云南澜沧大黑山勘查区的流体地球化学研究

<正>澜沧裂谷北段中部偏南的大黑山勘查区保存有不同于老厂银铅锌多金属矿床的热液蚀变体系,是澜沧裂谷盆地岩浆热液蚀变体系的重要组成部分。初步的研究表明:(1)大黑山勘查区的早石碳地层为南段组碳质凝灰质碎屑岩,硅质热液在南段组中形成细网脉状石英脉(二号平巷);裂谷盆地中心早石碳地层为依柳组玄武质火山岩,斑岩岩浆热液在玄武岩中形成不同组合的夕卡岩。二号平巷石英脉的矿化元素配分具有与老厂深部蚀变斑岩相似的Pb-Bi-Ag-Zn-Cu     

云南澜沧大黑山勘查区的流体地球化学

浅成低温热液系统可能是深部斑岩成矿系统的表征。在澜沧裂谷,喜山期花岗斑岩隐伏侵入裂谷中部下石炭统依柳组玄武质火山岩地层,形成了与老厂大型钼铜银铅锌多金属矿床有关的斑岩-夕卡岩型热液蚀变体系,在浅表的碳酸盐岩地层中则形成脉状银铅锌矿化。裂谷西部的大黑山勘查区下石炭统地层为南段组碎屑岩,深部隐伏的花岗斑岩可能形成不同于老厂的热液蚀变体系,对大黑山勘查区一个综合垂直剖面的初步研究表明:(1)深部热液体系在南段组中以形成具有明显Eu正异常(δEu=1.58)的石英网脉为特征,并且具有与老厂蚀变斑岩相似的Pb-Bi-Ag-Zn-Cu富集模式但Mo明显亏损,暗示深部可能存在与老厂矿区相同的花岗斑岩及Mo的矿化。(2)深部热液体系在C_(1n)/C_(2+3)岩性界面与低温天水系统混合,在C_(2+3)白云岩中形成具有突出Eu正异常(δEu最高达5.71)的铁锰方解石化,并在近40 m的蚀变带内显示出Pb-Zn-Ag矿化异常;蚀变过程中Mg的带出与Ca-Fe-Mn的带入具有良好的相关性,并形成继续向上运移的低温Mg-Mn热液。(3)低温Mg-Mn热液在上覆二叠系生物碎屑灰岩中形成热液角砾白云岩化蚀变,大黑山勘查区地表以线型正地形的黑山梁子为代表;热液角砾白云岩化表现为弱的Eu正异常、Sr-U明显亏损和强烈的Mn富集,是地表锰银矿化的重要物源。大黑山综合剖面的研究确证了地表灰岩中广泛存在的各种形式的热液角砾白云岩化是深部岩浆热液活动的具体体现,是非常有利的找矿标志。     

新疆哈密市红星山铅锌银多金属矿床地质特征及找矿前景分析

通过对红星山铅锌银多金属矿床的研究,矿体产于晚元古界青白口系天湖群变质岩系地层内。控矿因素为地层和构造动力,找矿标志:含碳白云石大理岩破碎蚀变带;沿天山老地块中近东西向的层间断裂带;围岩蚀变:硅化、褐铁矿化、黄铁矿化、碳酸盐化;地表铁帽及地表露头中的方铅矿化、孔雀石化可作为直接找矿标志;原生晕组合AgPbZnSb及电磁异常可作为间接找矿标志。本区矿床是有中低温热液叠加作用的破碎蚀变岩型铅锌银多金属矿床。     

内蒙古靠山屯银铅多金属矿综合找矿信息的提取及找矿前景

为了评价内蒙古靠山屯勘查区银铅多金属矿床找矿前景,对该勘查区进行了地质、航磁激电和化探综合找矿信息的提取。结果表明,靠山屯银铅多金属矿床是以银为主,伴生有铅和锌的中型矿床,产于早白垩世钾长花岗岩和晚侏罗世凝灰岩内。蚀变和矿化特征显示该矿床成因类型为中温热液脉型。上侏罗统玛尼吐组火山岩富含Pb、Ag等成矿元素,是有利的容矿围岩,产于火山岩和岩体接触带附近的断裂构造是有利的控矿构造,绢英岩化和硅化是近矿的围岩蚀变。成矿后区内存在差异性抬升,中部和北东部矿化以方铅矿和共伴生银矿物为主,矿床保存条件好,如Ⅱ和Ⅲ号蚀变带。南西部以闪锌矿(含黄铜矿)为主,矿床剥蚀较大,如Ⅰ号蚀变带,中高极化、低阻或中高阻、低-中高磁异常的物探异常总体为矿致异常的特征。Pb、Zn、Ag异常套合好,Pb和Ag异常面积大,强度高的异常KHt4-11分布区矿床保存条件较好,找矿前景较好。Zn异常面积大,外侧的Pb和Ag异常面积小的异常KHt1 KHt3分布区矿床剥蚀较大,找矿前景较差。     

云南澜沧老厂银铜铅锌矿床地质特征及成因研究

云南澜沧老厂银铜铅锌多金属矿床为我国西南三江地区著名的多金属矿床,对该矿床的成矿地质背景、矿床地质特征、围岩蚀变特征以及矿床分带特征进行了详细的论述,对众说纷纭的矿床成因进行了总结。     

综合物探在崤山东部浅覆盖区勘查银多金属矿床中的应用

根据勘查目标地质体(含银多金属矿构造蚀变带及花岗斑岩体)与围岩的物性差异,在崤山东部浅覆盖区运用高精度磁测、激电中梯、激电测深等综合物探方法勘查隐伏型银多金属矿床。采用高精度磁测划分有利找矿靶区,通过激电中梯圈定矿化蚀变成矿有利地段,选用激电测深优化钻孔布设,提高钻孔见矿率,找矿取得重大突破。     

会泽超大型富锗银铅锌矿床矿化-蚀变分带规律及构造的控制作用

会泽超大型富锗银铅锌矿床是川—滇—黔铅锌多金属成矿区滇东北矿集区的典型代表。基于大量的地表调研和坑道精细编录,通过赋矿白云岩的岩石学、地球化学与矿化蚀变分带规律、构造对矿化-蚀变带控制作用的研究,认为赋矿粗晶白云岩是成矿过程中白云石化的产物,具有典型的热液蚀变成因,与沉积-成岩成因的摆佐组细晶白云岩、白云质灰岩明显不同;根据矿石和蚀变围岩中铅锌矿物组成与矿化、蚀变程度及其分布特征,该矿床矿化-蚀变分带规律:从矿体到围岩依次为铅锌矿石—铅锌矿化黄铁矿带→铅锌矿化/黄铁矿化粗晶白云岩带→灰白色粗晶白云岩带、米黄色粗晶白云岩带、肉红色粗晶白云岩带、网脉状白云石化灰岩带(蚀变残留体)、弱白云石化灰岩带。矿化-蚀变带明显受冲断褶皱构造(矿山厂、麒麟厂、银厂坡斜冲断层及其派生褶皱)上盘的层间断裂带控制,形成了典型的"成矿构造-蚀变白云岩-铅锌矿体"的矿化结构。该认识不仅丰富了会泽型(HZT)铅锌矿床成矿理论,而且对指导滇东北铅锌矿集区,乃至川滇黔成矿区的资源危机矿山的综合地质研究与找矿勘查具有重要的现实意义。     

冀北地区龙头山铅多金属矿床的发现及地物化综合找矿模型的建立

隐伏矿是当前矿产地质勘查的重点对象。在综合研究冀北地区1:20万区域示矿信息基础上,优选出锥子山花岗岩体一带的龙头山为找矿靶区,研究显示其具有较好的找矿潜力。1:5万水系沉积物地球化学测量圈定出11处综合异常;其中H6异常属于矿致异常。H6异常经1:1万地物化测量显示:Ag、Pb、Zn、Au等元素异常值高,具有外带—中带—内带三级分带;同时具有中低阻高极化的激电异常、蚀变矿（化）带与物化探异常相耦合的特征。通过进行系统地不同尺度地物化测量,缩小了找矿靶区,经工程验证发现了龙头山铅多金属矿床。矿体赋存在北西西向延伸、宽30~60 m的龙头山（F3）断裂构造系统中、产状较陡,赋矿围岩为太古界单塔子群（花岗）片麻岩和晚侏罗世张家口组安山岩,矿石多为细脉—浸染状、致密块状构造,矿床特征与毗邻的小扣花营、牛圈等多金属矿床类似,属于中低温热液脉型铅多金属矿床。最后,根据大比例尺地物化示矿信息特征,厘定了热液脉型铅多金属矿床的找矿标志,建立了地物化综合找矿模型,有利于推进冀北地区的找矿勘查。      

西藏达龙钨钼多金属矿床矿化分带特征

达龙矿床位于冈底斯成矿带东段,为一大型钨钼多金属矿床,工程控制其倾向延伸超过1000m。文章系统总结了达龙矿床地质特征,矿床类型为受构造控制的脉状矽卡岩型钨钼多金属矿床,研究发现其垂向上蚀变与矿化分带明显,蚀变分带为(硅化)辉石石榴子石磁黄铁矿矽卡岩化带→(绢云母)磁黄铁矿石榴子石辉石矽卡岩化带→石榴子石黄铁绢英岩化带→黄铁绢英岩绿帘石化带→(石榴子石)绿泥石绿帘石化带,矿化分带为:块状钼钨矿化带→脉状钨(钼)矿化带→细网脉状(铜铅锌)钨矿化带→网脉浸染状铅锌矿化带→脉状铜铅锌矿化带,该矿床蚀变与矿化分带的划分可指导冈底斯成矿带东段同类型矿床的深部找矿。     

云南澜沧县大黑山银铅锌矿床的发现及成因分析

大黑山铅锌矿床位于三江地槽褶皱系昌宁-孟连裂谷之南部澜沧裂谷,澜沧裂谷是多种成矿的有利构造环境及多重成矿地质作用"同位叠加"地区,在该区域以往除老厂银铅锌矿为超大型矿外,均未发现其它较大型的矿床。近期在大黑山找矿有了新的突破,发现并圈出铅锌矿体2条,经初步估算资源量具备中到大型的资源量勘探潜力。研究结果表明,大黑山铅锌矿具有岩浆热液型矿床地质特征,深部应有岩体的存在。大黑山矿床的发现对该区域找矿具有显著的指导意义。     

Wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometric determination of Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites

Komatiites are mantle-derived ultramafic volcanic rocks. Komatiites have been discovered in several States of India, notably in Karnataka. Studies on the distribution of trace-elements in the komatiites of India are very few. This paper proposes a simple, accurate, precise, rapid, and non-destructive wavelength-dispersive x-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) spectrometric technique for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites, and discusses the accuracy, precision, limits of detection, x-ray spectral-line interferences, inter-element effects, speed, advantages, and limitations of the technique. The accuracy of the technique is excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th and very good (within 4%) for Y. The precision is also excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th. The limits of detection are: 1 ppm for Sc and V; 2 ppm for Cr, Co, and Ni; 3 ppm for Cu, Zn, Rb, and Sr; 4 ppm for Y and Zr; 6 ppm for Nb; 10 ppm for Ba; 13 ppm for Pb; and 14 ppm for Th. The time taken for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in a batch of 24 samples of komatiites, for a replication of four analyses per sample, by one operator, using a manual WDXRF spectrometer, is only 60 hours.     

高压微波消解法测定醋酸纤维过滤器采集的微尘粒子中的砷镉钴铬铜铁锰镍铅钒锌

最新的流行病学研究表明,空气中较高浓度的悬浮细颗粒可能对人类的健康有不利的影响。根据该项研究显示,由于心脏病、慢性呼吸问题和肺功能指标恶化而导致死亡率的升高与细尘粒子有关。这些研究结果已经促使欧盟于1999年4月出台了限制空气中二氧化硫、二氧化氮、氧化氮、铅和颗粒物含量的法案(1999/30/EC),对各项指标包括对可吸入PM10颗粒的浓度提出了新的限制性指标。PM10颗粒是指可以通过预分级器分离采集的气体动力学直径小于10μm的细颗粒。目前研究的兴趣重点逐步偏向PM2.5这些更细微颗粒物,PM2.5这种颗粒物对健康有明显的不利影响。在欧盟指令2008/50/EC中,对PM10和PM2.5都提     

Isotopic systematics of He,Ar, S,Cu, Ni,Re, Os,Pb, U,Sm, Nd,Rb, Sr,Lu, and Hf in the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits

This paper reports the first results of a study of 11 isotope systems (³He/⁴He, ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar, ³⁴S/³²S, ⁶⁵Cu/⁶³Cu, ⁶²Ni/⁶⁰Ni, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd, ^206–208Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, Hf–Nd, U–Pb, and Re–Os) in the rocks and ores of the Cu–Ni–PGE deposits of the Norilsk ore district. Almost all the results were obtained at the Center of Isotopic Research of the Karpinskii All-Russia Research Institute of Geology. The use of a number of independent genetic isotopic signatures and comprehensive isotopic knowledge provided a methodic basis for the interpretation of approximately 5000 isotopic analyses of various elements. The presence of materials from two sources, crust and mantle, was detected in the composition of the rocks and ores. The contribution of the crustal source is especially significant in the paleofluids (gas–liquid microinclusions) of the ore-forming medium. Crustal solutions were probably a transport medium during ore formation. Air argon is dominant in the ores, which indicates a connection between the paleofluids and the atmosphere. This suggests intense groundwater circulation during the crystallization of ore minerals. The age of the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits was determined. The stage of orebody formation is restricted to a narrow age interval of 250 ± 10 Ma. An isotopic criterion was proposed for the ore-bearing potential of mafic intrusions in the Norilsk–Taimyr region. It includes several interrelated isotopic ratios of various elements: He, Ar, S, and others.     

硅酸盐中铁、锰、钛、钙、钾、磷、硅、铝、镁、钠、锶、铷、钡的X-射线荧光光谱定量测定

本文介绍样品经四硼酸锂熔融制成玻璃小饼。采用Lachance模式和理论a系数来校正元素间的效应,由3080E型X-射线荧光谱仪和DF-350B数据处理系统完成硅酸盐中十三个项目的测定。     

硅酸盐类样品中硅、铁、铝、钛、锰、钙、镁、钾、钠和磷的x射线荧光光谱测定

本文拟定了一种以熔融法制备样片,用X射线荧光光谱测定硅酸盐类样品中Si、Fe、Al、Tj、Mn、Ca、Mg、K、Na、P等元素的分析方法。在对不同靶材X光管和分光晶体实验对比的基础上,选择了最佳的测量条件。该法具有快速、准确,测量范围广,检测限低,价格便宜等优点。经过近百个各种类型标样或管理样品的分析对比表明,本法不仅适用于硅酸盐类岩石样品的分析,还适用于铁矿、铝土矿、碳酸盐类岩矿样品以及水泥、耐火材料等样品的分析。     

Viscous, cohesive, non-Newtonian, depositing, radial slurry flow

Mining induced subsidence can significantly affect mining costs where major surface facilities and natural environment need to be protected. Overburden grout injection is a technology used to control coal mine subsidence by injecting the mine waste material extracted from the coal back into the inter-burden rock during longwall mining. The flowing slurry is here categorised as a nonlinear viscous cohesive (Bingham plastic) fluid. During longwall mining the grout slurry is pumped into the separated beds of the rock mass through a central vertical borehole, which is drilled deep into the inter-burden rock strata above the coal seam. However, a blockage can occur in the injection system when the slurry velocity falls below a certain critical threshold velocity, indicating a material phase change from cohesive-viscous to cohesive-frictional. In situ field injection tests through boreholes have been simulated at a smaller scale at the CSIRO laboratory in Brisbane by pumping the slurry through a radial disk (gap = 4 mm) from its centre. Laboratory experiments indicate a general, nonlinear, cohesive, viscous, frictional model for shear behaviour of the slurry, in which the material shear parameters are functions of the disk radial distance. Complete dimensional and dimensionless analytical solutions have been developed based on an approach related to Bingham–Herschel–Bulkley fluid mechanics. The derived formulae include relations for minimum pump pressure, local pressure and pressure gradient, wall shear stress, volume rate, velocity and velocity gradient. The theoretical results match the experimental measurements. The experiments covered slurries with maximum particle sizes of 0.5 to 2 mm with about 50% being larger than 100 µm. The viscosities at the various solids concentrations were measured with a standard torsion viscometer. This study differs from the previous research in several distinct aspects, namely, consideration of the variable shear parameters rather than fixed values, inclusion of total nonlinear behaviour, and implementation of a friction function to mimic behaviour of the deposited and consolidating stiff slurry, which can cause a significant pressure rise as a result of the increased shear resistance.     

Mountains,nations, parks,and conservation

Between 1985 and 1991, two new mountain protected areas (MTNPA) covering more than 35,000 km² and based on participatory management models — the Makalu-Barun National Park and Conservation Area, Nepal, and Qomolangma Nature Preserve, Tibet Autonomous Region — were successfully established through the collaborative efforts of Woodlands Mountain Institute and conservationists in China and Nepal. Characteristics common to both projects include the importance of establishing (1) effective rationales, (2) local support constituencies, (3) a senior advisory group, (4) a task force, (5) linkages between conservation and development, and (6) fund raising mechanisms. The lessons derived from the experiences of Woodlands Mountain Institute are of significant value to others in preserving MTNPA. Increased collaboration and communication between all interested in conservation, however, will remain a critical component for expanding mountain protected area coverage to throughout the world.     

岩石密度和超高压岩石折返速率

在常温常压条件下对中国大陆科学钻CCSD主孔100-3000米岩心样品进行了密度测量,建立了密度连续剖面,并界定了不同超高压岩石的密度值。通过对比高温高压物性实验资料,岩石密度随着退变程度增强而降低,榴辉岩密度变化序列为3.52g/cm3→3.49g/cm3→3.07g/cm3→2.93g/cm3。超高压长英质岩石密度变化序列为3.00g/cm→2.80g/cm3→2.65g/cm3。上述实验资料是讨论不同折返阶段岩石所受浮力的基础,为研究折返速率大小提供了基本参数。本文通过折返板块运动平衡时,上浮力与粘滞力平衡这一关系式,定量研究了大陆俯冲板块的折返速率,认为密度差产生上浮力从而引起折返,温度对板块折返速率的影响最为显著;密度差大小、折返角度、折返板块大小对折返速率也有直接的影响。定量模拟分析表明,在温度高于850℃时,板块的折返速率可以超过100mm/a;当温度降至700℃时,折返速率则低于1.5mm/a。作者认为在折返早期,温度较高,板块快速折返至60-70km榴辉岩相深度;随着传导散热,温度降低,板块以较慢的速率折返至中下地壳。折返速率的估算表明,浮力是板块折返第一阶段(从>100km深部折返至<40km的中下地壳)的主要驱动力。     

Regional distribution of Al,B, Ba,Ca, K,La, Mg,Mn, Na,P, Rb,Si, Sr,Th, U and Y in terrestrial moss within a 188,000 km2 area of the central Barents region: influence of geology,seaspray and human activity

Five hundred and ninety-eight samples of terrestrial moss (Hylocomium splendens and Pleurozium schreberi) collected from a 188,000 km² area of the central Barents region (NE Norway, N Finland, NW Russia) were analysed by ICP-AES and ICP-MS. Analytical results for Al, B, Ba, Ca, K, La, Mg, Mn, Na, P, Rb, Si, Sr, Th, U and Y concentrations are reported here. Graphical methods of data analysis, such as geochemical maps, cumulative frequency diagrams, boxplots and scatterplots, are used to interpret the origin of the patterns for these elements. None of the elements reported here are emitted in significant amounts from the smelting industry on the Kola Peninsula. Despite the conventional view that moss chemistry reflects atmospheric element input, the nature of the underlying mineral substrate (regolith or bedrock) is found to have a considerable influence on moss composition for several elements. This influence of the chemistry of the mineral substrate can take place in a variety of ways. (1) It can be completely natural, reflecting the ability of higher plants to take up elements from deep soil horizons and shed them with litterfall onto the surface. (2) It can result from naturally increased soil dust input where vegetation is scarce due to harsh climatic conditions for instance. Alternatively, substrate influence can be enhanced by human activity, such as open-cast mining, creation of ‘technogenic deserts’, or handling, transport and storage of ore and ore products, all of which magnify the natural elemental flux from bedrock to ground vegetation. Seaspray is another natural process affecting moss composition in the area (Mg, Na), and this is most visible in the Norwegian part of the study area. Presence or absence of some plant species, e.g., lichens, seems to influence moss chemistry. This is shown by the low concentrations of B or K in moss on the Finnish and Norwegian side of the (fenced) border with Russia, contrasting with high concentrations on the other side (intensive reindeer husbandry west of the border has selectively depleted the lichen population).