纤维矿物粉尘在Gamble溶液中的溶解行为

本文用人工配制的Ｇａｍｂｌｅ溶液和三个酸度系列,研究了６对粉尘在模拟人体环境下９６ｄ的溶液特征和生物持久性。结果表明：不同粉尘中铁元素的溶解速率多数出现两个峰值区,三八面体结构型粉尘中铁与镁元素溶解同步。高镁矿物粉尘溶解速率在第一阶段多出现峰值;沸石、硅灰石的钙溶解速率比较稳定,硅灰石在低ｐＨ值区表现出前高后低的特点;Ｓｉ在Ｇａｍｂｌｅ溶液中的溶解峰点在ｐＨ５体系中出现在４８ｄ以前,在ｐＨ７体系中     

贵州黄磷渣的成分特征

本文讨论了贵州省粒状和块状黄磷渣的成分特征：①不同产地黄磷渣的化学组成均与天然硅灰石矿石的化学组成极为相似，主成分SiO2＋CaO总量达86．74％～94.85％，有害元素含量较低。②块状黄磷渣由环硅灰石、枪晶石与两种自然界罕见的硅酸钙相（Ca8Si5O18和Ca2SiO4）共生。③原生粒状黄磷渣为非晶质体。通过加热实验和红外光谱分析、X射线衍射分析揭示粒状黄磷渣在加热过程中所发生的一系列物相演变。研究表明黄磷渣是一种很有利用前景的非金属矿物资源。     

An In Vitro Investigation of Pulmonary Alveolar Macrophage Cytotoxicity Introduced by Fibrous and Grainy Mineral Dusts

In order to study the damage mechanism of mineral dusts on the pulmonary alveolar macrophage （AM）, the changes in their death ratio, malandialdthyde （MDA） content and activities of lactate dehydrogenase （LDH） and superoxide dismutase （SOD） were measured, and the technique of cell culture in vitro was used to investigate the cytotoxicity of six mineral dusts （twelve crystal habits） from twelve mineral deposits. The results show that woUastonite and clinoptilolite have no AM cytotoxicity, while other fibrous and grainy mineral dusts damage pulmonary AM in various degrees. The cytotoxicity of fibrous mineral dusts was greater than that of the grainy ones, and the cytotoxicity of dusts was positively correlated with the active OH- content in dusts, but not necessarily so with its SiO2 content. The high pH values produced by dust was unfavorable for the survival of cells and the dusts with low bio-resistance were safe for cells. The content of variable valence elements in dusts might influence their cytotoxicity and the surface charge of dusts was not a stable factor for their toxicity. It is demonstrated that the shape of mineral dusts was one of the factors affecting cytotoxicity, and that the cytotoxicity of mineral dusts depends mainly on their properties.     

纤粒矿物粉尘体外细胞毒性研究

采用体外细胞培养技术,观察兔肺泡巨噬细胞死亡率,用丙二醛（ＭＤＡ）的含量变化、乳酸脱氢酶（ＬＤＨ）及超氧化物歧化酶（ＳＯＤ）的活性变化来评价来自１２个矿６床的６种矿物的１２种结晶习性的矿物粉尘的细胞毒性,探讨其使巨噬细胞受损的机制。结果显示：沸石、硅灰石无细胞毒性,而其他的纤维状及片粒状矿物粉尘则表现出不同程度的细胞毒性,说明矿物粉尘的细胞毒性与矿物粉尘的形态有一定关系,但主要由矿物粉尘的特性所决     

XRD定量分析技术在大坪岩堆固结灌浆量检测中的应用

XRD定量分析技术,是根据水泥中所特有的粉末微晶物相组合,测试硅酸二钙、硅酸三钙等水泥指示矿物2.78特征谱线变化,精确测定被灌体内外来水泥指示矿物的质量分数,而不受原有岩土矿物所含原地相同化学成份的干扰及影响。通过测定水泥质量分数计算灌浆率,最终确定灌浆量。     

Mineralogical controls on environmental mobility of arsenic from historic mine processing residues,New Zealand

Processing of arsenopyrite ore took place at Blackwater Au mine, New Zealand, between 1908 and 1951 and no rehabilitation was undertaken after mine closure. High As concentrations in solid processing residues (up to 40 wt% As) are due to secondary As minerals. Site pH regimes vary from 4.1 to circum-neutral. Originally, all processed As was present as arsenolite (arsenic trioxide polymorph, As^III), a by-product of arsenopyrite roasting. Near the roaster, scorodite precipitated as a result of the high dissolved As concentration during arsenolite dissolution. The formation of scorodite has two major consequences. Firstly, the scorodite precipitate cements the ground in the vicinity of the roaster area, thereby creating an impermeable surface crust (up to 30 wt% As) and encapsulating weathered arsenolite grains within the cement. Secondly, formation of scorodite temporarily immobilizes some of the dissolved As that is generated during nearby arsenolite dissolution. Where all the available arsenolite has dissolved, scorodite becomes soluble, and the dissolved As concentrations are controlled by scorodite solubility, which is at least two orders of magnitudes lower than arsenolite solubility. Downstream Eh conditions fall below the As^V/As^III boundary, so that scorodite does not precipitate and dissolved As concentrations are controlled by arsenolite solubility. Dissolved As reaches up to 52 mg/L in places, and exceeds the current WHO drinking water guideline of 0.01 mg/L by 5200 times. This study shows that dissolved As concentrations in discharge waters at historic mine sites are dependent on the processing technology and associated mineralogy.     

岩石矿物及粉尘中游离二氧化硅的测定

改进了游离二氧化硅（fSiO2)测定中试样的分解方法，采用硫－磷混酸替代单独使用磷酸分解试样，防止了焦磷酸盐的形成，同时，氟硼酸对fSiO2的溶解率符合测定要求。改进的方法用于标准物质中fSiO2的测定，结果与标准值或磷酸溶矿重量法相符。对于ω(fSiO2)=3.26%的标样10次测定的RSD为2．4％。     

索伦石的晶体结构

索伦石是1961年在我国发现的一种新矿物。成分为CaO·SiO₂·H₂O,是人工和天然的含水硅酸钙矿物中CaO∶SiO₂∶H₂O=1:1:1的唯一一种矿物,因此索伦石结构的测定对了解这一类矿物的晶体化学当有助益。     

桂北油麻岭钨矿区成矿岩体的年代学、地球化学及其地质意义

油麻岭钨矿位于桂北苗儿山复式岩体最南缘,矿化类型具有多样性,其中外接触带似层状矽卡岩型白钨矿是矿区最 重要的矿床类型。本文对矿区成矿母岩中- 细粒二云母花岗岩进行了锆石U-Pb 年代学和岩石地球化学的研究。LA-ICP-MS 锆石U-Pb 年龄为212~215 Ma,属印支期岩浆活动的产物。地球化学分析显示,花岗岩具有高硅（SiO2=73.73% ~78.68%）、 富碱（ALK=6.99%~8.36 %）、贫Ca（CaO=0.13%~0.96%）、贫Ti（TiO2=0.05%~0.27%）、弱过铝- 强过铝质（ACNK=1.03~1.28）的特征,稀土元素总量偏低（ΣREE=61.39×10-6~161.22×10-6）,富集Rb 和Cs 大离子亲石元素及Th,U,Ta 等高场强元素,富成矿元素W （平均含量6.55×10-6）,贫Ba 和Sr,强烈的Eu亏损（δEu=0.04~0.20）。岩石学和地球化学特征表明,成矿母岩与南岭地区典型的高分异S 型花岗岩相似。该岩体具备为钨矿的形成提供物源的能力。     

富甲烷天然气溶解实验及水溶气析离成藏特征

对不同温度（90~200 ℃）和压力（20~120 MPa）条件下的富甲烷天然气在碳酸氢钠溶液中的溶解度值进行了实验测定,阐述了甲烷溶解度随温度、压力及矿化度的变化特征。综合前人的实验结果,将天然气的溶解度与温度的关系划分为3个阶段: ①缓慢递减阶段（0~80 ℃）;②快速递增阶段（>80~150 ℃）;③缓慢递增阶段（>150 ℃）。在温压的共同作用下,溶解度随埋藏深度的增加,也具有不同的阶段变化特征;且当地层水温度、压力足够高时,甲烷的溶解能力趋近于某一极限值。利用甲烷溶解度回归方程有助于对不同地区水溶气析离脱气界限的估算。我国主要存在包括侧向阶段脱气、断裂-底辟脱气、盖层渗滤脱气和构造抬升脱气4种与构造和渗滤作用有关的水溶气析离成藏模式。     

纤维水镁石的环境安全性研究

纤维水镁石的环境安全性研究＊董发勤万朴周开灿（西南工学院，绵阳６２１００２）刘杰罗素琼＊＊（陕南石棉矿，陕西宁强７２４４０１）（华西医科大学，成都６１００４４）关键词纤维水镁石环境矿物粉尘安全评估由于大量纤维日益广泛地应用于众多的工业领域，非职业接触...     

西藏甲玛矿床硅钙界面对矽卡岩成岩及多金属成矿的影响

西藏甲玛铜多金属矿床为冈底斯成矿带的超大型矿床之一,其矽卡岩型主矿体受林布宗组砂板岩、角岩(硅铝质岩石)和多底沟组大理岩(钙质岩石)的岩性界面所控制。基于岩、矿心地质编录,开展矽卡岩岩石、矿物分带及矽卡岩地球化学、矿物化学研究,探讨硅钙岩性界面对矽卡岩及多金属矿体形成的影响。从顶板至底板由石榴子石矽卡岩、硅灰石石榴子石矽卡岩至硅灰石矽卡岩表现出Si O2、Ca O逐渐增加和Al2O3、Fe2O3+Fe O逐渐减少的趋势,石榴子石矽卡岩、硅灰石矽卡岩的稀土元素和微量元素特征对顶板、底板岩石表现出明显的继承性。靠近顶板的矽卡岩中石榴子石属于钙铝-钙铁过渡系列,由石榴石核部向外环带具有Al含量减少、Fe含量增加的特点;靠近底板矽卡岩相对于靠近顶板具有钙铁榴石比例增加、钙铝榴石比例减少特征,由核部向外围未见明显的环带成分演变特征。矽卡岩是流体与硅铝质、钙质岩石水岩反应的产物,沿硅钙界面流体减压沸腾、地下水混合作用和界面内垂向的流体地球化学障是主要的致矿机制。硅、铝质岩石化学性质、物理性质差异是界面控矿的主要因素,硅钙面复合张性构造带、岩浆热事件增加界面渗透率差异有利于矿体规模的增加和品位提高。     

一种新的岩浆岩分类定量方法

目前,岩浆岩的超基性、基性、中性、酸性的分类均根据SiO2的含量,但这种单一含量判别标准并不严谨,含量经常与分类不完全对应。使用TraceElem 1.0软件对各种岩浆岩进行逐步判别分析、聚类分析和对应分析研究,据此认为超基性岩由MgO和FeO组成的因子确定,基性岩则由P2O5、Fe2O3、TiO2、CaO、MnO组成的因子确定,中性岩由Na2O和Al2O3组成的因子确定,酸性岩由K2O和SiO2组成的因子确定。岩浆岩的分类宜以SiO2为主、以MgO和CaO为辅,尤其要引入MgO。在SiO2含量相同的情况下,MgO、CaO含量越高,基性程度越强。基于这一分析结果,提出一种新的酸度指数（ADI)计算方法,即ADI=w(SiO2)-0.75w(MgO)-0.23w(CaO),ADI<38.0%为超基性岩,在38.0%～52.0%之间为基性岩,在52.0%～62.5%之间为中性岩,>62.5%为酸性岩。     

上扬子克拉通内新元古代A型花岗岩的发现及其地质意义

处于上扬子克拉通内的峨边牛郎坝黑云母花岗岩一直以来很少被人重视和研究,本文首次报道了该岩体的SHRIMP锆石U-Pb定年和岩石地球化学数据。牛郎坝花岗岩以高硅(SiO₂>75%)、低钙(CaO=0.46~0.20%)、贫镁、富碱(Na₂O+K₂O=8.31~9.28%)、铝质(A/KNC=1.02~1.12)为特征;微量元素地球化学表现出强烈亏损Ba、Sr、Eu(δEu=0.05~0.08),富集Rb、Th、U。全岩样品的104*Ga/Al在2.6至2.9之间变化,高场强元素Zr、Y、Ga的含量较高,且没有明显的异常。主量元素和微量元素分析均表明牛郎坝花岗岩为铝质A₂亚型花岗岩特征。其Y/Nb=5.0~5.9,Nb/Ta=4.4~5.0,表明岩浆源区受到较强的陆壳组分混染作用。该花岗岩的SHRIMP锆石U-Pb测年结果为826±21.4Ma,与前人对扬子东南缘新元古代花岗岩的年龄测试结果基本一致,反映牛郎坝花岗岩也是该阶段泛扬子克拉通强烈岩浆活动的一部分。扬子克拉通内的牛郎坝A型花岗岩可能是新元古代中期在Rodinia超大陆裂解背景下与地幔柱构造相关的壳幔相互作用的产物。     

沂水杂岩中超镁铁质岩的岩石地球化学特征

主要以捕虏体形式存在于沂水岩浆杂岩和变质杂岩中的超镁铁质岩石不发育鬣刺结构,岩石化学组成以高MgO和低SiO2、TiO2、K2O含量为主要特征。按岩石中是否含有橄榄石大致可以分为橄榄辉石岩和尖晶角闪二辉石岩两种,前者以强烈发育蛇纹石化为特征,矿物组合以单斜(透)辉石+橄榄石为主(偶见斜方辉石),蚀变矿物组合为蛇纹石±铬铁矿+磁铁矿±角闪石±尖晶石等;后者以局部发育滑石化为特征,矿物组合以斜方(古铜)辉石+单斜(透)辉石+尖晶石为主,其次是角闪石+磁铁矿±滑石等。岩石总体以稀土元素总量(∑REE)相对较低、LREE/HREE=1.64~4.40为特征,稀土元素的球粒陨石标准化配分图解显示所有样品均具Eu和Ce的负异常,除3个橄榄辉石岩样品外,多数样品无明显的轻稀土元素、轻重稀土元素和重稀土元素分异。岩石的微量元素组成以不相容元素Rb、Ba、U、Nb、Sr、Zr等具有明显不同的异常为特征:Ba、Nb呈现负异常,而Rb、U呈现正异常,Sr部分呈正异常,Zr和Ti负异常出现在橄榄辉石岩中,其他样品无Zr异常。样品YS0631的SHRIMP锆石U-Pb定年结果显示其变质锆石年龄值为2 560~2 605 Ma;另有一颗结晶锆石的年龄值为2 719 Ma,εHf(t)值为8.2,亏损地幔模式年龄为2 680 Ma。综上所述,该超镁铁质岩石源于地幔,形成于新太古代早期,随后遭受深熔及岩浆作用影响,经历了变质作用的改造。     

工业铬铁废渣在水泥行业中的应用研究

铬铁废渣是生产铬盐或其氧化物所排放的废渣。它富含水泥生产必需的CaO、Al2O3、SiO2、Fe2O3等有益组分;但其中MgO含量较高,是破坏水泥安定性的最主要因素;废渣残留的Cr6 对人体健康、环境产生危害。本文从铬铁废渣的形成过程入手,分析了它的基本化学组成及特征,并提出铬铁废渣在水泥生产中应用的工艺方法。     

Steady-diffusion modelling of a reaction zone between a metamorphosed basic dyke and a marble from Hirao-dai, Fukuoka, Japan

A reaction zone between a metamorphosed basic dyke and marble at Hirao-dai, north Kyushu, Japan, consists of well-organized sequential zones of diopside, garnet and wollastonite; textures are characteristic of diffusion-controlled structures. The reaction zone formed during contact metamorphism associated with intrusion of a Cretaceous granodiorite at ∼300 MPa and 700 °C. The metamorphosed basic dyke consists of diopside, biotite and plagioclase ( X _Ab = 0.4–0.8), whereas the marble is almost pure calcite. The initial boundary between the dyke and the marble is probably located within the current diopside zone, as calcite occurs as remnants among diopside grains in areas close to the boundary with the garnet zone. This observation provides a criterion to judge the stability of the zonal sequence in our modelling. The formation of the reaction zone is attributed to a single-stage steady-state process with five overstepping reactions. CaO, MgO, FeO, SiO₂ and AlO_3/2 are the reaction-controlling components that are necessary to describe the growth of the reaction zone. An isochemical steady-diffusion model cannot reproduce the measured phase ratios of product minerals; this indicates open-system behaviour of the reaction zone. The choice of closure components is an essential task in the treatment of open-system modelling, together with determination of phase ratios (Ashworth & Birdi model) or estimation of boundary fluxes (Johnson & Carlson model). Of all the possible combinations of closure components, closure conditions for CaO and MgO provide the best results for both models. The stability of the zonal sequence is limited at relatively large values of L _SiSi/ L _CaCa. Similar results from the two models confirm their consistency under the same closure conditions.     

青海贵德县扎仓温泉特征及其开发利用

扎仓温泉位于青海省贵德县扎仓寺村,其开发利用至今已有600多年的历史。温泉出露于断裂带交汇部位,地下热水矿化度为1 310~1 390 mg/L, 水化学类型属于SO₄·Cl-Na型。研究结果表明,温泉的补给来源为大气降水,温泉水年龄约165 a。利用SiO₂温标法计算出热储温度为136 ℃,估算热水循环深度为1 385 m。温泉的天然放热量大于1.23×10¹⁴J/a,扎仓沟地区的地热资源量达2.07×10¹⁴J以上。热水宜直接用于供暖、洗浴、温室种植和养殖等。该地热田深部尚有地热能潜力。     

Diffusion-controlled growth of wollastonite rims between quartz and calcite: comparison between nature and experiment

Growth rates of wollastonite reaction rims between quartz and calcite were experimentally determined at 0.1 and 1 GPa and temperatures from 850 to 1200 °C. Rim growth follows a parabolic rate law indicating that this reaction is diffusion‐controlled. From the rate constants, the D′δ‐values of the rate‐limiting species were derived, i.e. the product of grain boundary diffusion coefficient D′ and the effective grain boundary width, δ. In dry runs at 0.1 GPa, wollastonite grew exclusively on quartz surfaces. From volume considerations it is inferred that (D′_CaOδ)/(D′_SiO2δ)≥1.33, and that SiO₂ diffusion controls rim growth. D′_SiO2δ increases from about 10^?25 to 10^?23 m³ s^?1 as temperature increases from 850 to 1000 °C, yielding an apparent activation energy of 330±36 kJ mol^?1. In runs at 1 GPa, performed in a piston‐cylinder apparatus, there were always small amounts of water present. Here, wollastonite rims always overgrew calcite. Rims around calcite grains in quartz matrix are porous and their growth rates are controlled by a complex diffusion‐advection mechanism. Rim growth on matrix calcite around quartz grains is controlled by grain boundary diffusion, but it is not clear whether CaO or SiO₂ diffusion is rate‐limiting. D′δ increases from about 10^?21 to 10^?20 m³ s^?1 as temperature increases from 1100 to 1200 °C. D′_SiO2δ or D′_CaOδ in rims on calcite is c. 10 times larger than D′_SiO2δ in dry rims at the same temperature. Growth structures of the experimentally produced rims are very similar to contact‐metamorphic wollastonite rims between metachert bands and limestone in the Bufa del Diente aureole, Mexico, whereby noninfiltrated metacherts correspond to dry and brine‐infiltrated metacherts to water‐bearing experiments. However, the observed diffusivities were 4 to 5 orders of magnitude larger during contact‐metamorphism as compared to our experimental results.     

硅灰石矿化学物相分析方法

硅灰石是一种钙的偏硅酸盐矿物,它作为工业矿物仅有二十多年的历史。从六十年代起,硅灰石用作陶瓷原料有了迅速地发展,由于能低温快速烧成,可大幅度降低燃料消耗,缩短生产周期,提高生产率。因此,大量用于釉面砖的生产。此外,硅灰石还在涂料工业、塑料与橡胶工业、磨料工业、电焊和绝缘产品等方面也得到应用,特别是把硅灰石处理成超细粒材料后,更有广阔的发展前景。