Production of acid water in a lead-zinc mine,Coeur d'Alene,Idaho

The Bunker Hill Mine in Idaho's Coeur d'Alene mining district produces approximately 10 m³/minute of acid water containing high concentrations of heavy metals. Field and laboratory studies indicate that much of the acid water is produced in a single ore body in the upper part of the mine. The ore of this body contains mainly sphalerite, galena, and pyrite in a siderite-quartz gangue. Ground water recharges this ore body through a near-vertical zone of high permeability, which is the result of mining by the caving technique. Ore samples from the caving area contained oxidized forms of iron and produced acid in a laboratory leaching test. Leaching experiments with several ore samples from the mine also indicated that the ratio of pyrite to calcite in the samples strongly controlled the resultant pH values. Oxidation of pyrite to sulfuric acid and compounds of iron is apparently responsible for the production of acid water in the mine. In contrast, dissolution of calcite in water results in a basic solution, with pH around 8.3, that can neutralize the acid produced by the oxidation process. Methods for prevention of acid mine drainage in this and other similar mines are noted.     

对江苏沛县新庄铁矿区富水性规律的初步认识

江苏沛县新庄铁矿属于典型的矽卡岩类接触交代型铁矿,矿区主要富水含水层为奥陶系灰岩。分析了该矿区地下水补径排条件、矿区含水层特征及断层富水性特征,初步总结了该矿区富水性规律。认为矿坑涌水主要受上覆灰岩控制,其次受构造断层控制; 断层的涌水量受裂隙充填影响变化较大,增加了突水、透水的风险性,将直接威胁矿山的生产安全。总结该矿区富水性规律,可为国内相同类型矿山的前期勘查及后期矿床开采提供参考。     

GIS-based spatial and temporal changes of land occupation caused by mining activities-a study in eastern part of Hubei Province

By using multi-source and multi-temporal high resolution remote sensing data and related techniques of remote sensing and geographic information systems, this paper analyzes the spatial and temporal changes of land occupation caused by mine development in four mining areas of eastern Hubei Province from 2011 to 2014, including Chengchao-Tieshan iron-copper polymetallic deposit area, Daye-Yangxin iron-copper polymetallic deposit area, E-Nan mining area, and Wuxue-Yangxin non-metallic mining area along the Yangtze River. The results show that: In the research area, land occupation of energy mine exploitation is small and in scattered distribution, with coal mine occupying the largest area, showing a downward trend in four years; land occupation of metal mines is large and in centralized distribution, with iron mine and copper mine occupying the largest area, showing a downward trend in four years; non-metallic mines are large and in great quantity, with mines of limestone for building and limestone occupying the largest area, showing a upward trend in four years.     

青藏高原典型金属矿山河流重金属污染对比

为研究青藏高原金属矿山勘探、开采、闭坑阶段不同开发阶段河流重金属污染的严重程度,通过野外调查,室内测试分析,对比5个金属矿山河流重金属元素含量、污染指数沿程变化,得出以下结果:(1)勘探阶段和闭坑后河流水质污染较小,开采阶段矿业活动对河水水质污染较大。(2)As、Pb、Cd、Cu和Zn五种元素是金属矿山的特征污染物。开采矿区中德尔尼铜矿区、下柳沟铅锌矿、甲玛矿区河流均有重金属元素污染,微碱性环境中德尔尼铜矿区,主要污染物为As,单项污染指数为0～10.6;下柳沟铅锌矿Pb、Cd、Cu和Zn元素单项污染指数分别为0.2～2.1、0～55、0.4～24、0.3～1550;偏酸性环境中甲玛矿区的特征污染物主要为Cu、Cd。其中Cu、Cd单项污染指数为0～4174、0～4;勘探矿区大场金矿、闭坑矿区罗布莎铬铁矿区河流未出现污染元素。(3)青藏高原5处典型的高海拔山地矿山河流由于稀释作用重金属流经2km后达到安全水平,研究结果可为青藏高原矿山开采中河流水环境保护提供参考依据。     

河北滦县－滦南县段滦河冲积平原水文地质特征分析

滦县－滦南县段滦河冲积平原铁矿群司家营铁矿区、马城铁矿区、坎上铁矿区、常裕铁矿、高官营铁矿总储量达几十亿吨,均覆盖有巨厚的第四系含水体,水文地质条件复杂,一直未能开采,成为“大水呆滞金属矿”,被视为开发过程中可能对区域水文地质环境造成较大影响的大水矿区,列为限制开采区,至本世纪初才相继解限投产.通过对司家营铁矿北区、司家营铁矿南区、马城铁矿区、坎上铁矿区、常裕铁矿、高官营铁矿等6处矿山的水文地质条件的分析,论述了滦县－滦南县段滦河冲积平原的水文地质特征.     

进行矿山开采经济效益分析充分利用矿产资源

针对当前有些矿山企业在经济不景气,导致采富弃贫,采易避难等不良现象,本文提出加强对采矿方法,选冶工艺流程,以及尾矿利用的综合分析研究,通过对矿产资源的充分利用来提高其经济效益,促进矿业经济的可持续发展。     

露天与地下联合开采引起岩层移动规律的模型试验研究

非法开采对矿山开采稳定性具有重要影响,以某铁矿为例,进行了二维物理相似模型试验研究,分析得出了在考虑和不考虑非法开采两种情况下的地表变形规律和矿体围岩移动规律。试验结果表明,从-270 m采至-550 m水平期间,地表沉降和围岩变形呈缓慢增加趋势,但当从-550 m水平继续向下开采时,由于矿体倾角变得平缓,地表沉降、深部围岩变形都急剧增加,非法开采会造成矿体上部岩体的应力重分布,虽没有明显增大地表的沉降范围,但增加了开采点附近的地表沉降量,而且大大增大了地表岩层的水平移动。     

Hydrogeochemical characteristics of mine water in the Harz Mountains,Germany

Water samples (springs, creeks, mine adits) from different former mining districts of the Harz Mountains and the nearby Kupferschiefer (copper shale) basin of Sangerhausen were analysed for major ions and trace metals. Due to more intensive water rock interactions including the ore minerals, the mine water concentrations of main components and trace metals are generally higher compared to non mining affected surface waters of the mountain range. Furthermore, the content of major ions in mine water is enriched by mixing processes with saline waters from Permian layers in the Kupferschiefer district and at the deeper levels of the mines in the Upper Harz Mountains. The waters of the different mining districts can be distinguished by trace metal occurrences and concentrations derived from the different ore bodies. Water from the Kupferschiefer mines shows the highest Na, Cl, Cu, Mo and U concentrations, whereas a combination of elevated As and Se concentrations is typical for most of the samples from the mines around St. Andreasberg. However, there are exceptions, and some water samples of all the investigated mining districts do not follow these general trends. Despite the influence of mining activities and ore mineralisation, hydrochemical effects due to rain water dilution can be seen in most of the waters. According to the elevation of the mountain range, higher precipitation rates decrease the ion concentrations in the waters of springs, creeks and mine adits.     

北京市铁矿资源特征及开发利用建议

从北京市铁矿资源的地质矿产特征,矿床类型及其分布情况,矿石类型及其利用情况以及资源储量特征出发,重点分析了北京市铁矿资源的基本情况,从而把北京市铁矿划分为3个矿集区：库西北、库东北、库南铁矿矿集区,并对目前北京市铁矿的开发利用情况进行了分析,指出库西北,库东北铁矿矿集区在确保区内矿山企业适度发展的前提下,宜限制开采,作为战略储备,库南铁矿矿集区可以适度发展。     

冬奥会交通走廊矿山地质环境治理思路探讨--以三道营铁矿有限公司铁矿为例

随着2022年冬奥会所有雪上运动项目将在崇礼县进行,届时将接待大量国内外游客,但是该县境内在冬奥会交通走廊及赛场周边共有7个露天开采矿山点,由此产生了大量的矿山地质环境问题,有损于城市形象,本次工作任务是消除奥运通道沿线矿山地质环境破坏对视觉景观的影响。本文选择其中最为典型的三道营铁矿有限公司铁矿为例,阐述其恢复治理的思路,以供探讨治理方案。思路为少投入,多见效,治理重点考虑水土保持措施和生态复绿效果。矿区中较大的废石堆、渣堆、露天采坑,主要采用削高填低、分阶整平、覆土绿化的治理措施,矿区地势较低、容易汇水的地段修建截排水沟,将地表汇水引入露天采坑储存,并可作为绿化用水。设计的矿山工程从施工可行性、施工工艺复杂性、环境治理效果、工程投资费用大小及效益产出等多方面,进行了分析对比。     

Ground penetrating radar study for hydrogeological conditions related with mining activity

In the Bicholime, Goa, there is an iron-ore mine surrounded by villages and small towns. Exploitation of such an enormous amount of iron ore may disturb the local groundwater table, thereby causing groundwater depletion. However, these effects are dependent mainly on the geological formations in the region and the mining method. The effects of Bicholime mining on the surrounding groundwater resources and subsurface strata conditions are the main objective of this study. For this purpose, ground penetrating radar surveys were carried out to study the possible effects of mining on the hydrological regime of this open-pit mine, and the subsurface conditions in the Bicholime opencast iron-ore mine, Goa. The results of these surveys show that laterite layers exist from the surface to depths varying from 5 to 22 m at all study locations in the mining area, and in most places clay layers exist, except for the GPR section along the profiles DD1 and EE1 in the village at depths of 8-22 m. Due to the presence of impervious clay layers, mining and dewatering in the leasehold areas will most likely not affect the surrounding hydrological regime of this mining area. It is concluded that no hydrological connection exists between the open pits and the surrounding villages, so that sufficient groundwater is available in the village area, in spite of the enormous extraction of iron ore from the underground.     

矿山水土污染与防治对策研究

矿山水土环境污染是采矿活动引发的主要环境地质问题之一。我国矿山数量众多,水土污染比较普遍,尤以金属矿山最为严重,矿山水土污染防治是今后开展国土空间生态保护修复的重要内容。基于全国矿山地质环境摸底调查成果资料,对矿业活动不同阶段的水土污染风险以及不同矿山的水土污染类型、特征和污染物迁移演化规律等进行了研究。分析指出:矿业活动过程包括勘探、建矿、开采、洗选、冶炼等多个阶段,而水土污染风险贯穿于矿业活动全过程,不同阶段的污染风险不同;矿产资源开发造成的水土污染物类型、特征因开采的矿产类型不同而不同,呈现出特征污染物与矿体母岩的高度相关性;矿山及其周边污染物的迁移作用受污染物自身的物理化学性质和外界环境条件的影响,在矿山长期持续开采条件下矿山水土污染物存在累积效应,而矿产资源集中开采区的污染物扩散表现出叠加效应。通过对某典型水土环境污染案例的分析研究,初步证实了上述推断。根据我国矿山水土环境污染多发性和复杂性的特点,建议今后开展矿山水土污染防治工作应区分不同类型矿山、不同地质环境条件、不同污染物特征、不同污染程度,采取分类施策、系统修复、标本兼治的对策,以实现矿山环境明显改善。     

河北邯邢式铁矿尾矿地球化学特征

邯邢铁矿是中国重要的铁矿山之一,利用钻探方法对西石门铁矿后井尾矿56种元素进行地球化学评价,了解元素在尾矿库中的空间分布特征。研究表明,尾矿库中Fe、Cu、S、Co元素可进一步开采利用,局部可达到或超出原生矿的工业品位要求。后井尾矿中Fe、S、Cu、Co资源量分别是28.5×104t、4.5×104t、0.36×104t和0.2×104t,适合二次综合开发利用,同时研究中也探索了这些元素在尾矿沙中富集作用和富集机理及影响因素,旨在探索出一种利用地球化学评价尾矿的资源量勘查方法,加速实现中国尾矿资源化。     

Development of machine vision-based ore classification model using support vector machine (SVM) algorithm

The product of the mining industry (ore) is considered to be the raw material for the metal industry. The destination policy of the raw materials of iron mine is highly dependent on the class of iron ores. Thus, regular monitoring of iron ore class is the urgent need at the mine for accurately assigning the destination policy of raw materials. In most of the iron ore mines, decisions on ore class are made based on either visual inspection by the geologist or laboratory analyses of the ores. This process of ore class estimation is time consuming and also challenging for continuous monitoring. Thus, the present study attempts to develop an online vision-based technology for classification of iron ores. A laboratory-scale transportation system is designed using conveyor belt for online image acquisition. A multiclass support vector machine (SVM) model was developed to classify the iron ores. A total of 2200 images were captured for developing the ore classification model. A set of 18 features (9-histogram-based colour features in red, green and blue (RGB) colour space and 9-texture features based on intensity (I) component of hue, saturation and intensity (HSI) colour space) were extracted from each image. The performance of the SVM model was evaluated using four confusion matrix parameters (sensitivity, accuracy, misclassification and specificity). The SVM model performance was also compared with the other methods like K-nearest neighbour, classification discriminant, Naïve Bayes, classification tree and probabilistic neural network. It was observed that the SVM classification model performs better than the other classification methods.     

中国查明铁矿资源储量的数量、 分布及保障程度分析

以中国2005年的铁矿资源储量库为基础, 以辽宁、河北、四川、山西、内蒙、北京、安徽、山东、湖北9省(市、区)为重点, 分析总结了我国查明铁矿区、累计查明铁资源储量和铁保有资源储量的数量和分布特点、占有情况及保障程度。结果表明：我国铁矿保有资源储量大, 在数量上是可以保障钢铁工业的需求的;这些保有资源储量中的大多数选矿容易, 开采利用在技术上是可行的;虽然我国铁矿资源总体上属贫矿, 但在当前市场价格如此之高的情况下, 开采利用是经济的。为了缓解目前铁矿石市场供不应求的局面, 减少对外依存度, 建议加大国内矿山开发力度, 提高铁矿石产量, 重点在辽宁鞍山?本溪地区、河北冀东?密云地区、四川西昌?攀枝花地区、安徽宁芜地区扩大采选能力。     

中国铁矿预测模型与资源潜力分析

文章依据全国矿产资源潜力评价项目相关数据和资料对中国铁矿资源进行概况总结。截至2013年底,中国铁矿区共计4 406个,累计查明资源储量882×108 t,保有资源储量76×108 t,但是其中绝大多数为贫铁矿（全铁品位平均为30%）,富铁矿（全铁品位大于50%）仅有10.33×108 t,占1.35%。中国铁矿资源查明资源储量超过1 000×104 t的铁矿共计727个,其中超大型铁矿（>5×108 t）共计32个,大型铁矿（（1~5）×108 t）共计121个,中型铁矿（1 000×104 t~108 t）共计574个。根据可利用性划分：可利用的铁矿共计678个,其中超大型27个,大型113个,中型538个;难利用的铁矿共计49个,其中超大型5个,大型8个,中型36个。 截止到2010年,全国预测铁矿资源量1 927×108 t。资源量按预测深度统计：500 m以浅775×108 t,1 000 m以浅128×108 t,2 000 m以浅1 927×108 t。按照目前技术经济评价,在预测铁矿资源量中,可利用的铁矿资源量1 382×108 t,暂不可利用的545×108 t。全国划分了铁矿最小预测区共计6 081个,在此基础上共圈定全国3级预测区392个,铁矿预测资源量10×108 t 以上46个,（1~10）×108 t为118个,1×108 t 以下128个。在典型矿床分析和区域成矿规律研究的基础上,结合物探、化探、遥感等异常找矿标志,归纳概括各类型预测要素并构建其区域预测模型,指导该区域的找矿勘查。根据中国铁矿资源潜力和开发现状,全国铁矿划分了8个开发基地和7个勘查基地,这些基地集中分布在我国东部,包括辽宁的鞍山-本溪、河北冀东、安徽庐枞地区等。中国西部铁矿资源潜力总体不大,但四川攀枝花、云南惠民、新疆西天山和西昆仑等也具有较大的找矿远景。     

Soil metal pollution from former Zn–Pb mining assessed by geochemical and magnetic investigations: case study of the Bou Caid area (Tissemsilt,Algeria)

Former zinc and lead mines that have been operating for half a century are located in the massif of Bou Caid (Tissemsilt, Algeria). Hazardous heavy metals emitted from the mines are abundant in the surrounding soil and cause strong metal pollution in the region. This paper investigates the extent of lead and zinc mine activity derived pollution by characterizing both magnetic and geochemical properties of samples collected in the vicinity of the mines. The results of the magnetic study show the coexistence of magnetic minerals such as magnetite, hematite and goethite. Analyses on surface soils and weathered rocks suggest that hematite and goethite have ore-related lithogenic origins. Magnetic susceptibility shows a positive correlation with lead content when present in low-to-medium concentrations (< ~500 mg/kg). At higher lead concentrations, there is no correlation with magnetic susceptibility. The relationship between magnetic susceptibility and zinc content is not straightforward. These observations are explained by the higher affinity of Pb to iron oxides at lower pollution levels and their preferential bonding to carbonates when Pb and Zn contents are extremely high, as demonstrated by Iavazzo et al. (J Geochem Explor 113:56–67, 2012) in a study of former Zn–Pb mine in Morocco. Based on the general features of the spatial maps of field-measured magnetic susceptibility, mass-specific magnetic susceptibility, Pb and Zn contents, it is concluded that field magnetic measurements provide a good qualitative proxy of pollution spread out of the mining galleries, while laboratory measurements afford a more detailed investigation of the links between iron oxides and the main heavy metals in the ore.     

苏家庄铁矿水文地质条件及矿山地质环境评价

苏家庄铁矿位于山东省济南市历城区王舍人镇苏家庄村西，是王舍人铁矿东矿体的一部分，属矽卡岩型大水矿床。自1960年9月完成矿床水文地质补充勘探以来，再未做进一步勘探工作，研究程度未能满足现阶段开采要求。随着国民经济不断发展，该矿开采价值日益显现。本文通过对研究矿区地质构造、地层及矿床水文地质条件研究，分析了矿床充水水源与途径，预测了矿坑涌水量，并对矿山地质环境进行评价，提出了矿山开采可能产生的环境地质问题及防治措施，为安全采矿提供了科学依据。     

攸县矿山地质灾害及其防治对策

攸县有各类煤矿320多家，废石乱堆乱放，引起泥石流；不规落开采，造成植被破坏，地下水位下降，引起地面沉隆，塌陷和矿井冒顶，突水、瓦斯爆炸等矿山地质灾害；这就是煤矿布局不合理，未对采矿活动全程监管所致，为使矿山地质灾害降到最低程度，必须加强领导，加大地质调查力度，多方筹集资金，编制全县矿山地质灾害防治规则，实行谁破坏，谁治理，以保护国家和人民生命财产安全。     

MAPGIS在广西大厂锡矿成矿预测中的应用

近年来许多老矿山的保有资源量日趋减少,随着开采的不断深入,保有储量已难维持矿山日常生产,而针对这些矿山的勘探资料充分和数据量大的特点,可以借助GIS的强大的空间分析技术,以计算机为辅助工具,对老矿山的周围和深部进行成矿预测研究.MAPGIS在空间分析方面提供了强大的空间分析模块--DTM分析.笔者以广西大厂锡矿为例,采用MAPGIS软件,利用其DTM功能,从建立矿体的矿化强度模型入手,对矿山的周围进行了成矿预测研究.文章认为：运用GIS的空间分析技术进行成矿预测是今后几年内进行成矿预测研究的一个重要发展方向.