CCNBD断裂韧度试样的SIF新公式和在尺度律分析中的应用

根据国际岩石力学学会于1995年推荐的一种测试岩石断裂韧度的新型试样－人字形切槽巴西圆盘试样,对其断裂韧度计算公式中的关键参数即无量纲应力强度因子（SIF）提出了一个改进的计算公式。采用分片合成方法结合有限元法对CCNBD试样的应力强度因子进行了宽范围标定,结果以表格的形式给出;并采用数据线性回归的方法,将标定结果以一个指数函数的形式给出。结果表明,与标定值相比,无量纲应力强度因子新公式的误差较小,并且囊括了CCNBD试样的较宽范围的尺寸,且查表使用方便,也为理论分析提供了条件。在此基础上,对岩石断裂韧度测试的尺度律进行了更进一步的探索,结果表明,利用新公式进行的尺度律分析是有效的。     

有限宽切槽对CCNBD断裂试样应力强度因子的影响

国际岩石力学学会（ISRM）在1995年提出一种新型的岩石断裂韧度试样--人字形切槽巴西圆盘试样（cracked chevron notched Brazilian disc--CCNBD）,对该试样的一个重要力学参数即最小无量纲应力强度因子的标定,以前的分析和计算都没有考虑切槽宽度的影响。然而试样切槽的宽度受切割刀具厚度所限,不能为零。当试样较小时,切槽宽度则相对较大。通过三维边界元计算分析表明,切槽宽度越大,无量纲应力强度因子的标定值就越大;对于ISRM推荐的CCNBD标准试样,得出其最小无量纲因子值为0.954,这比ISRM给出对应值0.84要大13.6 %。同时,小裂纹应力强度因子曲线的变化趋势也发生了质的变化,这可能会导致实验的失败。推荐最小无量纲应力强度因子的标定采用考虑切槽的三维分析。     

V形切槽巴西圆盘法测定岩石断裂韧度KIC的实验研究

采用国际岩石力学学会岩石断裂韧度建议测试方法(ISRM)[1]提出的V形切槽巴西圆盘试样(CCNBD),测试了一种泥质砂岩的I型断裂韧度值,给出了一套试样切割制备方案,从试验现象角度分析了该泥质砂岩的断裂力学特性,讨论了该试样类型的有效尺寸和断裂机制,并指出了该方法的特点和优劣性,得出如下结论：（1）该类岩石试样测得的I型断裂韧度值对CCNBD试样直径尺寸变化具有较大的敏感性,并且直径大于ISRM建议方法中最小有效直径（75 mm）的试样测试结果更为稳定;（2）CCNBD试样断裂机制表现为以拉张应力（间接拉伸）作用为主,兼有一定的韧带面内剪切作用的应力状态下I型裂纹扩展模式;（3）V形切槽巴西圆盘方法具有试样加工工艺简单、能承受较大临界载荷、测试的I型断裂韧度值较稳定等优点,但其没有考虑断裂过程区(FPZ)的非线性问题,建议对该方法进行非线性修正图解方案研究,以达到更准确测定岩石断裂韧度的目的。     

岩石断裂韧度CCNSCB方法渐进破坏机制与无量纲应力强度因子宽范围标定

国际岩石力学学会建议了4种岩石I型断裂韧度（KIC）测试方法。将建议方法的人字形切槽巴西圆盘试样与直切槽半圆盘试样结合,可以得到具有诸多优点的人字形切槽半圆盘（CCNSCB）三点弯曲试样。近年来,CCNSCB方法受到许多关注,然而,其渐进破坏过程却尚未进行有效的评估。为此,对其进行了数值研究,其内容包括：进行细观损伤力学模拟,直观展现CCNSCB试样渐进断裂过程;考虑不同支撑跨距与直径之比（ ）的影响,发现 愈大,愈加符合测试原理,建议 取0.8;采用有限元子模型技术对CCNSCB方法（ 0.8）中计算KIC的关键参数-临界无量纲应力强度因子（ ）进行了宽范围标定,可供相关研究直接查取;细观损伤力学模拟峰值力对应的临界裂纹与有限元标定 对应的临界裂纹较为一致,证明CCNSCB方法测试原理的合理性,以及数值模拟与 标定结果的有效性。     

中心直裂纹半圆盘试样的石灰岩断裂韧度尺寸效应试验研究

为了考察试样尺寸和预制裂缝长度对岩石断裂韧度测试值的影响,采用4种圆盘半径分别为25.0、37.5、50.0、75.0 mm,预制裂缝长度与圆盘试样半径比值(无量纲裂缝长度)在0.3～0.7范围内的中心直裂纹半圆盘石灰岩试样(NSCB)进行了三点弯曲断裂试验。结果表明:NSCB试样的破坏过程表现出明显的"脆性"破坏特征。与预制裂缝长度相比,试样尺寸对峰值载荷和载荷-位移曲线的形态影响更显著;随着试样尺寸的增加,试样的断裂韧度测试值不断增加,增加幅度随着预制裂缝长度的增加而加剧;当试样尺寸一定时,随着无量纲裂缝长度的增加,断裂韧度测试值有一定程度降低;为减小尺寸效应的影响,建议采用圆盘半径大于37.5 mm,无量纲预制裂缝长度范围在0.4～0.6内的NSCB试样测试岩石的断裂韧度。所得结果为推广NSCB试样国际建议方法及准确测试岩石的断裂韧度提供了一定的参考。     

采用NSCB试样进行石灰岩断裂韧度尺寸效应的试验研究

为了考察试样尺寸和预制裂缝长度对岩石断裂韧度测试值的影响,采用四种圆盘半径分别为25mm、37.5mm、50mm、75mm,预制裂缝长度与圆盘试样半径比值(无量纲裂缝长度)在0.3～0.7范围内的中心直裂纹半圆盘石灰岩试样(NSCB)进行了三点弯曲断裂试验。结果表明:NSCB试样的破坏过程表现出明显的“脆性”破坏特征,与预制裂缝长度相比,试样尺寸对峰值载荷和载荷-变形曲线的形态影响更显著;随着试样尺寸的增加,试样的断裂韧度测试值不断增加,增加幅度随着预制裂缝长度的增加而“加剧”;当试样尺寸一定时,随着无量纲裂缝长度的增加,断裂韧度测试值有一定程度降低;为减小尺寸效应的影响,建议采用圆盘半径大于37.5mm,无量纲预制裂缝长度范围在0.4～0.6内的NSCB试样测试岩石的断裂韧度。所得结果为推广NSCB试样国际建议方法及准确测试岩石的断裂韧度提供了一定的参考。     

采用NSCB试样进行石灰岩断裂韧度尺寸效应的试验研究

为了考察试样尺寸和预制裂缝长度对岩石断裂韧度测试值的影响,采用四种圆盘半径分别为25mm、37.5mm、50mm、75mm,预制裂缝长度与圆盘试样半径比值(无量纲裂缝长度)在0.3～0.7范围内的中心直裂纹半圆盘石灰岩试样(NSCB)进行了三点弯曲断裂试验。结果表明:NSCB试样的破坏过程表现出明显的“脆性”破坏特征,与预制裂缝长度相比,试样尺寸对峰值载荷和载荷-变形曲线的形态影响更显著;随着试样尺寸的增加,试样的断裂韧度测试值不断增加,增加幅度随着预制裂缝长度的增加而“加剧”;当试样尺寸一定时,随着无量纲裂缝长度的增加,断裂韧度测试值有一定程度降低;为减小尺寸效应的影响,建议采用圆盘半径大于37.5mm,无量纲预制裂缝长度范围在0.4～0.6内的NSCB试样测试岩石的断裂韧度。所得结果为推广NSCB试样国际建议方法及准确测试岩石的断裂韧度提供了一定的参考。     

采用NSCB试样进行石灰岩断裂韧度尺寸效应的试验研究

为了考察试样尺寸和预制裂缝长度对岩石断裂韧度测试值的影响,采用四种圆盘半径分别为25mm、37.5mm、50mm、75mm,预制裂缝长度与圆盘试样半径比值(无量纲裂缝长度)在0.3～0.7范围内的中心直裂纹半圆盘石灰岩试样(NSCB)进行了三点弯曲断裂试验。结果表明:NSCB试样的破坏过程表现出明显的“脆性”破坏特征,与预制裂缝长度相比,试样尺寸对峰值载荷和载荷-变形曲线的形态影响更显著;随着试样尺寸的增加,试样的断裂韧度测试值不断增加,增加幅度随着预制裂缝长度的增加而“加剧”;当试样尺寸一定时,随着无量纲裂缝长度的增加,断裂韧度测试值有一定程度降低;为减小尺寸效应的影响,建议采用圆盘半径大于37.5mm,无量纲预制裂缝长度范围在0.4～0.6内的NSCB试样测试岩石的断裂韧度。所得结果为推广NSCB试样国际建议方法及准确测试岩石的断裂韧度提供了一定的参考。     

砂岩Ⅰ型断裂韧度及其与强度参数的相关性研究

岩石的破坏和断裂是密切相关的,岩石强度准则的材料参数和断裂理论的断裂韧度是存在特定关系的,基于此,设计了紧凑的试验方案,对干燥和饱水状态下的砂岩试样进行了3点弯曲断裂韧度试验和抗压、抗拉强度试验,试验结果表明,饱水后,砂岩的Ⅰ型断裂韧度软化效应明显,饱水试样和干燥试样的 比值与砂岩抗压强度的软化系数相近,具有相似的软化效应。同时,从理论上分析了岩石I型断裂韧度与抗拉强度之间的关系,并结合大量的试验数据进行了验证,相关结论为以往的岩石I型断裂韧度与抗拉强度之间的数据统计拟合公式提供了理论基础。最后,统计分析了砂岩Ⅰ型断裂韧度与抗压强度、黏聚力、内摩擦角等强度参数之间的关系。研究成果对于把握砂岩Ⅰ型断裂韧度及其与强度参数的相关性具有较大的参考价值,相关的分析结论、试验方法和试验结果也可以为其他类型岩石的研究提供有益的参考。     

复合型加载条件下锈岩断裂韧度试验研究

岩石断裂韧度表征其抵抗裂纹起裂和扩展的能力,作为其力学性能的一个重要指标,在岩石力学理论研究与岩体工程应用中有着不可替代的作用。由于岩石结构的复杂性,其破坏形式大多呈现为复合型断裂破坏,研究复合型加载条件下岩石断裂韧度具有重要的意义。为了研究锈岩的断裂力学性能,以便其在建筑工业中得到更为广泛的应用,通过18个中心裂纹圆盘（CSTBD）试件径向受压试验,进行了复合型加载条件下锈岩断裂韧度的试验研究。测得了锈岩在纯I型,纯II型以及复合型加载时的断裂韧度,并将试验结果与基于广义最大周向应力（GMTS）准则的理论值进行了对比分析,结果表明：锈岩的纯I型断裂韧度为1.01 MPa?m0.5,而纯II型断裂韧度为1.51 MPa?m0.5,是纯I型断裂韧度的1.49倍,这与基于GMTS准则的理论值1.34非常接近,而比基于最大周向应力（MTS）准则的理论值0.87大很多。裂纹尖端附近的T应力及断裂过程区裂纹尖端的临界距离rc对岩石类材料的开裂路径以及复合型断裂韧度都有较大的影响。考虑了T应力的广义最大周向应力（GMTS）准则能很好的预测试验结果。     

Recalibration and Clarification of the Formula Applied to the ISRM-Suggested CCNBD Specimens for Testing Rock Fracture Toughness

The cracked chevron-notched Brazilian disc (CCNBD) was proposed by the International Society for Rock Mechanics (ISRM) to test the mode I (opening mode) fracture toughness of rock. The test method has been vigorously discussed and debated, despite being the subject of intensive research for decades. The minimum (critical) dimensionless stress intensity factors affiliated with the formula for calculating the fracture toughness using CCNBD specimens with different geometric parameters remain elusive and complex. The matter cannot be resolved by simply replacing the diameter in the original formula with the radius, as claimed by several authors. In this paper, the formula is fundamentally improved, as wide-ranging minimum dimensionless stress intensity factors pertaining to diversified CCNBD geometries are recalibrated by three-dimensional finite element analysis, and an expression with tabulated coefficients is obtained through curve-fitting the data obtained from the numerical calibration. The present results are shown to be more accurate than those in the literature. Furthermore, the importance of the reasonability of the results is highlighted; a comprehensive comparison of different values shows that the upper bounds of minimum stress intensity factors are violated by the above claim. The confusion resulting from the claim is, thus, clarified conclusively.     

Experimental Calibration of ISRM Suggested Fracture Toughness Measurement Techniques in Selected Brittle Rocks

Summary A wide variety of specimen types and methods are employed in fracture toughness measurement of rocks, which result in scattered values for the same rock type. In order to provide some consistency to the values, the International Society for Rock Mechanics (ISRM) recommended three suggested methods using core based specimens, the Chevron Bend (CB) test, the Short Rod (SR) test and the Cracked Chevron Notch Brazilian Disc (CCNBD) test. This standardization helped obtain more consistent values but still a variation of 20–30% was observed in the values of fracture toughness obtained with the CB and SR methods. The values obtained with the CCNBD method were found to be consistently lower (30–50%) than those of the other two methods (CB and SR). Many reasons have been offered to explain this deviation. These include size of the specimen, anisotropy of rock, a dimensionless parameter in the fracture toughness calculation equation for the CCNBD test, etc. A comprehensive test program was initiated to identify the cause of these discrepancies between the CB and CCNBD methods. Three brittle rock types were selected for the study and more than 200 tests were conducted to measure the values of fracture toughness. A rigorous statistical analysis was carried out to determine the confidence level and find the significance of the test results. It was found that the CB and CCNBD methods were very comparable provided the correct equation for fracture toughness calculation was used for the CCNBD method and the size of the specimens was selected carefully. The error in the ISRM 1995 formula of fracture toughness for the CCNBD method could be the major factor responsible for the consistently lower values obtained with the method.     

基于P-CCNBD试样的岩石动态断裂韧度测试方法

预裂的人字形切槽巴西圆盘(Pre-cracked chevron notched Brazilian disc,简称P-CCNBD)是将人字形切槽巴西圆盘(cracked chevron notched Brazilian disc,简称CCNBD)的切槽尖端再稍加切削制成直裂纹前沿的试样。利用霍普金森压杆对P-CCNBD砂岩试样进行径向冲击,完成I型动态断裂试验后再做数值分析得到岩石的动态断裂韧度。为了验证数值模拟的可靠性,先进行了无限平面中一条有限尺寸裂纹表面受冲击拉伸作用的动态有限元分析,结果表明,数值模拟的结果与Shi得到的结果非常吻合。将试验-数值法和他人的准静态法分别确定的砂岩的动态起裂韧度进行对比,两种方法得到的结果有一定的差异。采用试验-数值法,将比较成熟的直裂纹巴西圆盘(cracked straight-through Brazilian disc,简称CSTBD)和P-CCNBD两种试样测得的结果进行对比,两者吻合较好。得到的动态起裂韧度都有随着加载率的增加而增大的加载率效应。分析了准静态法的缺陷,认为试验-数值法得到的结果更为合理。     

Numerical Observation of Three-Dimensional Wing Cracking of Cracked Chevron Notched Brazilian Disc Rock Specimen Subjected to Mixed Mode Loading

The cracked chevron notched Brazilian disc (CCNBD) specimen has been suggested by International Society for Rock Mechanics for measuring mode I fracture toughness of rocks. Subsequently, this specimen geometry has been widely extended to conduct mixed mode fracture tests on rocks as well. A straight through crack front during the fracturing process upon the root of the chevron notch is assumed in the testing principle, but has never been thoroughly evaluated before. In this study, for the first time, the progressive rock fracture mechanism of the CCNBD rock specimen under mixed mode loading is numerically simulated. Specimens under representative mixed mode loading angles are modelled; and the assumption of the straight through crack front growth is critically assessed. The results show that not only the notch tip but also the saw-cut chevron notch cracks during the experiments, yielding a prominent twisted front, far from being straight. The crack front never grows up to the root of the notch ligament and the straight through crack front assumption is never satisfied in the realistic rock fracture progress of this chevron notched specimen subjected to mixed mode loads. In contrast, the fracture progress features typical three-dimensional wing cracking towards the loading ends. The numerically observed progressive fracture mechanism reveals that the measuring principle of mixed mode fracture tests employing CCNBD specimens is significantly violated and the measures of both modes I and II fracture toughness are uncertain.     

Crack stability analysis for rock fracture toughness tests

A stable crack extension is a precondition for fracture toughness tests using chevron-notched specimens. The paper analyses the stability problem for crack extension in two chevron-notched specimens suggested by ISRM. Stability factors are calculated with various compliances of testing machine under different loading conditions. It is pointed out that the loading manner, compliance of the testing machine, as well as the specimen configurations have great influence on crack growth stability.     

Experimental study on three-point bending of granite after cryogenic freeze-thaw cycles at -160 ℃北大核心CSCD

In order to study the effect of freeze-thaw cycles on the type I fracture toughness of granite under ultra-low temperature conditions,semi-circular bending（SCB）specimens were used in this study,and different freeze-thaw times（1,2 and 3 times）were selected. The granite in the natural state was treated with -160 ℃ ultra-low temperature freeze-thaw cycles,and the three-point bending test was carried out on the granite after the freeze-thaw cycle. and microstructure effects. The results show that with the increase of freeze-thaw cycles,the localized damage of I-type crack tip of granite is intensified,the fracture toughness is decreased,the number of microcracks and pores in the rock is increased,the length of cracks is increased,and the pore size is increased. Finally,the changes of rock frost heaving force and fracture toughness under low temperature and ultra-low temperature conditions are compared and analyzed. Compared with low temperature conditions,the frost heaving force produced by ultra-low temperature freezing and thawing is larger. When fracture toughness decreases by approximately the same amplitude,rocks need more cycles of freezing and thawing at low temperature. The research results can provide theoretical reference for underground storage of liquefied natural gas（LNG）in ultra-low temperature environment. © 2022 Science Press (China).     

时域反射仪（TDR）测定土壤含水量标定曲线评价与方案推荐

时域反射仪（Time Domain Reflectometry）可用于室内和田间快速、 准确、 自动测定土壤含水量, 是目前应用最广泛的土壤含水量测定方法之一。适宜的土壤含水量标定曲线（即土壤表观介电常数和土壤含水量之间的关系）是TDR准确测定土壤含水量的关键。目前文献中存在大量的土壤含水量标定曲线, 但尚未有研究对这些标定曲线进行系统的验证和分析评价。因此, 它们的准确性和适用范围尚不明晰, 严重影响到与土壤含水量测定相关的研究。通过查阅大量国内外文献, 收集整理了一系列土壤含水量标定曲线的经验公式（19个）和半经验半物理模型（5个）, 并利用大量的文献实测数据对其进行综合评价。同时运用均方根差（RMSE）, 平均误差（AD）, 纳什效率系数（NSE）等三个指标对比分析和评价这些标定曲线的准确性和可靠性。研究结果表明： 经验公式中Topp、 Roth（1992）2、 Jacobosen、 Yoshikawa2、 Alharathi模型和半经验模型中Malicki1公式及其修订模型综合性能较好。研究成果可为利用TDR准确测定土壤含水量及土壤含水量标定曲线的选择提供参考和指导。