Two-Dimensional Mathematical Model of Tidal Current and Sediment for Oujiang Estuary and Wenzhou Bay

A 2-D mathematical model of tidal current and sediment has been developed for the Oujiang Estuary and the Wenzhou Bay. This model accomodates complicated features including multiple islands, existence of turbidity, and significant differ-ence in size distribution of bed material. The governing equations for non-uniform suspended load and bed load transport are presented in a boundary-fitted orthogonal curvilinear coordinate system. The numerical solution procedures along with their initial conditions, boundary conditions, and movable boundary technique are presented. Strategies for computation of the critical condition of deposition or erosion, sediment transport capacity, non-uniform bed load discharge, etc. are suggested. The model verification computation shows that, the tidal levels computed from the model are in good agreement with the field data at the 18 tidal gauge stations. The computed velocities and flow directions also agree well with the values measured along the totally 52 synchronously ob     

A 2D Mathematical Model for Sediment Transport by Waves and Tidal Currents

In this study, the combined actions of waves and tidal currents in estuarine and coastal areas are considered and a 2D mathematical model for sediment transport by waves and tidal currents has been established in orthogonal curvilinear coordinates. Non-equilibrium transport equations of suspended load and bed load are used in the model. The concept of background concentration is introduced, and the formula of sediment transport capacity of tidal currents for the Oujiang River estuary is obtained. The Dou Guoren formula is employed for the sediment transport capacity of waves. Sediment transport capacity in the form of mud and the intensity of back silting are calculated by use of Luo Zaosen＇ s formula. The calculated tidal stages are in good agreement with the field data, and the calculated velocities and flow directions of 46 vertical lines for 8 cross sections are also in good agreement with the measured data. On such a basis, simulations of back silting after excavation of the waterway with a sand bar under complicated boundary conditions in the navigation channel induced by suspended load, bed load and mud by waves and tidal currents are discussed.     

Three Dimensional Baroclinic Numerical Model for Simulating Fresh and Salt Water Mixing in the Yangtze Estuary

For simulating fresh and salt water mixing in estuaries, a three dimensional nonlinear baroclinic numerical model is developed, in which the gradients of horizontal pressure contain the gradient of barotropic pressure arising from the gradi-ent of tidal level and the gradient of baroclinic pressure due to the gradient of salinity. The Eulerian-Lagrangian method is employed to descretize both the momentum equations of tidal motion and the equation of salt water diffusion so as to im-prove the computational stability and accuracy. The methods to provide the boundary conditions and the initial conditions are proposed, and the criterion for computational stability of the salinity fields is presented. The present model is used for modeling fresh and salt water mixing in the Yangtze Estuary. Computations show that the salinity distribution has the characteristics of partial mixing pattern, and that the present model is suitable for simulalion of fresh and salt waler mixing in ihe Yanglze Esluary.     

Sediment Deposition and Resuspension in Mouth Bar Area of the Yangtze Estuary

—A comprehensive analysis is conducted based on observations on topography.tidal current.salinity.suspended sediment and bed load during the years of 1982.1983.1988.1989.1996 and 1997 in theYangtze Estuary.Results show that the deformation of tidal waves is distinct and the sand carrying capaci-ty is large within the mouth bar due to strong tidal currents and large volume of incoming water and sedi-ments.Owing to both temporal and spatial variation of tidal current.deposition and erosion are extremelyactive.In general a change of up to 0.1 m of bottom sediments takes place during a tidal period.The maxi-mum siltation and erosion are around 0.2 m in a spring to neap tides cycle.The riverbed is silted duringflood when there is heavy sediment load.eroded during dry season when sediment load is low.The annualaverage depth of crosion and siltation on the riverbed is around 0.6 m.In particular cases.it may increaseto 1.4 m to 2.4 m at some locations.     

Phosphorous Forms in Sediments and Their Distribution in the Yangtze Estuary and Coastal Areas

Based on analyses of surface and core sediments in the tidal flats of the Yangtze Estuary and coastal areas, the present study reveals phosphorous forms existing in sediments and their distributions. The results show that phosphorus in tidal flat sediments in the study area mainly consists of inorganic phosphorous forms, involving DP, Fe-P, Al-P, and Ca-P and organic phosphorous forms, in which Ca-P and OP are dominant compositions. This finding indicates that spatial distributions of various phosphorous forms are related to sedimentary environments in water and grain sizes of sediments, and are influenced by sewage discharges and effluents from aquacultivation in the coastal areas.     

长江口整治工程对盐水入侵影响研究

根据实测资料分析了长江口的盐水入侵问题。采用调和常数得到外海控制潮位,用流量控制上游边界,建立了长江口、杭州湾及邻近海域正交曲线坐标系下的二维潮流和盐度数学模型。模型验证了长江口洪、枯季时大、中、小潮的潮位、流速、流向和盐度,较好地模拟了口外顺时针旋转流和口内往复流的特征,反映了外海盐水入侵和北支盐水倒灌的运移特性。在此基础上对长江口综合整治规划方案进行了研究,讨论了整治工程对减轻长江口盐水入侵的作用。     

长江河口南支水域溶解氧动力学模型的应用

应用Netherlands Instilute of Ecology (NIOO)的环境生态动力学模型Femme，在长江河口南支河段建立了1个一维的溶解氧动力学预测模型。运用此模型得出该区域深解氧和有机物时空分布情况并加以分析，结果显示该区域的有机物污染并不严重，其分布趋势大体为：排污口附近污染较多，枯水期更为明显；丰水期由于长江径流的稀释作用，有机物浓度大大降低；黄浦江、上海竹园排污口处有机物浓度最大。此结果同各种参考文献中提供的资料和观测值基本一致，也基本证实这是1个可行的预测溶解氧的模式。     

Two-Dimensional Mathematical Model of Tidal Current and Sediment for Oujiang Estnary and Wenzhou Bay

A 2-D mathematical model of tidal current and sediment has been developed for the Oujiang Estuary and the WenzhouBay. This model accomodates complicated features including multiple islands, existence of turbidity, and significant differ-ence in size distribution of bed material. The governing equations for non-uniform suspended load and bed load transport arepresented in a boundary-fitted orthogonal curvilinear coordinate system. The numerical solution procedures along with theirinitial conditions, boundary conditions, and movable boundary technique are presented. Strategies for computation of thecritical condition of deposition or erosion, sediment transport capacity, non-uniform bed load discharge, etc. are suggested.The model verification computation shows that, the tidal levels computed from the model are in good agreement with the fielddata at the 18 tidal gauge stations. The computed velocities and flow directions also agree well with the values measuredalong the totally 52 synchronously observed verticals distributed over 8 cross sections. The computed tidal water throughputsthrough the Huangda‘ao cross section are close to the measured data. And the computed values of bed deformation fromYangfushan to the estuary outfall and in the outer-sea area are in good agreement with the data observed from 1986 to 1992.The changes of tidal volumes through the estuary, velocities in different channels and the bed form due to the influence of thereclamation project on the Wenzhou shoal are predicted by means of this model.     

基于解析解的长江口南港悬沙侧向捕集特征分析

为探讨长江口南港的水动力结构及悬沙侧向输运特征,本文从解析解的角度构建了潮汐河口水沙输运数学模型,并将其应用到长江口南港某横断面上。南港水动力主控于半日潮流,余流主要由陆相径流及本地非线性对流项驱动,悬沙分布上北侧副槽远大于南侧主槽,水沙分布的计算结果与实测结果在结构上基本一致。通过输沙函数进一步分析表明,潮流输沙和余流输沙是南港侧向输沙函数的两个主要部分。南港中强劲径流削弱了涨潮流,增强了落潮流,使得向河槽南侧的涨潮流输沙小于向河槽北侧的落潮流输沙,潮流输沙指向河槽北侧。径流驱动的南港侧向余流在涨潮流方向上为一逆时针环流结构,余流输沙指向河槽北侧。扩散输沙指向南侧主槽,因其总是指向悬沙浓度梯度的负方向。在各输沙因子的综合作用下,南港中大量悬沙捕集于河槽北侧,使得河槽北部底层潮平均含沙量值达到最大值。     

长江口潮间带沉积对台风过程的响应

位于陆海交汇区的河口潮滩对台风作用的响应极为敏感.台风大浪极可能构成河口潮滩沉积过程的快速变化,进而不利于潮滩保护、开发及利用.基于此,本文利用200509号"麦莎"台风作用前后长江口南汇潮滩采集的沉积物样品及水文资料,探讨台风高能事件作用下河口潮滩动力沉积过程及其主控因素.结果表明长江口潮间带不同区域沉积作用对于"麦...     

长江口北槽口外悬沙浓度垂线分布的数学模拟

利用垂向一维悬沙运动模型,对长江口北槽口外大、小潮悬沙浓度垂线分布进行模拟,模拟结果同“六点法”实测值拟合较好,表明影响悬沙浓度垂线分布的主要因素为悬沙垂向扩散及絮凝沉降作用。     

长江口北支悬沙浓度及输移的时空变化

本文基于4次洪枯季同步水文观测资料,着重分析了长江口北支悬沙浓度的潮周期变化、垂向分布、纵向分布和悬沙输移及其时空差异。研究结果显示,悬沙浓度的潮周期变化过程在大中潮期以M型(双峰型)为主,下段主槽内在大潮期多出现V型,上段在枯季可出现涨潮单峰型;小潮期可出现无峰、单峰或双峰型。涨、落潮悬沙浓度峰值及均值,在枯季多涨潮大于落潮,洪季中小潮特别是小潮期易出现落潮大于涨潮;下段主槽内在大潮期易出现落潮大于涨潮。悬沙浓度的垂向分布及其变化特点,在大中潮期与悬沙的潮周期变化型式有关,其中M型存在显著的洪枯季差异。纵向上,最高悬沙浓度在枯季出现于中段灵甸港至三和港之间及附近河段,洪季则在下段三条港附近。潮周期悬沙净输移,枯季大多向陆特别是大中潮期,洪季中上段大多向海,下段大潮期多向陆、中小潮易出现向海;下段主槽内在大潮期易出现向海。     

长江口滞流点洪、枯季移动的数值分析

为研究长江口滞流点位置的季节变化,利用Delft3D-Flow模块建立长江口二维潮流数学模型,通过实测水文资料对模型进行验证。在此基础上,模拟长江口各汊道洪、枯季滞流点移动情况,并从各汊道沿程断面的落潮量、涨潮量和落、涨潮量之比3个方面进行了水动力分析。结果显示:洪季,北支滞流点在八滧港东北方向约1.9 km处;在南支各汊道中,北港滞流点位于鸡骨礁东北方向约10.0 km处,北槽滞流点位于牛皮礁东南方向约3.8 km处,南槽滞流点位于大辑山东北方向约14.1 km处。枯季,除北槽外,其余各汊道均出现两个滞流点,且北支的两个滞流点相距最远,分别在灵甸港西南方向约3.2 km处和六滧港东北方向约3.1 km处;北港滞流点分别在鸡骨礁西北方向约25.8 km和20.2 km处,北槽滞流点在横沙以西约5.3 km处,南槽滞流点分别在中浚西北方向约6.5 km和东北方向约5.5 km处。北支洪、枯季滞流点的移动距离为4.6~53.3 km,北港、南槽洪、枯季滞流点的移动距离分别为22.0~27.7km和34.6~39.2 km,而北槽洪、枯季滞流点的移动距离最大,为57.1km。长江口各汊道滞流点的移动反映了河流径流和海洋潮流的综合作用。     

长江口北槽柱状沉积物粒度分布特征及沉积环境指示意义

为了研究长江口北槽深水航道的泥沙回淤机制及来源,通过对长江口北槽深水航道中部南、北导堤两侧坝田区域所采浅钻柱状样的沉积物特征、粒度参数特征、粒度成分和沉积速率特征等的分析,探讨北槽深水航道水动力条件和泥沙沉积环境。结果显示,柱状样以黏土质粉砂为主,受径流和潮汐作用,分选性都较差,偏态均为正偏,北导堤和南导堤两侧柱状样的分选系数、偏态和峰态在同一侧相互之间的特征较一致,且三组分组成接近;南北导堤异侧之间的粒度特征差异较为明显,北导堤一侧的平均粒度比南导堤的小,北导堤坝田附近的柱状样粒级百分比在垂向上波动变化较大,南导堤则表现的较为单一;南北导堤的敏感组分主要集中在粒级100μm部分。结合资料和测年数据,综合得出,由于北导堤和南导堤的涨落潮不对称,导致了其粒度特征上的不同;北槽淤积中的流域供沙逐渐减少,泥沙来源逐渐转变为滩槽交换供沙为主;北槽受深水航道工程影响巨大,泥沙沉积过程复杂,还需深入研究。     

南汇东滩圈围工程对长江口河势影响的数值模拟分析

基于验证的MIKE21软件长江口二维潮流数值模型,计算和重点分析了南汇东滩促淤圈围工程对长江口南槽、北槽和横沙通道的影响。结果表明:南汇东滩促淤圈围工程束窄了南槽下段河道,较大幅度地减小了该段的潮流量;但南槽中段以下河段流速增加幅度较大,河槽将会刷深,河势将得到发展;江亚北槽将会得到发展,北槽中段泥沙淤积现象将会加剧;横沙通道涨落潮流量大幅减少,横沙通道涨落潮流量与南槽涨落潮流量存在非常高的相关性,这对横沙通道作为航道开发和利用会带来较为不利的影响。     

2-D Current Field Numerical Simulation Integrating Yangtze Estuary with Hangzhou Bay

—In this paper,integrating the Yangtze Estuary with the Hangzhou Bay,a 2-D velocity fieldmodel is established.In the model,fine self-adaptive grids are employed to adapt to the complicated coast-al shape.The hydrodynamic equations satisfied by two contravariant components of velocity vector andsurface elevation in non-orthogonal curvilinear coordinates are used.In each momentum equation thecoefficients before the two partial derivatives of surface elevation with respect to variables of alternative di-rection coordinates have different orders of magnitude,i.e.,the derivative with the larger coefficient mayplay a more important role than that with the smaller one.With this advantage,the ADI scheme can beeasily employed.The hydrodynamic factors include tidal current,river runoff and wind-induced current.In terms of tidal current,seven main constituents in the area are considered in the open boundaries.Theverifications of surface elevation process and current velocity process in the spring tide and in the n     

长江河口拦门沙河段滩涂演化特征及驱动机制

利用长江河口实测1958-2013年水下地形数据,基于ArcGIS技术和DSAS软件分析了拦门沙河段滩涂演化特征,在此基础上结合河口重大工程建设、流域来沙状态对滩涂资源的变化机制进行分析。研究结果表明:(1)1958-2013年,长江河口滩涂资源总量略有下降,但最近十年趋于稳定,维持在2 350km2左右。(2)长江河口潮滩-5m等深线以下已经出现侵蚀,垂向侵蚀速率为达7.3cm/a;(3)近10多年流域来沙剧烈下降对潮下带0~-5m区域的滩涂资源淤涨产生了显著负面影响,而河口重大工程建设则是近年来0m以上滩涂逆势增长的主要驱动因素。     

长江口南港航道沙波群研究

本文利用Innerspace449热敏式双频测深仪和GPS(全球定位系统)在长江口南港和南北槽主航道走航观测结果,确认南港(吴淞口以下)上段航道在洪季正常风况下存在尺度较大的沙波群,并对沙波的几何特征、形成条件、迁移速率以及台风后的变化做了初步分析.结果表明:(1)在统计的652个沙波中,平均和最大波长分别为21m和105m.平均和最大波高分别为0.8m和2.7m,波高和波长间具有明显的正相关关系;沙波中72%为单一沙波,复合沙波的波长和沙波指数较大;单一沙波最大、最小和平均沙波指数分别为36.5、11.2和21.8(复合沙波最大可达69.3);随着沙波度的增大,沙波指数呈增大趋势;绝大多数沙波(波高＜1m)是对称或近于对称的,但波高＞1m的沙波通常向海倾斜.(2)沙波沉积物为分选好的细沙,Φ50为2.70.(3)沙波现场水流费劳德数Fr小于0.2,与某些理论相符而与某些水槽实验结果相冲突.(4)大潮和寻常潮一个涨(落)潮过程沙波来回迁移的距离约为1～5m;小潮期间沙波的迁移距离接近0;落潮迁移距离总是大于涨潮.(5)台风后沙波有被掩埋的迹象.结果包括:①沙质床底是形成沙波的重要基础.南北槽虽具有沙波形成的动力条件,但因最大浑浊带发育而造成淤泥质床底,故沙波不发育.②潮汐河口双向流环境下沙波的对称性较好,频繁的水动力变化使沙波的消长和迁移过程更加复杂,但沙波的基本特征和形成条件与单向流河流环境相似.     

长江口九段沙潮沟系统分维研究

以长江口九段沙为研究区,采用2013年8月13日的Landsat-8遥感全色波段得到的九段沙潮沟分布图,利用Horton-Strahler原则将九段沙潮沟进行了分级。然后使用网格法对各个等级的潮沟进行了分维研究,计算了九段沙不同等级的每个潮沟左右两侧的维数值,并结合潮沟的宽度大小,对其维数值进行了比较和分析。研究结果表明,九段沙相同等级潮沟中,潮沟左侧维数的变化范围大于右侧,即潮沟左侧发育的复杂程度大于右侧;不同等级潮沟宽度的最小值变化幅度不大,但潮沟宽度的最大值变化幅度较大;不同等级潮沟宽度的变化和其潮沟左右两侧维数差值变化的相关性较小;不同等级潮沟,无论左侧还是右侧,潮沟维数大小随着潮沟的等级数和潮沟的平均宽度的增大而增大。     

古长江河口湾充填潮流作用机制的初步探讨

长江三角洲的发育是以古长江河日湾的充填来实现的.研究潮汐、潮流在古长江河口湾充填中所起的作用,可深入了解长江三角洲的形成发育过程.建立了渤海、黄海、东海的二维潮流数学模型,数值模拟了冰后期最大海侵,即现今长江三角洲地区为巨大河口湾时的M2潮汐、潮流.在此基础上,计算了古长江河口湾及其周围海域8种粒径泥沙的潮平均悬移与推移输沙率,并根据输沙率散度的正负,划分了海底冲刷区与淤积区.根据计算结果得出,冰后期最大海侵时,存在大致以古长江河口湾湾口中点为腹点、波腹线向海凸起的独特驻潮波波腹区.在其控制下,外海潮流大致以古长江河口湾湾口中点为顶点作辐聚、辐散运动.在古潮流场作用下,经历每一个潮周期后,古长江河口湾周围海域的泥沙均向河口湾内净输运,并在河口湾内淤积.古长江河口湾的充填是在长江带来大量泥沙,外海的潮汐、潮流又有利于泥沙向河口湾内净输运,且在河口湾内沉积的情况下实现的.外海的潮汐、潮流为古长江河口湾的充填、长江三角洲的发育提供了必要而又有利的水动力环境.