贵州省毕节地区煤矸石特征及综合利用分析

研究分析了毕节地区部分矿区煤矸石的特征,指出该区煤矸石总的特点是SiO2、Fe2O3、CaO含量偏高,Al2O3偏低,但不同矿区有一定的差异。根据煤矸石的成分特征,指出了毕节地区煤矸石的利用方向,如制作水泥、新型墙体材料、空心砌块、陶粒（轻骨料、多孔骨料）、铸石,回收铝产品,生产肥料,利用矸石发电及用作筑路材料等。对其在综合利用方面存在的问题进行了分析,认为毕节地区煤矸石的综合利用具有广阔前景。     

Synthesis and characterization of zeolite X obtained from kaolin for adsorption of Zn（Ⅱ）

This study deals with the synthesis and characterization of low-silica zeolite X, from calcined Kalabsha kaolin, for adsorption of Zn(Ⅱ) ions from aqueous solution. The synthesis processes is performed under hydrothermal treatment in alkaline solutions. The obtained zeolite samples are characterized using X-ray diffraction, grain size distribution, surface area, and SEM. The critical molar ratios of both SiO2/Al2O3 and K2O/Na2O are about 2.9 and 0.16, respectively. Those ratios are needed to give individual low silica zeolite X in a minimum reaction time. The adsorption capacity of the synthesized products is determined by adsorption of Zn(Ⅱ) ions from solution. The results suggest that the zeolite obtained could be converted to a beneficial product, which will be used in future as an ion exchanger in removing heavy metals from wastewaters.     

豫北焦作地区本溪组锂元素分布及富集特征

豫北焦作地区本溪组富铝含铁的黏土-铝土岩(矿)广泛分布,其中普遍伴生锂元素,为典型的沉积型锂矿床。为探讨锂元素分布和富集特征以及与主量元素的关系,对本溪组地层层序及沉积特征、岩(矿)石类型及组合进行了系统划分和Li与主量元素相关性分析。结果显示,焦作地区本溪组Li平均含量在平面分布上西部明显高于中、东部,富集程度具有"西高东低"特征;本溪组中各岩(矿)石Li含量差异较大,Li主要富集于本溪组中上部致密块状高铝黏土矿和硬质黏土矿中,部分软质黏土矿、铁质黏土岩和碳质黏土岩中Li有异常富集现象;富锂岩(矿)石Li与Al2O3、SiO2均先呈正相关,后呈负相关,且A/S值为0.8~1.5,Al2O3含量为30%~55%、SiO2含量为25%~45%时,Li最富集。综合分析认为,窑头、常平、盆窑北-张老湾南、焦谷堆-寨豁、栗井-大洼和上刘庄-王窑等矿区,可以连片大面积圈定锂矿体,是该区最佳锂资源潜力区。     

我国微米级无机多孔非金属矿及其应用

无机多孔非金属矿,按孔径及其应用特点可划分为纳米级(1～100nm )、微米级（0.1～100μm)及毫米级（0.1～1mm)等三种类型。微米级多孔非金属矿主要有硅藻土、轻质蛋白石、多孔凝灰岩、多孔硅质岩等,大都分布于地台活化区内,为后地台稳定条件下形成。它们的物相主要为蛋白石、微晶石英或流纹质玻屑等;化学成分上具有高硅、低铝铁等特征;孔隙结构除具有孔径相似、孔形态丰富、孔隙率大、堆密度小及多开孔等相似性外,在微米级孔径范围内（0.1～100μm）,孔隙的大小、形状及抗压强度等方面也具有相异性。因此它们具有与纳米级和毫米级多孔非金属矿不同的应用领域。     

B and Li isotopes as intrinsic tracers for injection tests in aquifer storage and recovery systems

Boron and Li isotopes have been tested as environmental tracers of treated sewage injected into a sandy aquifer (Shafdan reclamation project, Israel). During a 38 days injection test in a newly dug injection well, a conservative artificial tracer (Br⁻) was monitored together with δ¹¹B and δ⁷Li in the injectate, in the unsaturated soil zone (porous cup) and an observation well in the aquifer. In spite of B and Li concentrations in the injectate close to background values, significant shifts of the isotope signatures could be observed over the duration of the injection test. Boron isotope ratios show a breakthrough curve delayed with respect to Br⁻ breakthrough due to some reversible sorption on the aquifer material. No isotope fractionation was observed in the unsaturated or the saturated zone so that B isotopes can be considered as conservative in the investigated part of the aquifer system. Lithium isotopes are strongly fractionated, probably due to sorption processes. Lithium concentrations point to a Li sink in the system, δ⁷Li values vary strongly with a tendency of ⁷Li depletion in the liquid phase over the duration of the experiment. This is opposite to the expected preferential sorption of ⁶Li onto clay minerals. Boron isotopes reveals a valuable tracer of artificial recharge of freshwaters derived from treated sewage, both for short term tracer tests and for long-term monitoring of artificial recharge, even if in aquifers with higher clay contents, sorption-linked isotope fractionation cannot be excluded. More data are needed on Li isotope fractionation in natural groundwater systems to assess the potential of this tracer as monitoring tool.     

熔融SiO2中原子自扩散性质的分子动力学模拟

研究地幔熔体中元素的扩散性质有着重要的意义,因其影响着元素的交换和分馏过程。SiO2 作为地幔组成的重要组
分之一,其物理化学行为对于地幔动力学过程有着重要的意义。本文研究了SiO2 熔体中元素的扩散机制和自扩散系数与
压力的关系,采用Morse stretch 势场对含有4500 个原子的熔融SiO2 体系进行了分子动力学模拟,计算了硅氧自扩散系数在
3000 K 温度下随压力的变化。模拟结果显示,在0.0001~40 GPa的压力区间,硅氧元素的自扩散系数均先上升后下降,在
17.5 GPa 时达到最大值,O 原子的扩散速率略高于Si 原子。硅氧元素的扩散方式为缺陷控制运移机制,其中硅原子的五配位
结构的形成是关键,为导致扩散系数随压力增大而上升的主要原因,扩散系数的最大值意味着SiO2 熔体中5 配位硅形成机
制的改变。本文也计算了单位［SiO2］的平均体积和压力的关系,结果与实验很吻合。     

Preparation of Biomorphic SiC/C Ceramics from Pine Wood via Supercritical Ethanol Infiltration

Biomorphic （wood derived） carbide ceramics with an overall composition in the SiC/C was produced by supereritical ethanol infiltration of low viscosity tetraethylorthosilicate/supercritical ethanol into biologically derived carbon templates （CB-templates） and in situ hydrolysis into Si（OH）4-gel, the Si（OH）4-gel was calcined at 1400℃ to promote the polycondensation of Si（OH）4-gel into SiO2-phase and then carbonthermal reduction of the SiO2 with the biocarbon template into highly porous, biomorphic SiC/C ceramics. The phases and morphology conversion mechanism of resulting porous SiC/C ceramics have been investigated by X-ray diffraction （XRD）, scanning electron microscopy （SEM）, transmission electron microscopy （TEM）, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy （FT-IR）. Experimental results showed that the biomorphic cellular morphology of pinewood charcoal was remained in the porous SiC/C ceramic with high precision that consisted of β-SiC with minority of α-SiC and the remain free carbon existed in amorphous phase.     

X射线荧光光谱法同时测定铁矿石中主次量组分

采用X射线荧光光谱法测定铁矿粉中的TFe(全铁量)、SiO2、Al2O3、P、S、CaO、MgO、MnO和TiO2等9个组分。以Li2B4O7和LiBO2(质量比67∶33)的混合熔剂熔融制样,将测量全铁量的内标Co2O3制备成均匀的Co玻璃粉,大大提高全铁量的测量准确度和精密度;加入LiNO3为氧化剂,解决了硫元素在制样过程中容易挥发的问题。与化学法相比,该法对铁矿石中主量和次量元素的测量结果满意,方法快速、简便、准确、精密度好。     

江苏宜兴东岭逆冲断层带的构造地球化学特征研究

宜兴东岭逆冲断层带是一条脆性剪切带，断层带内不同变形程度的断层岩在构造地球化学特征上有明显的集散规律，随着岩石变形程度的增加，SiO2的含量相对降低，除FeO以外的其它主元素和除Li以外的微量元素则相对富集，即在断层岩变形过程中，SiO2自变形相对强烈的断层带中心向两侧的硅化带迁移，除FeO和Li之外的其它主元素和微量元素则自断层带两侧向中心迁移。这种迁移趋势是受各元素本身构造地球化学特性所制约。     

河南省偃龙铝土矿床地球化学特征及成矿物质来源分析

本文以偃龙铝土矿为对象,研究了铝土矿的地球化学特征,讨论了其成矿物质来源。铝土矿含矿岩系中不同矿产的SiO_2、Al_2O_3、Fe_2O_3、FeO的元素含量变化较大,且总量较高,说明铝土矿在形成过程中,其源岩风化程度较高。Al_2O_3与SiO_2、Fe_2O_3、K_2O含量呈负相关关系,与TiO_2、A/S呈正相关关系。含矿岩系明显具有富集轻稀土、亏损HREE的特征,在垂向上,其稀土元素含量较高的是Ce、La、Nd(均为轻稀土),低含量的是Tm、Ho、Eu、Lu。微量元素方面,偃龙铝土矿比山西铝土矿富集的元素有Li、Be、Sc、Ni、Cu、Zn、Zr等稀有金属元素和亲铜元素,而这些元素在贵州大竹园铝土矿中的含量比偃龙铝土矿更富集。偃龙铝土矿的成矿物质来源于基底碳酸盐岩风化残余,在广泛海侵时,残余物质经搬运沉积成矿。     

石油污染多孔介质湿润性变异特征

一定程度的石油污染可使多孔介质的湿润性发生变异,导致介质持水能力降低、地下水石油污染、粮食产量品质下降等.采用滴水穿透时间法与酒精溶液入渗法,测定了亚粘土和粗砂在不同柴油、机油含量下的斥水水平,确定了亚粘土、粗砂由亲水表面变为疏水表面的临界含油量.结果表明,亚粘土、粗砂湿润性变异的临界机油含量分别约为7%、0.5%,粗砂湿润性变异的临界柴油含量约为14%,而柴油污染对亚粘土湿润性的影响不显著.另外,当石油污染多孔介质的含水量达到某一临界值时,湿润性将再次发生反转,由疏水表面变回亲水表面.测得机油、柴油污染粗砂的临界含水量约在0.2%~1%之间,机油污染亚粘土的临界含水量在数值上与其含油量近似相等.      

藏东南迦巴瓦地区雅鲁藏布江蛇绿混杂岩中玻安岩的地球化学特征和地质意义

对南迦巴瓦地区雅鲁藏布江蛇绿混杂岩带内旁辛蛇绿岩中变基性岩的地球化学特征进行研究后,发现该基性岩为玻安岩,具有SiO2>53%,镁指数(Mg#)>0.6,难熔元素(Cr、Co和Ni)明显富集,而高场强元素(Nb、Zr、Ti和Y)亏损等玻安岩所具有的典型地球化学特征。旁辛蛇绿岩中玻安岩的主要地球化学特征不仅能与世界著名的玻安岩进行对比,而且也能与雅鲁藏布江蛇绿岩带的日喀则和得几蛇绿岩中的玻安岩进行对比。因此,可以认为南迦巴瓦地区雅鲁藏布江蛇绿混杂岩形成于岛弧环境。     

安徽桐城挂车河镇地区韧性剪切带元素质量平衡分析

韧性剪切变形对岩石地球化学行为的制约一直是地质学家们关注的问题。安徽桐城挂车河镇（挂镇）地区是大别造山带东缘和郯庐断裂带交汇位置,两个构造体系的韧性剪切带均发育,为开展对比分析研究提供了条件。不同构造体系及构造期次的长英质韧性剪切带在糜棱岩化过程中体积变化和元素迁移规律均相似,随着变形强度的增加。体积亏损和元素迁移越明显,体积亏损可达32．18％,元素迁移表现为SiO2、K2O、Na2O的迁出和Fe2O3、CaO、MgO的迁入;镁铁质脆一韧剪切带在糜棱岩化过程中体积变化和元素迁移规律与长英质剪切带的恰恰相反,体积增加21．63％～186．60％．元素迁移的显著特征是SiO2大量迁入及Fe2O3和CaO迁出。     

长江中下游河道冲淤演变的防洪效应

近年来长江中下游来沙量持续减少，河道面临长距离、长历时的冲淤调整，河道蓄泄关系发生变化，对防洪造成影响。在长江中下游河道冲淤及其蓄泄能力变化预测成果的基础上，对比计算了现状和未来河道蓄泄能力条件下，遇1954年洪水，长江上游水库防洪调度和中下游地区超额洪量的变化情况。结果表明，未来随着长江中下游河道进一步冲刷，河道槽蓄容积增加，相同防洪控制水位下的河道安全泄量增大，三峡水库在进行防洪调度时可下泄流量增大，总拦蓄洪量减小，长江中下游地区总超额洪量减小，但超额洪量在地区分布上存在从上游向下游转移的情况。     

长江中下游河道冲淤演变的防洪效应

近年来长江中下游来沙量持续减少,河道面临长距离、长历时的冲淤调整,河道蓄泄关系发生变化,对防洪造成影响。在长江中下游河道冲淤及其蓄泄能力变化预测成果的基础上,对比计算了现状和未来河道蓄泄能力条件下,遇1954年洪水,长江上游水库防洪调度和中下游地区超额洪量的变化情况。结果表明,未来随着长江中下游河道进一步冲刷,河道槽蓄容积增加,相同防洪控制水位下的河道安全泄量增大,三峡水库在进行防洪调度时可下泄流量增大,总拦蓄洪量减小,长江中下游地区总超额洪量减小,但超额洪量在地区分布上存在从上游向下游转移的情况。     

Major ions in typical subterranean rivers and their anthropogenic impacts in southwest karst areas,China

Subterranean rivers contain much of the groundwater in karst and supply many local people in southwest China. The quality of groundwater in subterranean rivers is of concern because of its sensitivity to anthropogenic activity. Groundwater samples in a rural catchment were collected at the discharge point, and the concentrations of major ions including potassium, sodium, calcium, magnesium, chloride, sulfate, nitrate and bicarbonate were analyzed in this study. Rainfall and discharge were also observed at the same time. It could be concluded from the data that the concentrations of sulfate and nitrate had a peak in the rainy season when the concentrations of sodium, calcium, magnesium and bicarbonate were low. The concentrations of potassium and chloride changed randomly throughout the year. The concentration of major ions in flood process was not completely controlled by discharge. Only the concentrations of nitrate and sulfate had obviously increased during the past two decades. It was believed that dilution, eluviation, karst erosion and anthropogenic activity can explain the ion variations and hence this study helps to understand environmental problem in karst.     

k2SiO3溶液对黏性土孔隙分形特性的影响分析

敦煌研究所研制的k2SiO3对干旱环境下土遗址防风化加固效果显著。设计了不加k2SiO3材料、加5 % 浓度k2SiO3溶液饱和后自然风干1次和3次人工重塑黏土试样的SEM观测,目的是研究k2SiO3对黏土孔隙结构的影响。基于此,利用分区统计方法和计算机图像处理技术,研究了k2SiO3对黏土孔隙结构的改变。分析表明,经k2SiO3加固后的黏土颗粒间胶结联结加强,结构稳定性提高。最后利用Sandbox法计算了土孔隙的分维数,定量分析了k2SiO3对土孔隙的改变,分析发现加3次溶液土样孔隙分维数最小,加固效果最佳。而且土孔隙分维数不受图象灰度分割阈值和SEM放大系数的影响。     

Phosphorylated nanocellulose papers for copper adsorption from aqueous solutions

Copper is a major problem in industrial wastewater streams, seriously affecting the quality of potential drinking water. Several approaches, including continuous membrane processes or batch-wise application of adsorbents, are in use to tackle this problem. Unfortunately, these processes suffer from their particular drawbacks, such as low permeance or disposal of saturated adsorbents. However, a combination of these processes could constitute a step towards a more efficient copper removal solution. Here, we present a nanopaper ion-exchanger prepared from cellulose nanofibrils produced from fibre sludge, a paper industry waste stream, for the efficient, continuous removal of copper from aqueous solutions. This nanopaper ion-exchanger comprises phosphorylated cellulose nanofibrils that were processed into nanopapers by papermaking. The performance of these phosphorylated nanopaper membranes was determined with respect to their rejection of copper and permeance. It was shown that this new type of nanopaper is capable of rejecting copper ions during a filtration process by adsorption. Results suggest that functional groups on the surface of the nanopapers contribute to the adsorption of copper ions to a greater extent than phosphate groups within the bulk of the nanopaper. Moreover, we demonstrated that those nanopaper ion-exchangers could be regenerated and reused and that in the presence of calcium ions, the adsorption capacity for copper was only slightly reduced.     

青藏高原东北缘茶卡北山印支期(含绿柱石)锂辉石伟晶岩脉群的发现及Li-Be成矿意义

青藏高原东北缘茶卡北山地区首次发现锂辉石伟晶岩脉群。这些伟晶岩脉沿宗务隆山南缘断裂北侧密集出露,并呈狭窄带状北西向展布。到目前为止,已发现9条含绿柱石锂辉石伟晶岩脉(Li2O平均品位为1.11%~3.13%,BeO平均品位为0.06%)和13条含绿柱石伟晶岩(BeO平均品位为0.044%~0.056%)。伟晶岩锆石U-Pb测年确定其成岩成矿年龄为217 Ma,含绿柱石伟晶岩具有高SiO2(71.62%~77.34%)、Al2O3(15.57%~17.55%)和富K2O(1.99%~2.02%)、Na2O(6.09%~6.24%),稀土元素总量非常低(ΣREE=5.2~9.1μg/g),轻稀土元素略微富集((La/Yb)N=6.8~10.1),Eu具负异常(δEu=0.25~0.92),具有Cs、Rb、Ta、P和Pb富集,以及Ba、Th、La、Ce、Sr、Nd和Ti的强烈亏损特征。含绿柱石锂辉石伟晶岩具有高SiO2(75.73%~77.34%)、Al2O3(15.58%~17.52%)和富Na2O(3.0%~3.16%)、贫K2O(0.36%~0.79%),稀土元素总量也很低(ΣREE=5.3~6.0μg/g),轻稀土元素略微富集((La/Yb)N=3.1~4.6),Eu具强烈负异常(δEu=0.17~0.23)。相对于含绿柱石伟晶岩,含绿柱石锂辉石伟晶岩更加富集Cs、U、Nb、Ta、Th、Sn和B,更亏损K和P。含绿柱石伟晶岩和含绿柱石锂辉石伟晶岩锆石具有相似的Hf同位素组成,εHf(t)值分布范围在–15.1~–12.9之间,对应的Hf同位素地壳模式年龄tDM2为1.99~2.22 Ga,表明伟晶岩源于全吉地块古元古代地壳物质的重熔再造。茶卡北山(含绿柱石)含绿柱石锂辉石伟晶岩的发现可推断宗务隆山构造带东段是青藏高原北部一条新的、重要的锂铍成矿带,除Li和Be外,Nb、Ta、Cs和Sn可能也是有潜力的成矿元素。     

Review on carbon-based electrode materials for application in capacitive deionization process

Most of the electrochemical studies related to porous carbon electrodes are those which can be used for either electrostatic energy storage or for energy conversion [using electrical double layer capacitor (EDLC)]. The techniques, such as electrodialysis, membrane filtration, advanced oxidation process, thermal evaporation, can be used now-a-days to treat salty water. Among which, capacitive deionization (CDI) has emerged as a novel cost effective and environment friendly desalination technology. CDI process involves the removal of inorganic ions from the salty water by applying an electrical potential between two porous carbon electrodes. Because of the passage of electrical potentials in the system, the unwanted ions present in the water sample will be adsorbed on the electrode surfaces. Hence, the electrodes which are having high surface area can exhibit higher desalination capacity. In this article, the application of various carbon-based composite electrode materials such as activated carbon and PVDF composite, carbon–metal oxide composite, carbon–CNT composite, carbon–polymer composite and carbon sheet (carbon aerogel, activated carbon cloth) in CDI process is systematically reviewed and presented. CDI process is being developed now-a-days especially toward commercialization in treating the brackish water.