Preservation of chemical residue-melt equilibria in natural anatexite: the effects of deformation and rapid cooling

A combined petrologic, textural and chemical approach is used to interpret the relationship between chemical exchange and deformation during partial melting of a granodioritic gneiss in the contact aureole of the Bergell Pluton (Central Alps). In contrast to most regional metamorphic anatexites, chemical equilibrium between residue and segregated melt was attained and preserved by several elements, as shown by their present distribution. Equilibrium involved both the major and the trace elements hosted in the rock-forming minerals and the light rare earth elements (LREE), hosted primarily in allanite. Equilibrium with respect to LREEs was achieved because allanite had a reactive behaviour during water-present melting, in contrast to the refractive behaviour of xenotime, which mostly controls the distribution of the HREE's. The attainment and preservation of equilibrium between leucosome and residue requires peculiar boundary conditions. We propose that the achievement of equilibrium between melt and residue was promoted by deformation, operating via a mechanism of melt present granular flow (i.e. dissolution-accommodated grain-boundary sliding active during partial melting). Microstructural observations indicate that melt-present granular flow was the dominating deformation mechanism in these anatexites. The preservation of residue-melt equilibrium is inferred to result from rapid cooling under contact metamorphic conditions and from the lack of deformation below the solidus.     

基于MAPGIS的分形方法确定化探异常

地球化学元素的异常下限值确定是地球化学中重要的问题之一,目前还没有一个令人满意的具有科学依据的计算方法。传统的化探异常下限值计算是基于元素的地球化学分布呈正态分布或元素含量在空间上呈连续的变化这一假设为基础的,而事实上地球化学元素含量的空间分布是极其复杂的,研究表明,地球化学景观可能是一个具有低维吸引子的混沌系统,元素的地球化学背景值和异常具有各自独立的幂指数关系,由此导致了一种多重分形分布,因而可以利用元素的分形分布求出其异常下限。利用元素的分形分布求异常下限的几种常用方法均是以求取不同尺度r下,对应的N(r)数。如果用手工统计方法计算,计算过程简单但繁琐,地理信息系统((}IS)可以实现图形单元的动态查询和属性统计,这种特性很适合于统计不同尺度r下对应的N(r),因此,可以将分形方法与地理信息系统加以结合,在CIS平台上对地学图形和属性信息进行分析及统计处理,将原来比较繁杂的分形计算操作变得方便简捷,易于实现。本文以武汉中地信息公司开发的．MAPGIS地理信息系统为例,对河北某地1：5万Cu元素化探数据进行了处理,具体说明了以MAPGIS为工具,利用分形方法求取元素化探异常下限的过程,并将计算结果与传统异常下限计算方法所得的结果进行了对比,所得的异常下限值相近或一致,但由于传统的计算方法不仅要求对原始数据进行预处理,而且在下限值的确定上需要结合本地区的实际地质情况确定,因此人为干扰因素较大,而利用基于MAPGIS的分形方法计算元素异常下限值不仅操作简单,而且计算时由于不受元素特高值的影响,因而不用对原始数据进行预处理,人为干扰因素较少。通过对比得知该方法在实践工作中可行。     

Chemical composition of snow and soil in Svirsk city (Irkutsk Region,Pribaikal’e)

The aim of the research was to study the chemical composition of snow and soil of Svirsk city (Pribaika?e) in order to assess the current environmental-geochemical situation in the city. Industrial specifics in Svirsk city is marked by higher concentrations of many toxic elements—As, Cd, Pb, W, Sb, Pb, Zn, Hg, and characteristic of preexisting and currently existing enterprises. The contents in biological matrices of some of the toxicants exceed physiological standards and violate the balance of elements necessary for people. The results of studies of the chemical (major and trace elements) composition of snow water, solid residue of snow and soil, a comparative analysis with earlier published data, and maximum permissible concentrations of elements have shown that the environmental situation in the city has been adversely affected within the last 20 years due to technogenesis.     

淮南矿区煤矸石的物质组成特征及资源化评价

本文利用各种测试方法,对淮南谢桥、新庄孜和张集煤矿采集的不同层位来源的240个煤矸石样品的化学成分、矿物成分和微量元素的进行测试与分析,得出了淮南矿区不同煤矿煤矸石的化学成分特征及其中微量元素的含量变化,评价了煤矸石中有害元素的环境影响作用。结合煤矸石基本特征,提出了合理的资源化利用途径,为煤矿开采过程的主要固体废物煤矸石综合利用和资源化、煤矿环境保护提供了参考资料。     

吉林省桦甸油页岩中稀土元素和微量元素的研究

对桦甸油页岩及其灰渣的矿物成分、主量元素、稀土元素和微量元素含量进行测定。结果表明：油页岩中稀土元素含量低于北美页岩(NASC)中的平均含量,REE球粒陨石标准化的分布模式曲线表现为负斜率,(La/Yb)_N的平均值大于1,属于轻稀土富集型;REE北美页岩标准化的分布模式曲线较平缓,（La/Yb）_S的平均值接近于1,轻重稀土分馏不明显。与球粒陨石和北美页岩相比,Eu有较严重的正异常。油页岩中的微量元素与北美页岩和地壳的平均值相比较,Sb、Nb、Cs、Zn、Bi、W等元素具有较高的富集度。油页岩灰渣中稀土元素和微量元素富集度均高于油页岩。     

元素相态分析

综述了近１０年来在国内外的部分元素相态分析方法,对在岩石,矿物及冶金产品中Ａｕ,Ａｇ,Ｆｅ,Ｍｎ,Ｃｏ和Ｎｉ等元素的化学物相分析和元素赋存状态分析进行了分类评述。     

蛇纹石微波辐照硫酸浸出的实验研究

通过蛇纹石微波辐照硫酸浸出新方法的实验，研究了微波辐照强度、辐照时间、硫酸浓度、液固比及矿石粒度等因素对蛇纹石中氧化镁浸出率的影响，结果表明：与传统加热方式相比，微波辐照加热可显著提高蛇纹石酸浸速率；在最佳工艺条件下，氧化镁浸出率可达97％以上；蛇纹石酸浸渣的主要成分为无定形SiO2，化学成分与沉淀白炭黑相同。     

吉林省延吉纺织厂金矿组合异常特征及找矿意义

化探的数据处理和评价(尤其是多种方法数据处理及组合异常圈定等)目前尚无明确的技术规范,实际应用中多采用2种处理方法:①所选元素为成矿的指示元素,将分析的元素全部叠加来圈定全元素组合异常;②强调指示元素的相关性,按元素相关性圈定相关元素组合异常.文章以吉林延吉纺织厂金矿化探勘查为例,对比2种方法产生的不同异常特征,认为重视元素间的相关分析、运用相关元素组合异常更加符合地球化学找矿原理,所圈定的组合异常找矿意义更明显.     

Geochemical characteristics of the modern state of salt lakes in Altai krai

A complex of analytical methods (atomic absorption spectroscopy AAS, synchrotron radiation X-ray fluorescence SR-XRF, and instrumental neutron activation analysis INAA) were used for analyses of 40 trace elements. In compliance with the conventional biogeochemical methods, enrichment factors EF were calculated for plankton relative to the average concentrations of elements in continental clay (shale) preliminarily normalized to Sc. In order to understand the concentration specifics of trace elements in living organisms inhabiting aquatic ecosystems of variable salt composition and geochemical characteristics, chemical speciation of elements was calculated for the brines of salt lakes by the WATEQ4F and Selektor-S computer programs. The enrichment of plankton in Hg in Lake Bol’shoe Yarovoe is caused not only by the chemistry of the mineralized brine (bittern), as follows from the Hg speciation in it, but also by anthropogenic contamination (Hg-bearing wastes from the Altaikhimprom chemical plants in the town of Yarovoe).     

METHODS OF EXTRACTING SPORES AND POLLEN FROM OILS AND THE WATERS OF OIL DEPOSITS

Previously employed methods of extracting spores and pollen from oil deposits are discussed. A new technique, developed at the Oil Institute of the U.S.S.R. Academy of Sciences, is described. The process involves filtration of oil samples through quartz sand, chemical removal of oils and paraffin from the sand filter, and separation of the organic residue by suspension. The residue is then treated with acids, and heavy minerals and clay are removed with cadmium liquid. -- S. H. Mamay.     

Certified Reference Materials of Copper, Lead and Zinc (Silver) Ore Rocks and Their Concentrates (GSO 1-7)

Sulfide mineral certified reference materials GSO 1-7, recently prepared by the Institute of Geophysical and Geochemical Exploration (IGGE), were analysed by twelve laboratories. Various reliable analytical methods based on different principles were adopted and classical chemical methods were taken as the primary analytical methods, by which 5729 determinations were carried out, 1425 average data were obtained, and twenty one to twenty seven elements and components were certified.     

中国农业地质研究及其成效

论述了中国土壤质量和农作物优质高产与土壤环境中化学元素N、P、K、S、Fe、MR、Cu、ZB、B、Mo、V、Sr、Ti、Mg、La、Ce、Pr、Nd、Sm、Eu、Y、Gd、Tb、Dy、Ho、Er、Tm、Yb、Lu、Ga、Co、Ni、F、Tl、Si、Na、Cr、Pb、Cd、Hg、Se、Ba、Te、Ta及有机质、酸碱度、含水量、含盐量有密切的关系。提出了农业地质研究的目的、内容、方法及管理。     

X射线荧光光谱法测定长石的化学成分

采用粉末压片制样、Ｘ射线荧光光谱仪测定长石的化学组成,可获得高准确度和高精度度的分析结果,测定值与化学法及推荐值相符,重复１０次测定主,次量组分的ＲＳＤ〈０．６％,痕量组分ＲＳＤ〈３％。方法简便快捷,分析时间仅为传统湿法化学分析的１／８,满足工艺过程中批次配料需要。     

城市污泥接种堆置处理对重金属的形态及其生物有效性的影响

污泥堆肥化后的土地利用是污泥处理处置的重要方法之一。经过对荆马河底泥接种堆置处理,揭示出污泥中重金属的形态发生明显的变化。荆马河底泥中的重金属污染物主要以结合态和残渣态的形式存在,水溶态和交换态的量很小,经接种堆置处理后,水溶态和交换态量大幅削减,结合态和残渣态量有所增加,总量变化不大,生物学方法和化学方法测定都表明,处理后的底泥生物毒性有明显降低,重金属的生物有效性降低。     

植硅体化学组成研究进展

现代植物植硅体化学组成研究有利于揭示植硅体的化学组成与细胞形态、植物种类及植物生长环境之间的关系,认识植硅体形成机制、植物分类及生态意义。植硅体化学组成测试方法多种多样,主要涉及植硅体化学元素组成及Si、O和C元素同位素组成测定,研究表明植硅体主要含二氧化硅和水,封闭有少量的有机成分及多种矿质元素。在植硅体封闭有机成分存在形式,部分元素的形成、迁移等循环机理,稳定碳同位素组成、分布及其生态指示意义以及^14C测年研究等方面取得一定认识。植物种类、组织部位、细胞微环境以及植物生长的环境因子能够影响植硅体的化学组成。植硅体化学组成研究对植硅体形成机制及碳、硅等元素循环具有重要意义,植硅体部分化学元素、植硅体稳定同位素组成及^14C测年具有较好的古环境及考古研究潜力。现代植物植硅体化学组成及其与环境因子的关系,以及植硅体电子探针微区研究有待于进一步深入开展。     

Retrograde melt–residue interaction and the formation of near‐anhydrous leucosomes in migmatites

Considering physical segregation of melt from its residue, the chemical potentials of the components (oxides) are the same in both when segregation occurs. Then, as P–T conditions change, gradients in chemical potential are established between the melt‐rich domains and residue permitting diffusional interaction to occur. In particular, on cooling, the chemical potential of H₂O becomes higher in the melt segregation than in the residue, particularly when biotite becomes stable in the residue assemblage. Diffusion of water from the melt to the residue promotes crystallization of anhydrous products from the melt and hydrous products in the residue. This diffusive process, when coupled with melt loss from the rocks subsequent to some degree of crystallization, can result in a significant degree of anhydrous leucosome being preserved in a migmatite with only minor retrogression of the residue. If H₂O can diffuse between the melt segregation and all of the residue, then no apparent selvedge between the two will be observed. Alternatively, if H₂O can diffuse between the melt segregation and only part of the residue, then a distinct selvedge may be produced. Diffusion of H₂O into the residue may be in part responsible for the commonly anhydrous nature of leucosomes, especially in granulite facies migmatites. Diffusion of other relatively mobile species such as Na₂O and K₂O has a lesser effect on overall melt crystallization but can change the proportion of quartz, plagioclase and K‐feldspar in the resultant leucosome. The diffusion of H₂O out of the melt results in the enhanced crystallization of the melt in the segregation and increases the amount of resulting anhydrous leucosome relative to the amount produced if melt crystallized in chemical isolation from the residue. For high residue:melt ratios, the proportion of resulting near‐anhydrous leucosome can approach that of the proportion of melt present at the onset of cooling with only minor loss of melt from a given segregation required. Crystallization of melt segregations via the diffusion of H₂O out of them into the host may also play a major role in driving melt‐rich segregations across key rheological transitions that would allow the expulsion of remaining melt from the system.     

关键金属元素分析测试技术方法应用进展

以稀有、稀散、稀土、铂族元素为主体的战略性关键金属矿产资源,在新材料、新能源和信息技术等新兴产业中发挥着越来越关键的作用。随着我国关键矿产资源地质调查的不断深入,关键金属元素以其赋存基体复杂、不同矿物含量差异大、化学性质不稳定等特点对分析测试技术提出了新的挑战。本文根据化学组成不同,对关键金属元素主要赋存基体进行了分类,主要分为硅酸盐、碳酸盐、硫酸盐、钨酸盐、磷酸盐、氧化物、硫化物、卤化物等。对于不同的基体岩石矿物,通常采用酸溶法(硝酸-氢氟酸组合、王水)或碱熔法等传统溶样方法进行化学消解。评述了当前关键金属元素测试常用的电子探针、电感耦合等离子体质谱、电感耦合等离子体发射光谱、X射线荧光光谱等仪器的特点及应用,总结了关键金属元素分析过程中出现的样品难溶解、回收率不完全、测试过程氧化物和同质异位素干扰、样品和标准基体不一致等常见问题,并提出了相应的解决方案。微区原位分析凭借其高效率、低成本、高空间分辨率的优势,以及野外现场分析凭借其简单快速、贴近野外工作的特点是关键金属元素测试技术发展的主要趋势。     

山东昌乐锆石的宝石学特征及化学成分研究

在实地考察和分析前人资料的基础上,简要地介绍了山东昌乐锆石的产出特征。通过常规的宝石学测试方法、X-射线荧光光谱分析和激光剥蚀电感耦合等离子体质谱仪（LA-ICP-MS）对该地区锆石的物理性质、内外部特征及化学成分进行了研究。结果表明,该地区锆石粒度较大,整体透明度较好,颜色呈深浅不一的褐色,以深褐色为主;主要由ZrO2和SiO2组成,微量元素主要有Fe,Ti,P,Sc,Ni等杂质元素,还有部分放射性元素和稀土元素;放射性元素主要为U和Th,Th/U比值均大于0.4（1个数据例外）;稀土元素以富钇族元素为特征,富集HREE,明显的Ce正异常（2～13）,微弱的Eu负异常（0.69～0.76）。另外,昌乐锆石放射性核素的放射性比活度非常低。综合特征表明,昌乐锆石是一种具有利用价值的宝石资源。     

The petrogenesis of the Lac Guyer komatiites and basalts and the nature of the komatiite-komatiitic basalt compositional gap

A sequence of ultramafic rocks in the Lac Guyer Archean greenstone belt exhibit brecciated flow tops, pillow structures, and spinifex textures testifying to their volcanic origin. Massive, spinifex-textured and differentiated flows in the sequence have the chemical characteristics of peridotitic komatiite, with MgO ranging from 19–25 wt.%. Associated pillowed flows have compositions that straddle the conventional boundary between komatiite and komatiitic basalt with MgO contents ranging from 16 to 19 wt.% MgO and are best termed pyroxenitic komatiites. Unlike other komatiitic occurrences, the peridotitic and pyroxenitic komatiites at Lac Guyer constitute a continuous chemical spectrum with no evidence of population minimum near 18 wt.% MgO. The contrasting behaviour of highly compatible elements, such as Ni and Cr, versus incompatible elements, such as Zr, indicate that this compositional spectrum was produced by a variation in the extent of partial melting (10–40%) of a garnet lherzolite source in the Archean mantle. The pyroxenitic komatiites represent liquids produced during lower (10–20%) degrees of melting during which garnet remained in the mantle residue. However, a change in slope in the distribution of Zr vs. Y between the pyroxenitic and the peridotitic komatiites indicates that garnet was completely consumed at the more extensive degrees of melting which produced the peridotitic komatiites. The Lac Guyer volcanic rocks display a population minimum at 15 wt.% MgO separating komatiitic magmas whose compositions are controlled by partial melting from basalts whose composition is controlled by crystal fractionation. The population minimum near 18 wt.% MgO which is taken as the boundary between komatiite and komatiitic basalt may have a similar origin.     

The Soil Geochemical Atlas of Portugal: Overview and applications

The continental area of Portugal is now entirely covered by a soil geochemical survey (1 site/135 km²), taking as the sampling media topsoils (upper mineral horizons, A) and organic horizons (humus, O). Standard methods for sampling, sample preparation and analysis were used in order to achieve high quality and consistent data. Each sample was analyzed for 32 chemical elements, pH, electrical conductivity and organic matter content.The main purpose of the survey was to obtain baseline levels for various chemical elements. The compilation of all data (nearly 45,000 individual data) in an organised way, led to the production of the first Soil Geochemical Atlas of Portugal. In this Atlas it is possible to find for each chemical element a set of information statistics (basic statistical parameters, boxplots, cumulative frequency curves, etc.), maps of spatial distribution, among other information of geochemical and environmental interest. This paper gives an overview of the Soil Atlas and examples of application. The data were used to calculate reference values for 9 elements of environmental importance and to obtain empirical formulae allowing the estimation of elements in the coarse fraction of soils (< 2.00 mm) from known concentration in a finer fraction (< 0.18 mm).