Geological information

The need for rapid storage and retrieval of geologic information is discussed briefly. The writer proposes to encode such information on perforated cards, from which it can be transferred to any other recording device. Hopefully, eventually, there will be an international arrangement where such information can be retrieved rapidly and used effectively anywhere in the world. Three examples are chosen to show how the proposed system works: A stratigraphic section, igneous phenomena, and tectonic deformations. These are set up in three tables representing the perforated cards and the proposed items are discussed in some detail. – E. Ingerson.     

煤田地质勘探中的一些工程地质工作

煤田地质勘探工作,过去多侧重于煤炭资源的勘探,对与矿井（含露天矿,以下同）设计、施工、生产有较大关系的工程地质工作有时重视不足,如精查报告中,对第四纪地质的章节阐述就极为简单,对勘探区域内（尤其是工业广场、工人村等建筑范围）的物理地质现象、地形地貌、岩土的物理力学性质和工程地质条件等所做的工作就更显不够,以致不能较好的指导设计、施工与生产。因此,在煤田地质勘探中做好工程地质工作,是当前一项紧迫的任务。      

Geological Panorama Database:Digitizing and Visualizingthe Geological Outcrops

正1 Introduction Geological outcrops or sections are the basis of geological research.However,the traditional methods for presenting them are mainly photos which fall short of delivering a true visual sense (Deng et al.,2009;Hou et al.,2014).With the continuous development of image acquisition technology using single-lens reflex camera (SLR camera),image synthesis,large file storage and acquisition,panoramic visualization and network technology,high-resolution panorama as a means to display     

试论地质勘查单位档案工作规范化管理

地勘单位的档案资源是地质工作历史的最真实的记录和珍贵的历史资料。它客观地反映了各个历史时期地质工作状况。本文主要论述了地勘单位档案规范化管理的重要性和必要性,探讨了档案规范化管理的组织建设和制度建设,对地质档案的开发和利用提供了可行的措施。     

Geological solar compasses

Geological solar compasses. The magnetic properties of some rocks (notably basalts and peridotites) may cause large and unpredictable aberrations of the usual geological compass. Complications are then avoided by using a watch and a solar compass, of which two types for geological use have been developed. The horizontal solar compass has the virtues of simplicity and universality; its reading, however, does not give immediately the desired azimuth. Reduction graphs are easily calculated, but valid only for a specific time of year and geographical latitude. The equatorial solar compass can be read directly. Its use, restricted to the middle and high latitudes, is as convenient as of an ordinary geologist's compass.     

Progress of Deep Geological Survey Project under the China Geological Survey

Serving as a way to understand the material composition, structure, and dynamic process of the Earth’s interior, deep earth exploration is driven by not only mankind’s pursuit of natural mysteries but also mankind’s basic need to obtain resources and guarantee economic and social development. The first phase of deep earth exploration of China (SinoProbe) was carried out from 2008 to 2016 and tremendous results were achieved. In 2016, the China Geological Survey launched a Deep Geological Survey Project (also referred to as the Project) to continuously explore the deep Earth. Focusing on the national energy resources strategy, the Belt and Road Initiative, and major basic issues of the geological survey, the Project was carried out in Songliao Basin (an important energy base in China) and major geological boundaries and tectonic units including Qilian Mountains-Tianshan Mountains and Qinzhou-Hangzhou juncture belt. The purpose of it is to reveal the process, structure, and forming patterns of the deep ore deposits and petroleum reservoirs, clarify the evolutionary pattem and controlling factors of Mesozoic environmental climate, and discover deep fine structures of key orogens, basins, and mountains by comprehensive geophysical exploration and scientific drilling. Great achievements have been obtained after more than three years of efforts, including a cumulative 1552 km of deep seismic reflection profiles and magnetotelluric profiles, an ultra-deep continental scientific drilling well, a scientific drilling pilot hole, and a magnetotelluric array and a portable broadband seismic array, both of which cover South China. Moreover, significant progress has been made in ultra-deep drilling technology, deep oil and gas discovery in Songliao Basin, and basic geological issues of Qilian Orogen and Qinzhou-Hangzhou juncture belt in South China, greatly accelerating the deep earth exploration in China and further consolidating China’s position as a power in deep earth exploration.     

2015–2020 Geological Survey Program of China Geological Survey Bureau

正On 1–5 September 2014,the China Geological Survey Bureau held a 2015–2020 Geology and Mineral Resources Investigation and Assessment Special Planning and Deployment Meeting to plan the next six years in order to invest nearly ten billion US dollars to implement 9 programs and 50 projects with the aim of developing geological survey work,and to play a leading role in ensuring sustained and stable development.1 The Land Energy and Mines Geological Survey Program     

南岭构造带基础地质特征与成矿地质背景

南岭构造带横跨扬子地块、江南造山带以及华夏地块,是中国钨锡铅锌铀等有色金属和铌钽锂铯与稀土等关键金属成矿带.通过综述近十五年来的研究进展,总结了南岭构造带基础地质特征与成矿地质背景.扬子与华夏地块沿永州-桂林-柳州一线于新元古代拼合,但缺乏直接的地质证据,需对龙胜蛇绿混杂岩和鹰扬关混杂岩进行深入研究.新元古代至中生代花岗岩二阶段模式年龄TDM2值揭示2.0～1.2 Ga为南岭构造带的主要地壳增生期.相似的花岗岩特征和构造线方向指示广西期和印支期造山机制均为陆内造山作用,是华南大陆南侧不同板块之间拼贴远程应力场的产物.燕山早期花岗岩εHf(t)值沿南岭构造带自西向东显著减小,而TDM2值明显增加,指示湘南-桂北-粤北地区在晚侏罗世经历了古太平洋板块断离和软流圈上涌并发育强烈的壳幔相互作用,为南岭构造带东段华夏地块上钨锡等多金属成矿提供了成矿物质来源和有利的伸展构造背景.南岭构造带西段扬子地块构造相对稳定且显生宙岩浆活动较弱,新元古代大塘坡组和寒武系底部页岩是良好的页岩气勘探目标.综合沉积、岩浆以及构造变形,华南中生代特提斯构造域向古太平洋构造域转换开始于晚三叠世.     

Simulation of Geological Contacts from Interpreted Geological Model Using Multiple-Point Statistics

Applications of multiple-point statistics (mps) algorithms to large non-repetitive geological objects such as those found in mining deposits are difficult because most mps algorithms rely on pattern repetition for simulation. In many cases, an interpreted geological model built from a computer-aided design system is readily available but suffers as a training image due to the lack of patterns repetitiveness. Porphyry copper deposits and iron ore formations are good examples of such mining deposits with non-repetitive patterns. This paper presents an algorithm called contactsim that focuses on reproducing the patterns of the contacts between geological types. The algorithm learns the shapes of the lithotype contacts as interpreted by the geologist, and simulates their patterns at a later stage. Defining a zone of uncertainty around the lithological contact is a critical step in contactsim, because it defines both the zones where the simulation is performed and where the algorithm should focus to learn the transitional patterns between lithotypes. A larger zone of uncertainty results in greater variation between realizations. The definition of the uncertainty zone must take into consideration the geological understanding of the deposit, and the reliability of the contact zones. The contactsim algorithm is demonstrated on an iron ore formation.     

北京城市地质安全保障服务系统在地质环境综合质量评价中的应用

根据北京市地质环境特点,应用北京城市地质安全保障服务系统的综合分析功能,采用层次分析法及综合指数模型,对北京市平原区的地质环境综合质量进行了评价研究。     

矿井地质灾害要素与地质灾源体辨识评价

矿井地质灾害严重威胁人民生命财产安全,深入认识成灾机理与相关要素,准确辨识地质灾源体并评价其致灾危险度,是煤矿防灾减灾保障安全开采不可或缺的基础性工作。本文通过分析矿井地质灾害典型案例,认为矿井地质灾源体是在煤矿采掘过程中具有发生矿井地质灾害潜在危险的地质体,包括煤层及其围岩以及存在其中的地下水与瓦斯等,具有地源性、隐蔽性、触发性、可控性等主要特征;矿井地质灾源体是矿井地质灾害的内因,煤矿采掘活动是触发矿井地质灾害的外因,地质影响因素和人为影响因素可能提高或降低矿井地质灾害的危险程度;并提出了辩识地质灾源体和评价其致灾危险度的具体方法。     

关于地质灾害与地质环境关系的探讨

本文主要介绍了地质灾害与地质环境的分布关系,并得出地质环境对地质灾害易发程度的影响等级,为地质灾害易发区划或预警区划因子权重的确定提供参考。     

New Zealand's Geological Foundations

New Zealand is a fragment of Gondwana that, before Late Cretaceous sea floor spreading, was contiguous with Australia and Antarctica. Only about 10% of the area of continental crust in the wider New Zealand region (Zealandia) is emergent above sea level as the North and South Islands. No Precambrian cratonic core is exposed in onland New Zealand. The Cambrian to Early Cretaceous basement can be described in terms of nine major volcano-sedimentary terranes, three composite regional batholiths, and three regional metamorphic-tectonic belts that overprint the terranes and batholiths.The terranes (from west to east) are: Buller, Takaka, Brook Street, Murihiku, Maitai, Caples, Bay of Islands (part of former Waipapa), Rakaia (older Torlesse) and Pahau (younger Torlesse). The western terranes are intruded by three composite batholith (>100 km²) sized belts of plutons: Karamea-Paparoa, Hohonu and Median, as well as by numerous smaller plutons. Median Batholith (including the Median Tectonic Zone) is a recently-recognised Cordilleran batholith that represents the site of subduction-related magmatism from ca. 375–110 Ma. Parts of the terranes and batholiths are variably metamorphosed and deformed: Devonian and Cretaceous amphibolite-granulite facies gneisses are present in Buller, Takaka, Median and Karamea-Paparoa units; Jurassic-Cretaceous subgreenschist-amphibolite facies Haast Schist overprints the Caples, Bay of Islands and Rakaia Terranes; Cretaceous subgreenschist facies Esk Head and Whakatane Mélanges bound the Pahau Terrane. In the South Island, small areas (<5 km² total) of Devonian, Permian, Triassic and Jurassic Gondwana sequences have been identified. In the North Island a widespread Late Jurassic overlap sequence, Waipa Supergroup (part of former Waipapa Terrane), has recently been proposed.     

Geological applications of gamma-spectrometry

A rapid indirect method for determining the radioelement content of rocks is furnished by the method of gamma spectrometry By measuring the energies of X-rays the concentrations of radium, thorium, and potassium can be estimated. This paper presents the theory of this method, its limitations factors affecting accuracy, and illustrates applications of the method with the results of several aerial and surface (auto) surveys. Several soil types, intrusive rocks, Recent sediments, and metamorphic rocks are examined by the γ - spectrometric method and interpretations drawn. — R. D. DeRudder.