Recycling waste from natural stone processing plants to stabilise clayey soil

For the countries with a developed stone industry the waste generated in the natural stone processing plants pose environmental and economic problems. The utilisation of stone waste in various areas is still under research. In addition, there are only a limited number of studies concerning the use of stone waste obtained from processing plants in the stabilisation of clayey soil. Furthermore, none of the studies in the literature investigated the effect of the characteristics of the stone on the stabilisation of the soil. This is the first study that compares the efficiency of the waste calcitic marble, dolomitic marble and granite powder as additives for the stabilisation of clayey soil. Artificial soil samples were prepared in the laboratory using bentonite and kaolinite. Natural stone waste powder was added to the soil samples at different percentages, and the index and compaction parameters of the stabilised soil were analysed. The results showed that the types of waste powder used in this study, like lime, could be used as stabilisers. As the percentage of additives increased, the plasticity index of the clayey soil decreased and the physical properties of the soil changed from clay to silt. In terms of compaction parameters, the use of all types of natural waste powder in the study resulted in a decrease in the optimum water content and an increase in the maximum dry unit weight. The lowest optimum water content and the highest maximum dry unit weight were obtained from the dolomitic marble powder.     

土样厚度对橡胶加筋膨胀土裂缝演化规律的影响研究

膨胀土具有多裂缝性的不良工程特性,对边坡等膨胀土地区工程具有潜在威胁。再生橡胶加筋膨胀土(ESR)对膨胀土动力、静力以及胀缩性有良好的改良效果。膨胀土的裂缝演化形态会受到土样厚度的影响,本文使用橡胶加筋膨胀土,对照素膨胀土探究橡胶粉末对膨胀土裂缝演化的影响与ESR裂缝的厚度效应。试验共设计未添加橡胶素膨胀土与ESR各4组不同厚度试样展开研究,结果如下：(1)膨胀土自然干燥过程含水率可分为3阶段变化,ESR的含水率变化更为迅速;(2)膨胀土的开裂过程存在明显厚度效应,ESR的厚度效应相较更不明显,裂缝演化更具有均匀性;(3)膨胀土开裂过程中的裂缝总长度与总面积受厚度效应影响严重,橡胶加筋可以约束膨胀土裂缝长度与面积并减少不同厚度样品间差值;(4)膨胀土裂缝发育的分形维数最终在1.4～1.5之间,不同厚度橡胶加筋膨胀土的分形维数变化更为接近。     

Improvement in Engineering Properties of Expansive Soils using Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag

Improvement in engineering properties of expansive soils by mixing ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS) is the main focus of this research. For this purpose two expansive soil samples were collected from DG Khan and Sialkot areas (Pakistan). Classification tests revealed that DG Khan sample belonged to fat clay (CH) while Sialkot soil was lean clay (CL) as classified by Unified Soil Classification System. GGBFS has been added in varying proportions between 0 and 55% in these soil samples to study its role in stabilizing these expansive soils. Based on the laboratory test performed on composite soil samples, it was observed that maximum dry unit weight increased up to 10 % by adding 50% GGBFS in both samples. California bearing ratio (CBR) value showed an increase from 3.2 % to 11.5% for DG Khan soil while CBR values varied from 2.4% to 10.7% for Sialkot soil by mixing 50% GGBFS. Addition of 30 % GGBFS to DG Khan soil reduced swell potential from 8 % to 2 % while in Sialkot soil, 20 % addition of GGBFS reduced swell potential from 5 % to 2 %. Unconfined compressive strength of remoulded sample cured for 28 days increased by about 35% with the addition of 30%GGBFS. The results indicated that mixing of GGBFS in the expansive soil samples have a marked increase in their engineering properties. Also, it is an affective and environmental friendly means to dispose waste of steel industry.     

Utilization of waste marble to enhance volume change and strength characteristics of sand-stabilized expansive soil

In this paper, marble waste is evaluated as a secondary material to be utilized as potential stabilizer to improve the volume change and strength characteristics of sand-amended expansive soil, proposed as a possible landfill, pavement or sub-base material in a semi-arid climate. An experimental program was conducted on sand-expansive soil enhanced with marble waste, abundantly found as a by-product of construction industry, obtained from two different sources with different gradations, denoted as marble powder (MP) and marble dust (MD). One-dimensional swell, volumetric shrinkage, consolidation, unconfined compressive and flexural strength tests were conducted on expansive soil–sand mixtures with 5, 10 and 20% waste marble inclusions over curing periods of 7, 28 and 90 days. Test results showed that 10% marble powder and 5% marble dust by dry mass were the optimum amounts for mitigating the swell–shrink potential and compression index as well as yielding the highest unconfined compressive and flexural strength values. Moreover, the rate of reduction in swell potential versus the flexural strength over the curing periods studied is highest in 10% MP- and 5% MD-included specimens, the latter being more insensitive to this change. The soil mixtures displayed brittle behavior after marble addition, hence its utilization as a secondary additive to sand-amended expansive soil is recommended for soils exposed to lower flexural loads such as light traffic.     

膨胀土胀缩变形规律与灾害机制研究

采用普通固结仪和收缩仪分别进行蒙自重塑膨胀土浸水膨胀变形试验和膨胀土失水收缩变形试验,系统地研究了不同初始状态下膨胀土胀缩变形规律与致灾机制,并应用Does Response模型,定量模拟了膨胀土胀缩时程规律。研究表明,蒙自膨胀土胀缩变形差异较大,一般吸水膨胀率远大于失水收缩率,相似状态下试样膨胀系数越大,收缩系数亦越大,表现出较强的各向异性;膨胀土含有的大量细小黏土颗粒与较强的蒙脱石晶体矿物及显著的微结构特征,是其产生强烈胀缩变形灾害的内因与本质,而土中发育的微孔隙-裂隙结构及其初始状态,是发生胀缩变形灾害的外因。     

非饱和压实膨胀土渗透特性的试验研究

压实膨胀黏土常用于防止填埋场中固体废物产生二次污染,或作为核废料处置库通道隔绝层,这主要取决于压实膨胀黏土衬垫层或隔离层的防渗特性,而这种压实膨胀黏土层通常又呈现出非饱和特性。基于GDS非饱和土三轴试验系统,开发拓展其试验功能,研究直接测量压实膨胀黏土的水渗透系数的试验方法,同时结合电镜扫描试验,从微观角度定量分析压实膨胀黏土渗透过程中产生的微观、宏观变化特征。结果表明,压实膨胀黏土在渗透过程中产生的体积变形主要是由于土孔隙中气体被压缩、孔隙微结构发生变化的结果;压实膨胀黏土水渗透系数受吸力、围压、干密度、饱和度等因素控制。     

The impact of natural ornamental limestone dust on swelling characteristics of high expansive soils

Expansive soils are considered as a potential natural hazard if they are not adequately treated. Expansive soils have high potential for shrinking and swelling under changing moisture conditions and cause extensive damages to engineering infrastructures. This study is concerned with the suitability of natural ornamental limestone dust to reduce the swelling characteristics of high expansive soils. The results are revealed that the swelling pressure and percent of heave are greatly decreased with increasing the inserted core diameters and mixing percentages of limestone dust. The average reduction percent values of swelling pressure and percent of heave are increased from 2.21% to 43.09% and from 2.56% to 45.64%, respectively, for treated soil samples with increase in limestone dust core diameters from 5 mm to 20 mm (1% to 16% of total soil area). The average reduction percent values of swelling pressure and heave percent are increased from 10.29% to 70.73% and from 22.29% to 82.90%, respectively, for treated soil samples with increase in limestone dust mixing percentages from 10% to 30%. The results are revealed that the enhancement in swelling characteristics of high expansive soils that are treated by ornamental limestone dust is mostly attributed to the replacement of high expansive fine clay particles by non-expansive and non-plastic coarse limestone dust particles, and to the presence of a considerable amount of free lime in limestone dust (4.97% as [Ca(OH)₂]) that is responsible for converting the high expansive soils to less expansive soils by pozzolanic reaction. The mixing treatment method is more suitable for surficial and shallow foundation high expansive soil beds, while the compacted limestone dust piles “inserted limestone dust core method” are more suitable for deep foundation high expansive soil beds.     

纤维加筋膨胀土的三轴蠕变特性试验研究

为了初步探究纤维加筋膨胀土的蠕变特性,采用室内非饱和三轴蠕变试验,分析了初始含水率和纤维掺量两个因素对玄武岩纤维加筋膨胀土蠕变特性的影响,通过等时应力-应变曲线得出加筋土的长期强度,并尝试建立了纤维加筋膨胀土的蠕变模型,得到的结论主要有以下几点:通过对比分级加载条件下的应变-时间曲线,发现纤维加筋对于减小膨胀土的蠕变变形有显著的作用,并存在最优纤维掺量,当纤维掺量超过最优纤维掺量,蠕变效应无显著改善;纤维加筋膨胀土的蠕变变形随着含水率的减小而减小,并存在最优含水率,当小于最优含水率时蠕变效应无明显改善;纤维加筋可以显著提高膨胀土的长期强度,纤维掺量分别为0.4%和0.6%的加筋土长期强度比相同条件下的素土分别提高了26.7%和23.3%;通过拟合,得到了Mesri蠕变模型参数,认为该模型从总体上可以反映纤维加筋膨胀土的三轴蠕变特性。     

干燥失水条件下膨胀土的细观裂隙演化特征研究

干燥失水现象是引起膨胀土裂隙萌生和扩展的关键性因素,裂隙的演化过程对土体结构完整性和地基的长期稳定与安全具有重要影响。为了研究膨胀土干缩裂隙的演化特点,对原状土试样开展显微CT扫描试验,结合图像分析技术获取了土体细观裂隙的二维/三维图像与特征参数,从定性和定量角度分析了干缩裂隙的演化规律。结果表明：三维重构后的数字模型还原了膨胀土在干燥过程中的体积收缩特征,与试样实测的体积有较好的一致性;从显微CT图像中可以提取细观裂隙的量化指标,如裂隙率、裂隙数量、裂隙体积与裂隙结构特征参数等;随着含水率从24.0%下降至12.0%,膨胀土的裂隙率、裂隙体积呈增大趋势,裂隙数量呈减小趋势;根据裂隙的体积和几何形态特征将其分为连通裂隙和独立裂隙,干燥过程中连通裂隙的体积占比显著提高,独立裂隙数量不断减少;球棒模型有效地模拟了膨胀土裂隙的几何形态特征,在干燥失水过程中等效孔隙半径、喉道半径、喉道长度与孔喉配位数均有增大趋势,裂隙连通性显著增强;SEM图像表明细观裂隙的连通与黏土颗粒排列形式、粒间孔隙发育程度等存在重要关联。     

膨胀土和黄土的细观结构及其演化规律研究

应用CT-三轴仪,系统地研究了河南南阳靳岗村和陶岔渠坡的膨胀土、宁夏扬黄扶贫工程11号泵站Q3黄土和陕西蒲城电厂Q2黄土在多种应力路径、湿干循环、浸水膨胀、浸水湿陷过程中的细观结构演化特性,取得了大量CT图片和数据资料。研究结果表明：膨胀土和黄土的各种宏观力学反应与它们的细观结构变化及其CT数据是密切相关的;原状膨胀土在加载和侧向卸荷过程中以及重塑膨胀土在无载湿干循环过程中裂隙萌生扩展,结构损伤;而具有初始裂隙的重塑膨胀土在加荷过程和三轴浸水过程中裂隙均趋于闭合,细观结构得到修复;原状黄土在加载过程中细观结构的变化趋向与吸力和围压水平有关;在一定应力状态下浸水,原状黄土中的空洞和裂隙逐渐减小以至消失,并可能形成新的均质结构;较高应力单独作用或低应力下浸水都不能使大孔隙破坏。依据CT数据,定义了描述膨胀土和黄土细观结构的定量指标,提出了这两种土在多种工况下的细观结构演化方程,建议了一种确定土的结构屈服应力的新方法。CT技术使土的细观结构研究达到了定量阶段,建立土的结构演化方程和结构性本构模型有了实在的试验基础。     

基于IPP图像处理的膨胀土微观结构定量研究

利用环境扫描电镜（ESEM）获取不同浸水时间下合肥膨胀土的微观结构扫描图像,基于专业图像处理软件Image-Pro Plus（IPP）对膨胀土的ESEM图像进行处理和分析,研究了不同浸水时间下合肥膨胀土的表观孔隙比、分形维数和大小组成情况。研究表明,膨胀土的表观孔隙比随着浸水时间的增大逐渐增大,其增长速率逐渐减小。运用小岛法对土样的颗粒和孔隙的分形维数进行研究,结果表明,膨胀土的颗粒和孔隙均具有明显的分形特征,分形维数在1.1～1.3之间。随着浸水时间的逐渐增大,颗粒的分形维数在减小,孔隙的分形维数在增大,二者呈现相反的变化趋势。对土样的颗粒和孔隙按照大（>5 μm）、中（2～5 μm）、小（1～2 μm）、微（<1 μm）4组进行分类,分析了不同浸水时间下各类颗粒和孔隙占比的演变趋势。     

掺高炉水渣膨胀土的室内改良试验研究

通过掺入10%～20%不同量的高炉水渣来改性膨胀土,对素土及其掺高炉水渣改性土的基本物理力学性质、胀缩特性进行试验对比研究,确定改性效果。试验结果表明,高炉水渣可以大幅降低膨胀土的自由膨胀率、液限和塑性指数,同时改善膨胀土的颗粒级配、强度特性。改性后的膨胀土黏粒减少,粉粒增多,干密度随含水率变化较小,水稳性提高。这说明了高炉水渣对膨胀土具有很好的改性效果。     

Assessment of Cement Kiln Dust-Treated Expansive Soil for the Construction of Flexible Pavements

An expansive soil (black cotton soil) treated with up to 10 % cement kiln dust (CKD), a waste obtained from the manufacture of cement, was evaluated for use as a flexible pavement construction material. Laboratory tests were carried out on specimens compacted with British Standard light, British Standard light or standard Proctor (relative compaction = 100 %) energy. Results obtained show that the index properties of the soil improved with CKD treatment. Peak unconfined compressive strength of 357.07 kN/m² and California bearing ratio (CBR) of 7 % as well as resistance to loss in strength of 44 % were recorded at 10 % CKD treatment. Reduction in the particle sizes with curing period was observed when samples were viewed through the scanning electron microscope. The study showed that CKD can be beneficially used to improve the subgrade of lightly trafficked roads and as admixture in lime stabilization during construction of flexible pavements over expansive soil.     

干密度和温度对冻结膨胀土单轴压缩特性影响的试验研究北大核心CSCD

膨胀土是一种特殊的黏土,具有明显的胀缩性和多裂隙性,在寒区渠道工程中极易诱发各种冻害。单轴压缩特性是冻土物理力学特性的重要分支,为研究冻结膨胀土的单轴压缩特性,开展了不同干密度和温度下冻结膨胀土单轴压缩试验。试验结果表明:随着干密度的增加,各温度工况下试样的应力-应变关系曲线均由弱应变软化转为应变硬化形态,且试验温度越高,曲线的软化特征越显著。不同温度工况下试样的破坏模式差异明显。当试验温度为-2℃时,试样破坏时其表面出现明显的局部坍塌与剥落,而-5℃、-10℃和-15℃工况下试样的最终破坏形态均为“鼓状”破坏,试样表面无明显的裂缝和剪切面。冻结膨胀土试样的单轴抗压强度随干密度的增加而线性增大,亦随温度的降低而增大,但在不同的温度区间内增幅不同,其变化幅度主要与试样内部含冰量密切相关。此外,试样的弹性模量随着干密度的增大和温度的降低均线性增大。     

南阳膨胀土的工程地质特征和填筑适宜性

施工阶段的工程地质调查发现,宁（南京）西（西安）铁路内乡-镇平段南阳膨胀土成因类型上不仅有第四系冲积洪积粘土,而且发育上第三系湖相沉积粘土。不同成因的膨胀土具有不同的空间分布特征和工程性质,X射线衍射测试表明,南阳膨胀土的主要膨胀性粘土矿物是伊利石/蒙脱石混层矿物。物质组成和物理化学性质差异导致击实土在含水量变化条件下膨胀力和膨胀变形有明显的差别;对同一种膨胀土材料,其击实含水量越小,膨胀性越强,甚至含水量降低1 %～2 %,膨胀力就可以增加到200 %以上;击实膨胀土的直剪强度受到钙质结核含量的影响,对于膨胀势为高或强的膨胀土,结核含量小于15 % 时,经过干湿循环后直剪强度衰减量为40 %～65 %,结核含量为25 %～30 % 的强膨胀土直剪强度衰减量则低于30 %;对膨胀土的地质特征、工程性质、击实土的膨胀性和直剪试验结果进行分析,探讨其用于填筑铁路路基的适宜性,进行了填筑适宜性分级。依据研究成果制定的路基施工工艺取得了比较理想的工程效果     

Experimental research on expansion characteristics of Mengzi expansive soil with water,salt and acid immersion

Swelling tests of Mengzi remolded expansive soil inundated with different types of wetting fluids (distilled water, saline water and acidic water) were carried out using advanced consolidometer. Swelling characteristics of expansive soil under different initial conditions were studied. The dose–response model was used to fit the rules of swelling time interval for expansive soil with water immersion. The quantitative relationships between the swelling deformation and initial conditions (initial water content, initial dry density and overburden pressure) were attained using 3D regression analyses. The differences in deformation rules of expansive soil with water immersion in each region are bigger for the differences of genetic types, mineral compositions, chemical characteristics of soils and sample preparation techniques and instrument error. The expansion deformation rules of soil immersed in salt and acid solution are the same as the rules of soaked soil. The important indices obtained can be provided to the engineering design, construction and stability evaluation of expansive soil slopes.     

冻融循环下膨胀土物理力学特性研究

处在季节性冻土区的膨胀土渠道极易受到冻融循环作用的影响,影响工程的稳定安全。为了探究冻融循环作用对膨胀土物理力学特性的影响,以南阳膨胀土为研究对象,开展了不同含水率条件下膨胀土试样的冻融循环试验,对经历不同冻融循环次数作用后的试样进行了变形测量、无侧限压缩试验和微细结构试验。结果表明,在冻融循环过程中含水率低的膨胀土体积变化规律表现为“冻缩融胀”,含水率高的膨胀土体积变化规律表现为“冻胀融缩”;冻融循环作用对膨胀土的应力应变曲线、强度和弹性模量有着显著的影响,尤其是第1次冻融循环作用;试样的含水率越高,膨胀土的力学参数受冻融循环作用的影响越大;试样的面孔隙度和孔隙定向度的变化规律与力学参数的大致呈负相关,说明冻融循环作用下土体内部微细结构的变化直接影响着膨胀土的力学性质。     

膨胀土工程地质特性研究进展

根据近年来国内外学者围绕膨胀土工程地质特性取得的研究成果,着重从胀缩性、裂隙性、超固结性、强度、渗透性、微观结构及工程处治技术等几个方面总结了该课题的研究现状及进展,得到如下认识:（1）胀缩性主要取决于强亲水性黏土矿物含量、水/力边界条件及初始状态,在干湿循环条件下具有不可逆性,关于胀缩机理学界存在不同的观点;（2）裂隙性是膨胀土区别于一般土体的显著特征之一,裂隙的存在会极大破坏土体的整体性,弱化力学性质,是许多工程地质问题的直接或间接原因,裂隙形成过程与膨胀土矿物成分、微观结构和干燥过程中的内应力发育状态有关;（3）超固结性使膨胀土具有较大结构强度和水平应力,易在开挖过程中引起较强的卸荷效应,是促进边坡失稳的重要因素;（4）膨胀土的强度随干湿循环次数增加而逐渐降低,并最终趋于稳定,其中裂隙发育和土结构调整在此过程中起关键作用;（5）渗透性在很大程度上受裂隙的控制,但目前关于两者之间的定量关系还缺少系统研究;（6）微观结构反应了膨胀土的形成条件和应力历史,是决定其宏观物理力学性质的主要因素,开展微观结构研究是掌握膨胀土宏观性质本质规律的重要途径。在工程处治技术上,本文重点介绍了近些年发展起来的膨胀土路堤物理处治技术和路堑边坡柔性支护技术。最后,针对该课题的研究现状,笔者提出了今后的研究重点和方向,主要包括胀缩性和力学性质的各向异性、裂隙形成的力学机理、裂隙形态特征与工程地质特性之间的定量关系、宏-微观力学模型耦合问题及多场耦合作用下膨胀土工程性质响应特征等。     

土工格栅加筋膨胀土渠坡数值模拟研究

对土工格栅加筋膨胀土渠坡这种较新的膨胀土处理措施进行研究,在考虑土工格栅与填土之间的相互作用、膨胀土吸水膨胀、软化特性等膨胀土渠坡关键影响因素的基础上,提出了土工格栅加筋膨胀土渠坡数值计算的新思路,并采用有限差分软件Flac3D进行了验证。数值算例结果表明,土工格栅对膨胀土渠坡有明显的水平位移约束作用,是有效的处理措施,可以在实际工程中采用。     

含裂隙膨胀土无侧限抗压强度特征试验研究

膨胀土易发育大量裂隙,对其工程性质影响显著。引入一种膨胀土试样预制裂隙方法,对特定裂隙形态下膨胀土试样开展无侧限抗压试验,研究了膨胀土强度特征受裂隙形态的影响,并揭示了裂隙的作用机制。研究结果表明：（1）裂隙形态显著影响试样破坏模式,垂直于受力方向裂隙越宽,破坏模式由剪切-拉伸破坏向张拉破坏转变;平行于受力方向裂隙条数...