Co-management of landfill leachate concentrate with brick waste by solidification/stabilization treatment

The treatment of landfill leachate by reverse osmosis (RO) generates huge volumes of heavily polluted concentrate that has to be properly treated before its discharge into the environment. The aim of this work was to assess the solidification/stabilization (S/S) treatment of the leachate concentrate (LC) for chemical/physical immobilization of contaminants and for obtaining durable monolithic matrix suitable for storage, landfilling, or use. In addition, the possible use of brick waste as a partial replacement of natural aggregates used for S/S process was investigated. Concrete mixtures were prepared using local PC, sand, gravel, and tap water/LC. The substitution of coarse aggregate material by brick waste was examined for the replacement ratios 25, 50, and 75%. Hardened concrete specimens were subject to compressive test as well as flexural strength test at 7 and 28 days. Besides, a leaching test was performed, and the collected eluates were analyzed for pH, total dissolved solids, chemical oxygen demand, chlorides, sulfates, phosphorus, and heavy metals. The aggregate replacement with brick waste showed various trends according to the substituted fraction size and ratio. A 28-day compressive strength of more than 25 MPa was obtained even at 50% simultaneous substitution of PC, gravel, and sand. Leaching test analysis confirmed that S/S could be a successful treatment for RO LC decreasing most of the pollutants to comply with landfilling criteria, except for chromium known to be mobile at high pH. Furthermore, the substitution of natural aggregates with brick waste revealed the possibility to cast valuable masonry units. However, a long-term assessment is still needed to ensure the mechanical and chemical stability/durability of concrete.     

Utilization of bituminous limestone ash from EL-Lajjun area in production of lightweight Masonry block

The following work aims at minimizing the environmental impact of the solid wastes (ash) that is produced after the utilization of the bituminous limestone in thermal power stations and/or retorting processes. The laboratory tests have been selected with respect to construction needs and possible post construction conditions. Utilization of the various types of ash in the production of lightweight concrete block has revealed optimum results. The compressive strength of various ash–glass sand mixes has ranged between 19 and 76 kg/cm² at 28 days. The compressive strength of ash–tuff mixes has ranged between 54 and 63 kg/cm² at 28 days. Ultra light mixtures using ash–polyester with a density of 0.88 kg/m³ and a compressive strength of 21 kg/cm² at 28 days are produced at normal room curing temperature without the use of ordinary Portland cement. The high alkalinity of El-Lajjun ash is considered a disadvantage when utilized in normal concrete mixes for structural purposes. Ash only can be mixed with aggregates to produce lean concrete for blinding purposes for use in foundations.     

Numerical study of the biaxial compressive strength of high strength concrete based on a yield design micromechanical approach

This paper presents a numerical study of high strength concrete microstructure effects on its uniaxial and biaxial compressive strengths. Concrete is first represented as a set of angular aggregates interacting within a cement paste matrix. Then, a yield design kinematic approach is conducted at the mesoscopic scale in order to determine the concrete compressive strength for a given loading path. The proposed model, having a low computational cost, is able to capture the main microstructure effects already observed in literature on concrete uniaxial compressive strength, in particular, the aggregates volume fraction and maximal size effects. Finally, the proposed model also predicts the biaxial failure envelope of high strength concrete and confirms some experimental trends observed in literature.     

负温下磷酸镁水泥混凝土的力学性能与抗冻性能

研究了磷酸镁水泥（MPC）混凝土在20℃、-10℃、-15℃、-20℃养护环境下的力学性能和抗冻性能,为MPC混凝土应用于寒区旱区的抢修工程提供科学依据。MPC混凝土力学性能按照国标GB/T 50081-2002进行试验,抗冻性能按照GB/T 50082-2009进行试验。结果表明：20℃养护条件下,MPC混凝土的28 d抗压强度达到65.3 MPa,抗折强度达到6.8 MPa;-10℃养护条件下,28 d抗压强度达到59.7 MPa,抗折强度达到7.2 MPa;300次快速冻融循环后,-10℃养护条件下MPC混凝土质量损失率为3.5%,相对动弹性模量为83.5%,抗冻性能优于20℃养护条件下的MPC混凝土。-10℃养护条件下MPC混凝土力学性能和抗冻性能优异,可用于寒区旱区的抢修工程。     

多年冻土区水泥稳定砂砾基层抗冻性能研究

多年冻土地区路面使用过程中的许多病害与基层状况直接相关.水泥稳定砂砾作为我国传统的半刚性基层材料,在多年冻土地区公路路面结构中得到了普遍运用.为研究水泥稳定砂砾不同水泥掺量、不同养生龄期下的抗冻性能,通过提出合理的抗冻试验方法分别进行了水泥稳定砂砾冻融温度、冻融时间、冻融次数、试件的养生龄期及抗冻指标方面的试验研究. 结果表明：水泥剂量越高,水泥稳定砂砾冻前、冻后的抗压强度值越高,说明其抗冻性能越好;水泥稳定砂砾从28 d开始抗压强度、冻融后抗压强度及冻融后劈裂强度都明显增加,证明水泥稳定砂砾从28 d开始已具有一定的抗冻性. 提出的抗冻试验方法和指标要求适合多年冻土地区半刚性基层材料,有一定的实用价值.     

硅酸钠改良水泥基稳定磷石膏在路面基层中的试验研究

磷石膏是一种固体废弃材料,磷石膏的堆存浪费大量土地资源,严重污染土壤与水环境,并可能引发滑坡溃坝,因此进行磷石膏的资源化利用迫在眉睫。本文采用硅酸钠改良水泥基稳定磷石膏,开展路面基层试验研究。通过无侧限抗压强度试验、水稳定性试验、干缩试验及扫描电镜试验,研究了硅酸钠在不同掺量、掺入方式、养护龄期条件下改良水泥基稳定磷石膏的物理力学特性,揭示了硅酸钠促进水泥水化并产生水化硅酸钙,从而提高混合料强度的改良机理。试验结果表明,当溶于水的硅酸钠掺量为2%~4%时,可有效改良水泥基稳定磷石膏混合料的抗压强度、水稳定性能、失水率及干缩应变,并提出在路面基层施工后的4~5 d内,是有效控制路面基层失水与干缩的最佳时间,从而可避免因水分快速散失导致裂缝的产生。     

不同养护条件对混凝土抗压强度的影响

良好的养护条件对混凝土材料强度增长是至关重要的。讨论了不同的养护湿度、养护温度和养护龄期对混凝土抗压强度的影响规律。得出养护湿度对混凝土抗压强度的影响最大。早期保湿养护是保证工程混凝土抗压强度的最佳选择。不同养护制度对掺粉煤灰混凝土的抗压强度影响最大。     

Compressive strength and microstructural analysis of unfired clay masonry bricks

This paper reports on the compressive strength and microstructure of unfired clay masonry bricks. Blended binders comprising of lime-activated Ground Granulated Blastfurnace Slag (GGBS) and Portland Cement (PC)-activated GGBS were used to stabilise Lower Oxford Clay (LOC) for unfired masonry brick production. The compressive strength of the stabilised bricks incorporating lime–GGBS–LOC was higher than that of PC–GGBS–LOC. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) with a Solid-state Backscattered Detector (SBD) and Energy Dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis was employed to obtain a view of the microstructure and to conduct an analysis on the morphology and composition of the dried unfired clay brick samples, after 28 days of moist curing. The analytical results together with the physical observations have shown the formation of Calcium Silicate Hydrate (C-S-H) gel and additional pozzolanic (C-S-H) gel. The quantification of the compound content of the unfired bricks showed the presence of Calcite (CaCO₃), Quartz (SiO₂), Alumina (Al₂O₃) and Wollastonite (CaSiO₈) crystals. Traces of other crystals were also detected.     

Stabilization of lateritic soils with phosphoric acid

Summary This paper describes a laboratory study on the stabilization of lateritic soils with phosphoric acid-H₃PO₄. This method is most promising for road and airport pavement construction in tropical regions where fine textured lateritic soils (red clays and silts) occur over large areas. The iron and aluminum phosphates formed are hard and insoluble. The main source of iron is free iron oxide, and the aluminum sources are free aluminum oxide, exchangeable cations and clay minerals (hydrated aluminum silicates). Four different soil samples were studied, but the most comprehensive study was carried out with a lateritic soil evolved from weathered basaltic bedrock. The variables of the test specimens were: percentage of acid, moulding water content, compaction energy, and curing time. Strength tests performed were the axial or unconfined compression test and the indirect tensile or diametrical compression test. With 5% of phosphoric acid to dry weight of soil, values of compressive strength around 4.0 MPa were obtained after 28 days curing.     

Laboratory Comparison of Crushed Aggregate and Recycled Pavement Material With and Without High Carbon Fly Ash

In-place recycling of asphalt pavement materials is a sustainable rehabilitation method. Existing hot-mix asphalt (HMA) layer is pulverized and blended with some or the entire base course and possibly some subgrade to form a broadly graded material referred to as recycled pavement material (RPM). The RPM is then compacted as the new base course and overlaid by a new layer of HMA. In some occasions, additives are added to increase the strength of RPM base course, such as cement, emulsion, fly ash. It is plausible to utilize high calcium high carbon fly ash, as the high level of carbon prevents fly ash from being used in concrete. A series of laboratory tests were conducted to evaluate the performance of these materials, including crushed aggregate, untreated RPM, and treated RPM with high carbon fly ash. The tests included compaction, California Bearing Ratio, resilient modulus, and unconfined compressive strength for treated RPM. The engineering properties of these materials were compared.     

Pilot-scale field investigation of ex situ solidification/stabilization of soils with inorganic contaminants using two novel binders

Recently, two novel binders, one by-product-based binder named as GM and one phosphate-based binder named as KMP, have emerged that can stabilize soils spiked with mixed lead and zinc contaminants. However, field evaluations of the stabilization of actual soils that contaminated with mixed zinc (Zn) and inorganic chloride (Cl^?) using GM and KMP have not been performed yet. This study presents a pilot-scale field test to evaluate the performance of GM and KMP to stabilize these inorganic contaminants in soils at two locations in an abandoned industrial plating plant site. The field soils were stabilized and cured for 1, 3, 7, and 28 days and tested for dry density, dynamic cone penetration, soil pH, and leachability. Laboratory unconfined compression tests were performed, and the relationship between unconfined compressive strength and dynamic cone penetrometer index was assessed. The results showed that the strength of both the GM- and KMP-stabilized soils after 28-day curing improved significantly, and the leached Zn and Cl^? concentrations were well below the corresponding remediation limits. In general, the KMP-stabilized soil demonstrated superior performance in terms of higher dry density, unconfined compressive strength, average dynamic cone penetration resistance, lower dynamic cone penetrometer index in the early curing stage (7 days), and lower leached Zn concentration under all curing times. In contrast, the GM exhibited superior immobilization of Cl^? in the contaminated soil irrespective of the curing time. The results demonstrate that GM and KMP are promising binders for treating Zn- and Cl^?-contaminated soils at plating and other industry sites with similar contaminants.

     

水泥固化锌污染土电阻率与强度特性研究

以标准砂及普通硅酸盐水泥为试验材料,制作水泥固化锌污染土样,进行了一系列电阻率和无侧限抗压强度试验。研究了交流电频率对水泥固化锌污染土电阻率的影响、不同含量锌离子对水泥缓凝作用的影响、锌离子含量和龄期分别对水泥土电阻率和强度的影响、电阻率与无侧限抗压强度的关系。结果表明：电阻率随电流频率的增加而明显降低,尤其当频率低于50 kHz时为甚;不同含量的锌离子对水泥土的缓凝作用影响明显,随着锌离子含量的增大,水泥土强度的充分发挥所需时间逐渐增长,但在锌离子含量为500 mg/kg时,缓凝作用表现异常;电阻率和强度均随龄期的增加而增长,随锌离子的含量的增加上下波动,电阻率在锌离子含量为50 mg/kg和500 mg/kg时出现极值,强度在锌离子含量为100 mg/kg和500 mg/kg时出现极值;在各个龄期下,电阻率与强度均呈现出很好的线性关系。     

Utilization of waste marble to enhance volume change and strength characteristics of sand-stabilized expansive soil

In this paper, marble waste is evaluated as a secondary material to be utilized as potential stabilizer to improve the volume change and strength characteristics of sand-amended expansive soil, proposed as a possible landfill, pavement or sub-base material in a semi-arid climate. An experimental program was conducted on sand-expansive soil enhanced with marble waste, abundantly found as a by-product of construction industry, obtained from two different sources with different gradations, denoted as marble powder (MP) and marble dust (MD). One-dimensional swell, volumetric shrinkage, consolidation, unconfined compressive and flexural strength tests were conducted on expansive soil–sand mixtures with 5, 10 and 20% waste marble inclusions over curing periods of 7, 28 and 90 days. Test results showed that 10% marble powder and 5% marble dust by dry mass were the optimum amounts for mitigating the swell–shrink potential and compression index as well as yielding the highest unconfined compressive and flexural strength values. Moreover, the rate of reduction in swell potential versus the flexural strength over the curing periods studied is highest in 10% MP- and 5% MD-included specimens, the latter being more insensitive to this change. The soil mixtures displayed brittle behavior after marble addition, hence its utilization as a secondary additive to sand-amended expansive soil is recommended for soils exposed to lower flexural loads such as light traffic.     

水胶比对泡沫混凝土力学性能的影响

以水泥、粉煤灰、矿粉为主要原材料,按照质量比16：3：1分别制得了不同水胶比（0.43、0.5、0.6）不同气泡含量的泡沫混凝土。对试样进行单轴压缩试验,得到了泡沫混凝土的应力-应变曲线和峰值应力,试验研究了不同水胶比的泡沫混凝土其应力-应变曲线变化规律、水胶比对抗压强度和弹性模量的影响。结果表明：不同水胶比的泡沫混凝土其应力-应变曲线变化规律基本一致,均经历密实、弹性、屈服、破坏4个阶段。水胶比对低气泡率泡沫混凝土的抗压强度和弹性模量影响较大,而对于高气泡率泡沫混凝土的抗压强度和弹性模量影响较小,且对于不同水胶比的泡沫混凝土,其抗压强度和弹性模量均与气泡率呈指数关系。     

水泥固化稳定珊瑚礁岩、砂吹填材料路用性能研究

为实现岛礁公路建设资源集约化,提出采用水泥固化稳定珊瑚礁岩、砂作为路面基层材料。通过无侧限抗压强度、劈裂强度、回弹模量、水稳性、干缩和温缩试验,探究水泥固化稳定珊瑚礁岩、砂吹填材料强度、刚度、水稳性和收缩性等路用性能,为后续岛礁工程建设提供理论依据和数据支持。结果表明:在标养条件下,相同龄期的试样抗压强度和劈裂强度随水泥用量增加而提高,水泥用量相同的试样随龄期增长而提高;抗压强度增长基本符合线性规律。回弹模量随水泥用量增加而提高,但增幅逐渐减小。相同龄期下,试件饱和抗压强度相对于低于标准抗压强度;水泥用量和龄期越大,强度损失率越小,抗软化能力越强,如水泥用量6%试样28 d强度损失率与软化系数是水泥用量3%的93%和101%。试样失水率与干缩应变随龄期与水泥用量增加而增长,如水泥用量6%试样180 d失水率和干缩应变是水泥用量3%的1.35倍和1.27倍。温缩试验表明:温缩应变和温缩系数随水泥用量增加而增大,而随温度降低先增大后减小,处于30~45℃温度区间是岛礁公路建设最不利的状态,应尽量避免高温施工。     

粉煤灰混凝土在矿井支护应用中的可行性研究

在试验的基础上,研究了粉煤灰代替部分砂和水泥应用于井下巷道锚喷支护混凝土配料的可行性,讨论了粉煤灰混凝土抗压强度的主要影响因素及变化规律。结合井下初步应用性检验,确定了粉煤灰作为喷射混凝土掺合料的最佳掺量和配合比。     

Encapsulation of limestone waste in concrete after arsenic removal from drinking water

Arsenic is one of the many naturally occurring contaminants in drinking water. Although various treatment technologies can remove arsenic, most suffer from a common problem of disposal of arsenic-enriched waste after treatment. This project focused on improving a limestone-based disposal technique by encapsulating the arsenic-enriched limestone waste in concrete. The research work determined the compressive strengths of the concrete cubes prepared using treated limestone after arsenic removal and determined the amount of leaching from the arsenic-encapsulated concrete. The removal of arsenic was done with batch experiments using 0.5–1 mm sized Minnekahta Limestone. The efficiency of the limestone in removing arsenic ranged from 85.9 to 95.5%. The amount of arsenic adsorbed onto the surface of each gram of limestone ranged from 0.8 to 3.9 μg. Compressive strength results of concrete cubes prepared by incorporating arsenic-enriched limestone showed typical strength curves at 1, 3, 7 and 28 days. Leaching of arsenic was less than 0.05 mg/L, which is 1/100 of the US Environmental Protection Agency’s standard for disposal of arsenic in a landfill. Hence, encapsulating the arsenic-enriched limestone in concrete has potential for recycling the waste material, thereby reducing disposal costs of the limestone-based removal method.     

胶固粉固化黄土作注浆材料的实验研究

对黄土加固稳定可以使黄土的水理性质发生变化, 改善黄土的结构状态, 提高黄土的抗压强度。本文采用土灰比为7:1, 水固比为0.38:1, 质量浓度72.7%的实验比例, 待黄土、胶固粉、水三者混合浆液固化后, 可以发现其龄期9d的抗压强度已超过了1MPa, 最大抗压强度达到了1.28MPa, 其龄期28d的最大抗压强度达到了3.54MPa, 比老黄土强度提高了十几倍。在土灰比为4:1的水泥胶固粉对比试验中, 从得到的龄期11d、20d抗压强度比对得出, 经胶固粉固化的黄土的强度都在水泥的两倍以上, 原本亲水性的黄土经胶固粉固化后转化为了憎水性的材料, 遇水不再发生崩解, 并且其水中强度随着时间不断增大。     

高寒地区水镁石纤维早强型水泥稳定碎石的路用性能研究

为了提高水泥稳定类基层在高寒地区的适用性,提出在基层中复掺基层早强剂和水镁石矿物纤维使其达到早强抗裂作用,通过研究其抗压强度、劈裂强度、收缩特性以及抗冻性能,分析水镁石矿物纤维在水泥稳定碎石中的作用机理。试验结果表明：复掺基层早强剂和水镁石矿物纤维后,20℃养护条件下基层3 d抗压强度与劈裂强度分别为其28 d的85%和76%,-15℃低温养护条件下3 d抗压强度与劈裂强度分别为其28 d的69%和68%;抗收缩性能在加入水镁石纤维后有较大提高,纤维掺量为4%时,干缩系数与温缩系数比未掺时分别降低约92%和48%;抗冻性能也因掺入水镁石纤维而有所改善,纤维掺量为4%时基层28 d冻融残留抗压强度比（BDR）为0.96%。复掺水镁石纤维与基层早强剂,既能有效保证高寒地区水稳碎石的强度,又能避免基层在干燥气候中的收缩开裂和在低温、变温环境中的温缩开裂,其中水镁石纤维最佳掺量为4%。     

新型低弹模混凝土性能研究

聚丙烯纤维低弹模混凝土以其优良的工作性能和力学性能成为近年来我国水利工程大坝防渗墙采用的主要材料之一.在室内试验的基础上,对聚丙烯低弹模混凝土的强度、塌落度特性进行了研究;开发了一套混凝土耐久性渗透水采集仪,对聚丙烯低弹模混凝土的渗透性和耐久性进行了研究,试验结果表明：与传统低弹模混凝土相比,聚丙烯低弹模混凝土的抗压、弹模变化不大,抗拉强度有提高,抗渗性能明显改善,渗透系数降低了一个数量级左右,耐久性年限可以进一步提高,研究结果为聚丙烯低弹模混凝土大坝防渗墙的工程应用提供了技术支撑.