用遗传算法反演1994年台湾海峡地震的震源过程及其相关研究

将遗传算法应用于地震矩张量解的反演问题．采用数字化台网P波波形资料及台湾台网P波初动方向资料,研究了1994年9月16日台湾海峡7.3级地震及其邻近地区(北纬21～26,东经115～120)ML5.8共5个地震的矩张量解及震源参数．在5个地震中,1994年9月16日台湾海峡7.3级地震是我国东南沿海地区自1918年南澳7.3级地震以来最大的一次地震．结果表明:这次7.3级地震的矩张量解以双力偶成分为主,是断层面接近NW走向的正断层．断层面的走向与大震前地震的条带分布走向及余震分布显示的破裂图象较相像．震源机制的张应力轴接近水平,近NE走向;压应力轴几乎垂直,近NWW走向．似乎表明,这次地震是受菲律宾板块向欧亚板块北西向挤压的力源控制．但从P轴接近竖直而T轴接近水平看,这是一次强烈拉张性的正断层．其它4个强震震源机制解与7.3级大震相互差别较大．这些地震震源机制解的复杂性表明了海峡地震序列发展过程是比较复杂的．      

1994年9月16日台湾海峡地震及其构造背景研究

采用宽频带Ｐ波波形资料，利用全局反演方法，推断了１９９４年９月１６日发生在台湾海峡的一次强烈地震的地震矩张量；并采用随机加权方法进行误差分析．结果表明，这次地震的矩张量解以双力偶成分为主，是断层面为ＥＷ走向的正倾错动．震源机制的张应力轴接近水平，ＳＮ走向；压应力轴几乎竖直．地震矩值为０．９８×１０１９Ｎｍ．震源过程的持续时间仅有４ｓ，震源时间函数显示了均匀的单一破裂事件．通过对台湾东南到吕宋岛以北地震带的震源性质分析，探讨了该地区产生ＳＮ向水平拉张应力状态的原因．     

地震矩张量反演在地震观测报告中的应用

针对我国地震工作的实际需要,从１９９５年起,《中国地震台网目录和地震矩张量解》刊登了国内较大地震和全球大震的地震矩张量解和震源机制解。同时在《中国地震年报》上也刊登国内及邻区较大地震的地震长张量解和震源机制解。为了方便用户使用,本文对有关参数进行了说明。     

帕米尔地区地震活动及震源机制解的分布特征

帕米尔地区存在一个明显的ＮＥ－ＳＷ向中，深源地震带，中，深源地震震源机制分布具有明显的区域特征，兴都库什地区震源断错以倾滑逆断层为主，Ｔ轴仰角几乎垂直，帕米尔弧形构造东侧分布的地震以走滑性质为主，Ｐ轴仰角接近水平，当深度为１００～２００ｋｍ时在弧形构造南侧形成了一个明显的北东向的正断层分布。中，深源地震主压应力方向随深度增加由ＮＷ向逐渐变为ＮＥ向，主压应力Ｐ轴仰角平缓。     

台湾海峡7.3级地震序列特征

根据粤闽台网和汕头地震遥测台网资料，讨论了１９９４年９月１６日台湾海峡南部７．３级地震的序列特征及震源机制等问题，分析认为，此次地震为大陆地壳下部破裂的产物，与北东向断裂活动有关。     

2009年8月9日日本伊豆群岛地震矩张量解

2009年8月9日10点55分56秒协调世界时（UTC）,在日本本州以南的伊豆群岛地区发生了Mw7.2地震,震源深度303km．作者利用矩张量快速反演技术,通过反演全球台网的宽频带Ｐ波波形得到了这次地震的矩张量解,并判断走向188deg;、倾角90deg;、滑动角79deg;的节面是地震发生的断层面．      

1996年5月3日包头西Ms=6.4地震的矩张量解

利用ＣＤＳＮ及ＧＤＳＮ数字化Ｐ波波形资料,用遗传算法反演１９９６年包头西ＭＳ＝６．４地震的地震矩张量解。结果表明该地震矩张量解以双力偶成分为主,是断层面接近南北走向的左旋走滑错动,断裂面走向与大震后５天内余震的分布带走向基本一致。压应力轴与张应力转接近水平,前者近北西西走向,后者近北北东走向。     

2008年新疆乌恰6.8级地震序列震源特征及帕米尔东北缘应力场研究

本文使用新疆区域数字地震台站记录的宽频带长周期数字波形资料,在时间域反演了2008年10月5日新疆乌恰6.8级地震的强余震及其周围先后发生的52次中等强度地震的矩张量解,结合Harvard大学在该区域的地震矩张量结果,研究了帕米尔东北缘的应力场分区特征.研究结果显示,位于印度板块向欧亚板块推挤的前缘及向北凸出的弧型构造的最北缘的卡兹克阿尔特弧形活动褶皱-逆断裂带,以逆冲推覆活动为主,并有部分走滑类型的地震,基本不存在正断层类型的地震;该弧型构造近东西走向的顶部(文中的西区)与其北西走向的东侧(文中的东区)的局部应力场最大主压应力方向不同,分别为NW、NNE方向,显示出在承受印度板块向欧亚板块俯冲作用的同时,东区也更多的受到了塔里木块体顺时针旋转作用的影响.位于帕米尔陆内俯冲和变形作用强烈、碰撞造成深源地震带东段的南区,地震以走滑错动为主, 逆断、正断层都有,显示出相对复杂的应力状态.位于帕米尔高原内部的西区和南区的应力场最大主压应力方向一致,由北向南,由最大主压应力轴接近水平,过渡为最大主张应力轴接近水平,一定程度揭示了板块俯冲的状态.结合南区和西区的地震深度差异及机制解中断层面的倾角,推测在中帕米尔的东部,由北向南的板块俯冲至150~170km深度,俯冲角度为60°左右.     

传统地震目录中增加矩震级及震源机制解的必要性分析

本文梳理了我国地震目录的产出现状,对于我国近几年应急机构和区域台网产出的震源机制解、矩震级进行了比较研究。结果表明:中国地震局地球物理研究所和地震预测研究所对于国内陆地地区6级以上地震的地震矩张量解的产出率为100%,5级以上地震的地震矩张量解产出率为81%。这两个研究所给出的3种矩张量结果和GCMT给出的矩张量结果较为一致,类型统计一致率分别达到71%、86%和66%,其中P、T轴空间夹角优势分布在15°左右。产出的矩震级和GCMT解得到的矩震级相差不大,偏差在0.1以内的比率分别为46%、86%和71%,偏差在0.3以内的比率分别为85%、100%和97%。结果表明对于我国内陆地区的5级以上地震,这两个研究所产出率较高、结果较为一致。而由各台网据震源参数得出的5级左右地震的矩震级和GCMT求解的矩震级比较起来明显偏小。由此探讨了在传统地震目录中增加震源机制解及矩震级的必要性。     

2010年玉树M_S 7.1地震发震断层面参数的确定

本研究将利用余震分布和区域应力场确定大震断层面参数的方法应用于2010年玉树MS7.1级地震发震断层面参数的确定,获得了本次地震断层面参数为:走向294.6°,倾角78.0°,滑动角7.5°,属于左旋走滑型地震和甘孜—玉树断裂带的性质相一致.主震前后应力场反演结果表明该区域的应力场为:中间主应力轴近直立,最大和最小主应力轴近水平,且发现玉树地震前后震源区应力场存在偏转现象,最大主压应力轴由震前的NEE向逆时针旋转至震后的NNE向,震后最大主压应力轴与断层走向近垂直,表明主震对震源区应力释放较为充分.     

A Monte Carlo study of rainfall forecasting with a stochastic model

A procedure for short-term rainfall forecasting in real-time is developed and a study of the role of sampling on forecast ability is conducted. Ground level rainfall fields are forecasted using a stochastic space-time rainfall model in state-space form. Updating of the rainfall field in real-time is accomplished using a distributed parameter Kalman filter to optimally combine measurement information and forecast model estimates. The influence of sampling density on forecast accuracy is evaluated using a series of a simulated rainfall events generated with the same stochastic rainfall model. Sampling was conducted at five different network spatial densities. The results quantify the influence of sampling network density on real-time rainfall field forecasting. Statistical analyses of the rainfall field residuals illustrate improvement in one hour lead time forecasts at higher measurement densities.     

Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Vibration Aims And Scope

正This journal is established by the Institute of Engineering Mechanics(IEM),China Earthquake Administration,to promote scientific exchange between Chinese and foreign scientists and engineers so as to improve the theory and practice of earthquake hazards mitigation,preparedness,and recovery.To accomplish this purpose,the journal aims to attract a balanced number of papers between Chinese and     

Foreword

Destructive earthquakes have caused great damage in China and the United States and collapsing buildings havecaused many deaths and injuries. The field of earthquake engineering studies earthquake hazards, the occurrence ofearthquakes of various magnitudes, the nature of the ground shaking during an earthquake, the vibration of structuresduring earthquakes, the strengthening of existing structures and the design of new structures to be earthquake resistant,and finally, how to cope with earthquake damage and restore a city to normal functioning. Such efforts are in progressin both countries, but unfortunately, the language barrier interferes with the free flow of information between China andthe Untied States. It would be mutually beneficial if some means could be developed to promote the exchangeof information across the Pacific Ocean. This new journal has been established for this purpose and its success willbe an important step in promoting earthquake engineering in China and the United States.     

WORLD ASSOCIATION FOR SEDIMENTATION AND EROSION RESEARCH(WASER)

正President:Giampaolo Di Silvio,Italy Vice Presidents:Ulrich C.E.Zanke,Germany Zhao-yin Wang,China The World Association for Sedimentation and Erosion Research(WASER),inaugurated on Oct.19,2004,is an independent non-governmental,non-profit organization.The mission of WASER is to promote international co-operation on the study     

Enhancing remote sensing research on global change to improve our understanding on Earth system processes

正Global Change includes climate change and other environmental changes caused by the joint interaction among various layers of Earth. From the positive side, global change provides new opportunities to human and other living forms on Earth. In the meantime, it creates tremendous challenges and negative impact. At present, the negative impacts have reached all primary processes of the global ecosystem and every aspect of human society, especially causing degradation of the ecosystem. For instance, intensive deforestation causes decline of biodiversity; global warming causes sea level rise and increases     

Solute concentrations in the lower niger river and the source rock contribution

Water quality analyses for the Niger River for the 1980/81 hydrological year are presented. The samples were collected from the main river at Lokoja, and from two main tributaries, the Kaduna and the Benue Rivers. Different water types were distinguished by the concentrations of major ions. The type Ca > Na > Mg > K - HCO₃ > SO₄ > Cl was represented at all stations during at least part of the year. Chloride was found to dominate the sulphate ion in the Kaduna and Niger, while the Benue maintained a higher concentration of sulphate relative to chloride all year round. Distinct patterns of seasonal variation in the ion concentrations were observed, particularly for the samples collected at Lokoja. Low ion concentrations were prominent during periods of high discharge, while low flow periods coincided with high dissolved ion concentrations. The contribution of rainwater to the total dissolved solids in the river waters was assessed indirectly using rainwater chemistry data from the Gulf of Guinea. The estimated rainwater contribution to the Lower Niger amounts to 5.15 mg 1^?1. Geochemical weathering calculations involving reactions of the four major minerals of granitic rocks - anorthite, biotite, albite, and K-feldspar - with carbon dioxide and water, can account for the average water composition of the Lower Niger. The proportion of the ionic components was also related to the occurrence of the respective element in the minerals.