人工矿床污染的防治与对策

通过对铜绿山某矿尾矿及废水的物质组分的分析研究 ,查明主要污染物是Cu、Fe、悬浮物和选矿残留的有机试剂 ;尾矿废水处理的初步研究表明 ,石灰、H2 SO4 、FeCl3、Al2 (SO4 ) 3 均可有效去除尾矿废水中的污染物质 ,从综合因素考虑 ,采用石灰处理效果最好 ,处理过的尾矿废水可以重复利用 ;在上述研究基础上 ,提出了尾矿及尾矿废水的污染防治对策和综合利用方案 ,通过综合利用可以从尾矿中回收近 1× 1 0 5t金属铜和大约 3× 1 0 6t金属铁 ,Co、Mn、Zn、Ag、Au、Re、W等金属也有一定综合利用价值。     

Extraction procedure testing of solid wastes generated at selected metal ore mines and mills

Solid waste samples from a reconnaissance study conducted at ore mining and milling sites were subjected to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency extraction procedure (EP) leaching test Sites visited included mines and mills extracting ores of antimony (Sb), mercury (Hg), vanadium (V), tungsten (W), and nickel (Ni). Samples analyzed included mine wastes, treatment pond solids, tailings, low grade ore, and other solid wastes generated at these facilities Analysis of the leachate from these tests indicates that none of the samples generated leachate in which the concentration of any toxic metal parameter exceeded EPA criteria levels for those metals. By volume, tailings generally constitute the largest amount of solid wastes generated, but these data indicate that with proper management and monitoring, current EPA criteria can be met for tailings and for most solid wastes associated with mining and milling of these metal ores. Long-term studies are needed to determine if leachate characteristics change with time and to assist in development of closure plans and post closure monitoring programs.     

煤矸石固废无害化处置与资源化综合利用现状与展望

煤炭生产和加工过程产生的大量煤矸石堆放地表,不仅造成土地压占、水土流失,而且还会引发山体滑坡、泥石流等地质灾害,给矿区生态环境造成严重影响。我国煤矸石累计堆存量已超过60亿t,压占土地1.3万hm2。2020年,我国煤矸石产量7.29亿t,综合利用量5.26亿t,综合利用率为72.2%。当前我国煤矸石综合利用具有存量和排放量大、产量高度集中、综合利用率不高,区域发展极不平衡,高附加值利用占比小等特点,现有煤矸石的无害化处置与资源化综合利用的规模和能力明显不能满足国家对生态环境保护及“双碳”目标下煤炭综合利用的相关要求。对此,提出煤矸石在采空区充填、地面筑基、塌陷坑回填与土地复垦等方面的规模化无害处置技术和方法,指出井下“采选充处”一体化固体充填开采和采空区地面膏体与浆体充填是控制煤矸石增量、规模化降低煤矸石堆存量的最有效方法。详细阐述煤矸石在发电、建材、资源回收、化工产品制备及农业等方面的综合资源化利用途径,提出构建“煤炭—固废发电—有价元素提取—化工产品—建材材料—井下充填—地面回填—农业应用”的闭合循环产业链模式,建立“多途径、多组分、多层次+梯级回收+生态修复+封存保护+井下高效自动化充填”规模化处置与综合利用体系的煤矸石未来产业化发展方向。      

铜尾矿基质改良对旱柳生长的影响研究

通过盆栽实验,研究了不同营养土改良的铜尾矿对旱柳(Salix matsudana)扦插枝条生长及根系特性的影响。处理方式分别为TA100(100%尾矿)、TA80(80%尾矿+20%营养土)、TA60(60%尾矿+40%营养土)、TA40(40%尾矿+60%营养土)、TA20(20%尾矿~80%营养土)、TA00(100%营养土)。研究结果发现,旱柳枝条在5种处理方式下均可生根成活,但长势存在差异。随着尾矿含量的降低,旱柳枝条的生物量呈现出增加的趋势;随着尾矿含量的降低,旱柳枝条不定根数目增多、平均根长及最长的根长增加,根系活力先增强后降低。结果表明,旱柳可用于铜尾矿废弃地植被恢复,利用营养土改良有利于柳条不定根的形成和生长。     

湖南省有色金属矿产资源开发利用效率相关问题的探讨

湖南省有色金属矿产资源丰富，共生、伴生组分多，开发利用水平较高。有色金属矿山企业的采矿回收率、选矿回收率和综合回收率普遍高于全国平均水平，采矿贫化率低于全国平均水平。但与国内先进矿业发达国家相比，仍存在一定差距。建议通过健全管理机制、严格监管制度、集约规模经营和依靠科学技术进步提高有色金属矿产资源开发利用水平。     

Characterization of Kolar gold field mine tailings for cyanide and acid drainage

The gold mining process at Kolar gold field (KGF) mines has generated about 32 million tons of tailings. Gold was extracted from the mined ores using cyanidation technique that involved dissolution of gold in the ore by water soluble alkali metal cyanides (example, sodium cyanide or potassium cyanide). Of the several dumps that received the mine tailings only the Kennedy’s Line dump was active prior to closure of the KGF mines in the year 2000. The Kennedy’s Line dump received sulfide bearing tailings in slurry form that comprised of spent ore and process water bearing soluble alkali metal cyanide. Depending on the pH of the tailing slurry, the free cyanides may exist as aqueous hydrogen cyanide that can escape to the atmosphere as hydrogen cyanide gas or occur as soluble cyanide (CN⁻) ions that can be leached by infiltrating water to the sub-surface environment. Additionally, the presence of pyrite minerals in the Kennedy’s Line dump makes them susceptible to acid drainage. This study examines the potential of gold tailings of Kennedy’s Line dump to release cyanide ions (CN⁻) and acid drainage to the sub-surface environment by performing physico-chemical and leaching tests with tailing samples collected from various depths of the dump, sub-surface soil samples beneath the dump and groundwater samples from vicinity of Kennedy’s Line dump. The chemical mechanisms responsible for the ambient cyanide and pH levels of the tailing dump, sub-surface soil samples and groundwater are also inferred from the laboratory results.     

广西金属尾矿排放现状与处置途径研究

广西大多数金属矿山尾矿采用地表堆存方式存放,不仅对环境存在危害,而且占用土地,尾矿库也存在安全隐患.对尾矿有价金属元素进行再回收,大宗尾矿做充填建筑材料,既能够解决矿山充填骨料的来源问题,也能实现矿山固体废弃物的资源化和减量化.     

河北邯邢式铁矿尾矿地球化学特征

邯邢铁矿是中国重要的铁矿山之一,利用钻探方法对西石门铁矿后井尾矿56种元素进行地球化学评价,了解元素在尾矿库中的空间分布特征。研究表明,尾矿库中Fe、Cu、S、Co元素可进一步开采利用,局部可达到或超出原生矿的工业品位要求。后井尾矿中Fe、S、Cu、Co资源量分别是28.5×104t、4.5×104t、0.36×104t和0.2×104t,适合二次综合开发利用,同时研究中也探索了这些元素在尾矿沙中富集作用和富集机理及影响因素,旨在探索出一种利用地球化学评价尾矿的资源量勘查方法,加速实现中国尾矿资源化。     

西非铁矿资源现状及潜力分析

西非是世界上铁矿资源最为丰富的地区之一,铁矿石总资源量可达649.5亿吨,占全球8％,主要分布于马恩地盾和雷圭巴特地盾,以几内亚、塞拉利昂、利比里亚和毛里塔尼亚四国最为丰富,成因类型以BIF型为主.公开资料显示,目前有43家公司投资开发73个西非铁矿项目,其中中国庆华集团、宝武集团、赢联盟集团、中国铝业和中投资本公司等五家中资企业拥有权益资源量达217.5亿吨,形成与西非本土8国和西方7国公司三足鼎立的局势.基于标普数据库和各公司最新年报统计,发现近10年西非铁矿石年均产量为0.2亿吨,世界占比不足0.1％.目前大部分矿山处于暂停开发或暂时搁置状态,仅有21个铁矿山处于活跃状态.其中,中资企业控制的五个项目中也只有唐克里里铁矿处于开发状态.基于西非地质和航磁资料,利用证据权模型,预测在90％、50％和10％置信水平下,西非地区未发现铁矿床数量分别为63个、92个和324个,铁矿石预测资源量分别为264.6亿吨、386.4亿吨和1360.8亿吨.     

湖南湘西金矿尾矿中金的次生成矿作用

湖南湘西金矿在长期的开采过程中产生了大量的尾矿,其中堆存时间最长的一号尾矿库中,金发生了显著的次生成矿作用,次生矿体平均金品位５．９２ｇ／ｔ,平均厚度１１．７７ｍ,可达小－中型金矿床规模。水化学分析、热力学分析和模拟实验表明,尾矿－水的相互作用导致了尾矿中金的溶解,迁移和次生成矿作用。     

铜尾砂和钨尾砂的抗剪强度及宏细观分析

铜矿和钨矿在经过开采和选矿过程后产生大量的尾砂,尾砂的抗剪强度直接影响到尾砂筑坝的稳定安全性和材料的创新利用。尾矿库现场取回尾砂的级配曲线不同于选矿产生的全尾砂,选用合适的尾砂抗剪强度参数以及对不同尾砂抗剪强度的比较和分析有助于评估尾矿库的溃坝安全性。为了深入研究铜、钨两种尾砂的抗剪强度及异同点,针对不同粒径范围的铜、钨尾砂进行了直剪试验、X射线衍射分析和扫描电镜分析。直剪试验结果表明,干燥尾砂表现出无黏性土的强度性质,相同粒组尺寸的铜尾砂抗剪强度要高于钨尾砂的抗剪强度;铜尾砂和钨尾砂在含水率为15%情况下的抗剪强度表现出一定的黏聚力,使其抗剪强度相对于干燥状态下提高了16.7%~83.8%;随着含水率从10%增加到20%,细粒钨尾砂的内摩擦角变化不大,含水量的增加使得钨尾砂的黏聚力较明显地减小并使得抗剪强度降低。X射线衍射分析结果显示铜尾砂和钨尾砂都以石英为主晶相,其余矿物成分大都是以硅酸盐为主的次生矿物;5000倍扫描电镜照片显示细粒尾砂颗粒的表面附着一定量的黏土矿物,黏土矿物的存在导致了尾砂抗剪强度随含水率增加而发生变化。     

铜陵矿山酸性排水及固体废弃物中的重金属元素

在调查中国铜陵凤凰山铜矿和新桥硫铁矿两种不同类型矿山固体废弃物特征的基础上,研究了矿山尾矿和废石产生酸性排水的可能性及其差异以及矿山固体废弃物中重金属元素的赋存形式。结果表明,凤凰山铜矿的尾矿基本不产生矿山酸性排水,而新桥硫铁矿采矿废石产生矿山酸性排水,并且凤凰山铜矿的尾矿和新桥硫铁矿采矿废石中重金属元素的赋存形式也有差异,前者重金属Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd、As、Hg主要赋存于硅酸盐态中,而后者在还原态中有较高的含量,这反映了在地表条件下尾矿中大量重金属元素已经发生了迁移,而采矿废石已经开始氧化,且酸性排水的存在更有利于废石中重金属元素的迁移和扩散,进而导致矿区周围环境的污染。     

国外低品位铜矿分布与利用技术现状

我国是矿产资源大国,但随着国民经济的高速发展,我国对铜矿的依存度逐年上升,据海关统计,目前已达70%,因此我国大力提倡绿色矿业,发展适宜处理的低品位、难选冶铜矿的提取技术及矿渣和尾矿的综合利用,提高铜矿利用率。通过从MRDS、MEG和InfoMine等矿产数据库中提取矿床数据,对国外低品位铜矿床的分布、可利用情况、矿床类型、开采利用技术及成矿控制因素等方面开展调查统计分析,并选取重要矿床进行典型案例分析,为我国低品位铜矿综合利用提供可借鉴的依据。     

云南个旧锡多金属矿区尾矿元素地球化学特征

云南省个旧地区锡多金属矿以锡矿资源闻名于世界,自20世纪50年代以来,经历大规模矿产开发,目前共有尾矿库31座,积存尾矿超过1.9亿t。面对数量如此巨大的潜在资源与污染源,查明尾矿中元素的含量、分布特征及其控制因素显得尤为重要。本文针对个旧地区尾矿类型复杂、成矿及共伴生元素多样等特点,以"面上控制、重点剖析"的原则,采用概查和详查两种调查方法,对矿区内的尾矿库进行了系统的地球化学调查,完成了19个尾矿库的概查和2个尾矿库的详查工作,取得了如下认识:(1)个旧矿区不同尾矿库间的物质成分和元素含量差别较大。同一尾矿库中元素分布也不均匀,在横向上和垂向上均有分异性;(2)入选矿石类型、排砂过程中的重力分选作用和选矿工艺的差异是影响尾矿库中元素分布的主要因素;(3)总结和梳理了一套尾矿地球化学调查方法技术;(4)个旧矿区尾矿中成矿与伴生元素Sn、Cu、Fe、Pb、Zn、In、Ga、As等元素含量普遍较高,具有巨大潜在利用价值,同时As、Cd、Cu、Pb和Zn等元素对周边环境存在较大风险,值得重视。     

混合充填骨料胶结充填强度试验与最优配比决策研究

将全尾砂作为充填料进行充填法采矿,不仅可以降低采矿成本,而且还能够实现固体废弃物资源化利用,同时将固体废弃物充填地下保护环境,维护生态平衡。由于尾砂粒径较细,需要与棒磨砂、戈壁砂混合作为充填料应用于充填采矿,有必要开展混合充填骨料的配比优化研究。首先,分别测试了棒磨砂、戈壁砂和尾砂3种骨料的粒径级配和不均匀系数。然后进行了9组配比的胶结充填体强度试验,在该基础上对试验样本进行训练,建立了神经网络预测模型。最后采用该预测模型,进行混合充填骨料正交设计方案的充填体强度预测,并分别采用极差分析和回归分析,揭示了充填体强度与混合充填骨料特征值之间的关系。研究发现,混合骨料平均粒径和不均匀系数不同,充填体早期和后期强度存在显著差异;平均粒径较小的混合骨料早期强度较高,而平均粒径较大者则更利于提高充填体的后期强度。     

南京市矿山尾矿利用现状及加快尾矿利用的对策

随着矿业开发规模的加大，大量尾矿的露天堆存，不仅造成了资源的浪费，对环境和人类的危害也日益严重。尾矿利用是充分利用资源和消除尾矿对环境的危害的重要途径，对此 有充分认识，南京尾矿库存总量约２５００万ｔ，每年新增尾矿量５０万ｔ，尾矿的利用程度和范围还远远不够，就加快南京市尾矿利用步伐提出了对策。     

磷矿的分布、特征与开发现状

世界磷矿储量近695亿t(2019年),但分布不均,磷矿储量最为丰富的北非地区集中了全球80％以上的磷矿资源.该区域的摩洛哥和西撒哈拉是世界磷矿资源最为丰富的国家,2019年其磷矿储量达500亿t,占世界的近72％.目前世界上主要利用的磷矿类型为沉积型磷块岩矿,其最主要的成矿时代为震旦—寒武纪和中生代—新生代,前者以中...     

Chemical characteristics and acid drainage assessment of mine tailings from Akara Gold mine in Thailand

Acid Mine Drainage (AMD) is a great concern in many abandoned mines because of its adverse effect on the environment. In mining processes, many kinds of wastes are produced. These wastes may become eventually sources of environmental degradation. The focus of this study is the geochemical characterization of the end-processed tailings generated by Akara Gold Mine, the biggest gold mine in Thailand. Tailing samples were systematically collected for analyses of chemical and mineralogical compositions. As a result, their quantitative chemical analyses are slightly different from place to place, but mineral components cannot be clearly differentiated. For instance, it may be assumed that the end-processed tailings, which were a mixture between high and low grade concentrates, would have similar mineral components. However, the little variation of chemical composition may be caused by the ore refining processes that are somehow varied in proportion to chemical additives, alkali cyanide and quick lime in particular. In addition, clay composition in ore-bearing layers may also influence alumina content of tailings, accordingly. Distribution of the tailings is not related to depth and distance of the tailing storage pond because the disposal has sped them over the pond during operation. Total heavy metals of the tailing samples were analyzed on the basis of the EPA 3052 method. Consequently, the most toxic elements (e.g., Co, Cu, Cd, Cr, Pb, Ni and Zn) were found falling within the standard of Thailand Soil Quality Standards for Habitat and Agriculture. Only Mn appears to have higher content than the standard. In addition, leaching tests proved that these tailings contain low metal concentrations. As a result, at pH 2, Mn can leach out exceeding the Thailand Surface Water Quality Standard for Agricultural (Mn <1 ppm) and the Thailand Industrial Effluent Standard (<5 ppm). Although leachate at pH 4 and neutral conditions contains lower Mn than the Industrial Effluent Standard it still exceeds the surface water quality standard. Interestingly, Pb can be leached out exceeding both standards (0.2 ppm for the industrial effluent standard and 0.05 ppm for the surface water quality standard). For Ni leaching, its concentration is lower than the Industrial Effluent Standard at all pH conditions but still exceeds the Surface Water Standard at pH 2 and 4. This information should be taken into consideration for further environmental monitoring. Acid generating potential of the tailings was estimated using acid–base accounting (ABA) and net acid generation (NAG) tests. The results of ABA and NAG tests show that the tailing samples contain a high amount of sulfur. However, they also contain high acid neutralization capacity. Consequently, these tailings may not have potential to generate acid drainage; in the other words, they can be classified as a non-acid forming (NAF) material. However, since these tailings contain some heavy metals (e.g., Ni, Mn and Pb) that are observed in leachates exceeding the standards at low pH, the AMD conditions may lead to heavy metal release. Therefore, prevention of oxidizing process and dissolution should be considered with great care. In addition, Mn and Pb can also be leached at neutral conditions. Barrier of air and water, clay layer for example, should be placed over the tailings pound before covering by topsoil for re-vegetation. Growing native grass is recommended for stabilization of the surface and reducing erosion rate. Monitoring of water quality should also be carried out annually.     

Heavy metal contamination of a Greenland fjord system by mine wastes

Since 1973, about 500,000 tons/yr of metal-rich particulate tailings from a lead/zinc flotation mill have been discharged through a submarine outfall into a two fjord system on the west coast of Greenland. Differential solubilization of particulate metals by seawater, seasonal water mixing, and sill exchange tailings dispersal processes have resulted in high, but seasonally variable Zn, Cd, and Pb contamination of the water, and suspended particulate matter (SPM).Chemical partition of the SPM shows that most (85-99 percent) of the Pb, but relatively low proportions of Zn (14-26 percent) and Cd (10–20 percent) are weakly bound to the SPM. Such particulate metal characteristics allow the real time effects of tailings discharges and dispersal on the system to be traced even in the sediments where tailings accumulation is very slow (0.1 cm/yr).Fjord seaweeds and blue mussels also contain varying amounts of Zn, Pb, and Cd depending on the metal and their location relative to the tailings outfall and apparently responded almost instantly to the metal contamination, as did the water and SPM. High Pb concentrations in the fjord mussels most likely derive from the preferential uptake of available particulate Pb, whereas the seaweeds appear to derive most of their heavy metal concentrations from the dissolved phase. The evidence from this and other sites as well as from experimental work, indicates that any discharge of Pb-bearing particles into the marine environment either directly as mine wastes or indirectly as from natural runoff from current and former lead mining sites results in immediate lead contamination of the in situ mussel population.     

陕西铜峪铜矿床主要特点及开发利用中遇到的问题及对策

铜峪铜矿是陕西地矿局第八地质队1972-1979年勘查探明的一个火山岩型的小型铜矿床,探明铜矿石量1047．88万吨,金属量65064．64吨,平均品位0．62％。共圈铜矿体73条,其中主矿体9条,主矿体储量占总储量77％,矿石量803万吨,金属量49778吨,平均品位0．62％。最大的主矿体7号矿体（盲矿体）,矿石量185万吨,金属量13826吨,平均品位0．75％。矿体分布集中,多为扁、鸡窝状,尖灭再现明显,矿体与围岩属渐变过渡关系,没有明显界线,矿体厚度变化较大。开发利用发现矿体厚〈3m时,开采贫化率〉50％,无法开采利用（以往勘查最小可采厚度≥0．8m）。根据这一情况,按照最小可采厚度≥3m,重新对主矿体进行了圈定,开采矿体厚度≥3m的矿体或矿体中厚度≥3m的部分,有效的把矿石的贫化率控制在30～35％之间,实现了矿山规模化生产、保证了矿石入选品位。