Mineral Compositions in Different Sizes of Soil in Tongling Area,Anhui Province(Geological Bulletin of China,ISSN1671-2552,CN11-4648/P,32(11),2013,p.1861