Pseudostatic approach for seismic analysis of pile group

This paper evaluates a simple approximate pseudostatic method for estimating the maximum internal forces and horizontal displacements of pile group subjected to lateral seismic excitation. The method involves two main steps: (1) computation of the free-field soil movements caused by the earthquake, and (2) the analysis of the response of the pile group based on the maximum free-field soil movements (considered as static movements) as well as a static loading at the pile head, which depends on the computed spectral acceleration of the structure being supported. The methodology takes into account the effects of group interaction and soil yielding at pile–soil interface. The applicability of this approach has been validated by a similar approach for single piles and then verified by both experimental centrifuge models of pile-supported structures and field measurements of Ohba-Ohashi Bridge in Japan. It is demonstrated that the proposed method yields reasonable estimates of the pile maximum moment, shear, and horizontal displacement for many practical cases despite of its simplicity. Limitations and reliability of the methodology are discussed and some practical conclusions on the performance of the proposed approach are presented.     

Analysis of kinematic seismic response of tapered piles

In the present work, a two-phase analysis is used to assess the lateral movement of a tapered pile due to kinematic seismic loading resulted from earthquakes. First, the free-field horizontal displacement of the ground due to earthquake is estimated using available theory of wave propagation. Second, these estimated soil movements are imposed on the taper pile in a closed-form solution to compute the pile response. The governing differential equation for an arbitrary pile segment is obtained, which includes the free-field horizontal movement estimated from the first phase. The equation is solved explicitly to obtain the horizontal deflection. Parametric studies show that tapered piles tend to be more flexible than uniform piles of the same volume and length under earthquake loading, which is soundly interesting.     

Analysis of pile behaviour in liquefying sloping ground

In this paper, a numerical procedure based on the finite element method is outlined to investigate pile behaviour in sloping ground, which involves two main steps. First a free-field ground response analysis is carried out using an effective stress based stress path model to obtain the ground displacements, and the degraded soil stiffness and strength over the depth of the soil deposit. Next a dynamic analysis is carried out for the pile. The interaction coefficients and ultimate lateral pressure of soil at the pile–soil interface are calculated using degraded soil stiffness and strength due to build-up of pore pressures, and the soil in the far field is represented by the displacements calculated from the free-field ground response analysis. Pore pressure generation and liquefaction strength of the soil predicted by the stress path model used in the free-field ground response analysis are compared with a series of simple shear tests performed on loose sand with and without an initial static shear stress simulating sloping and level ground conditions, respectively. Also the numerical procedure utilised for the analysis of pile behaviour has been verified using centrifuge data, where soil liquefaction has been observed in laterally spreading sloping ground. It is demonstrated that the new method gives good estimate of pile behaviour, despite its relative simplicity.     

碎石土及碎石土-基岩地基斜坡场地m值研究

四川山区输电线路常在陡峻斜坡走线,碎石土、基岩二元结构地层分布普遍。针对此类场地和地基,斜坡桩基水平抗力系数的比例系数m值取值是陡峻边坡输电线路铁塔桩基设计中亟待解决的问题。根据单桩水平静载试验获取m值,采取现场试验、室内模型试验、数值模拟3种方法进行综合分析,研究了陡峻边坡碎石土、碎石土-基岩地基基桩水平作用力参数m值的变化规律、影响因素及取值。得出以下结论：斜坡场地m值随坡度的增大呈线性减小,且碎石土地基减小幅度大于碎石土-基岩地基;对m值影响程度最重要的因素依次为场地坡度、土体密实度、桩长、桩径;提出陡峻边坡碎石土、碎石土-基岩场地考虑以上重要影响因子的m值估算公式,并给出了修正系数。     

Approximate computer analysis of pile groups subjected to loads and ground movements

This paper describes the development of an approximate approach for the analysis and design of piles subjected to axial and lateral loading and also to vertical and horizontal ground movements. The analysis involves a number of simplifications in order to make it feasible to implement. For example, it considers the behaviour of a ‘representative’ pile in a group to characterize the behaviour of all piles in the group, and adopts approximations to derive free-field interaction factors from the conventional interaction factors for direct loading. The analysis has been implemented via a computer program called EMbankment PIle Group (EMPIG) and has the ability to incorporate the following features:

• 1. single piles or pile groups,
• 2. applied vertical, lateral and moment loading on the pile cap,
• 3. the effects of axial and lateral soil movements caused by embankment construction,
• 4. a layered soil profile,
• 5. non-linear axial and lateral response of the piles.

Comparisons between solutions from EMPIG and other independent programs suggest that it is capable of providing results of adequate accuracy for practical design purposes. The analysis has been used to investigate the effects of pile rake on a typical bridge abutment group. The presence of raked piles can have a detrimental effect on group behaviour, especially in the presence of ground movements. Large lateral deflections can be generated and axial forces and moments in the piles are increased. Comparisons are also made with the results of centrifuge model tests on abutment pile groups. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

斜坡基桩水平极限承载力及影响因素模型试验和数值模拟

斜坡上的基桩具有承重和阻滑的双重功能,其受力变形性状远比平地上的情形复杂。采用模型试验和数值模拟相结合的方法研究了其水平承载特性及影响因素。模型试验结果表明：临坡距对基桩的水平承载变形性能有较大影响。同一级荷载下,临坡距较大的桩身水平位移小于临坡距较小的基桩;临坡距较大基桩的临界荷载和极限承载力也大于临坡距小的基桩。数值模拟研究结果表明：基桩水平极限承载力随着斜坡坡比的增大而减小,随着临坡距的增大而增大,与模型试验的结果基本一致。对比分析了斜坡和平地基桩水平承载变形性能的差别,得出了可考虑坡比和临坡距的斜坡基桩水平极限承载力简便计算方法,可为有关规范的修订以及工程设计提供参考。     

A simplified analysis method for piled raft foundations subjected to ground movements induced by tunnelling

A simplified method of numerical analysis has been developed to estimate the deformation and load distribution of piled raft foundations subjected to ground movements induced by tunnelling and incorporated into a computer program ‘PRAB’. In this method, a hybrid model is employed in which the flexible raft is modelled as thin plates, the piles as elastic beams, and the soil is treated as interactive springs. The interactions between structural members, pile–soil–pile, pile–soil–raft and raft–soil–raft interactions, are modelled based on Mindlin's solutions for both vertical and lateral forces. The validity of the proposed method is verified through comparisons with some published solutions for single piles and pile groups subjected to ground movements induced by tunnelling. Thereafter, the solutions from this approach for the analysis of a pile group and a piled raft subjected to ground movements induced by tunnelling are compared with those from three‐dimensional finite difference program. Good agreements between these solutions are demonstrated. The method is then used for a parametric study of single piles, pile groups and piled rafts subjected to ground movements induced by tunnelling. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Analysis of pile‐raft foundations under complex loads in layered soils

Considering there is hardly any concerted effort to analyze the pile‐raft foundations under complex loads (combined with vertical loads, horizontal loads and moments), an analysis method is proposed in this paper to estimate the responses of pile‐raft foundations which are subjected to vertical loads, horizontal loads and moments in layered soils based on solutions for stresses and displacements in layered elastic half space. Pile to pile, pile to soil surface, soil surface to pile and soil surface to soil surface interactions are key ingredients for calculating the responses of pile‐raft foundations accurately. Those interactions are fully taken into account to estimate the responses of pile‐raft foundations subject to vertical loads, horizontal loads and moments in layered soils. The constraints of the raft on vertical movements, horizontal movements and rotations of the piles as well as the constraints of the raft on vertical movements and horizontal movements of the soils are considered to reflect the coupled effect on the raft. The method is verified through comparisons with the published methods and FEM. Then, the method is adopted to investigate the influence of soil stratigraphy on pile responses. The study shows that it is necessary to consider the soil non‐homogeneity when estimating the responses of pile‐raft foundations in layered soils, especially when estimating the horizontal responses of pile‐raft foundations. The horizontal loads and the moments have a significant impact on vertical responses of piles in pile‐raft foundations, while vertical loads have little influence on horizontal responses of piles in pile‐raft foundations in the cases of small deformations. The proposed method can provide a simple and useful tool for engineering design. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

碎石土地基在不同含石量下桩-土水平作用特性及m值的研究

四川输电线路经过的山区场地中,碎石土地基分布普遍,而碎石土是一种介于岩石和土体之间特殊的岩土体,水平受荷碎石土桩基础在不同含石量下水平承载特性具有较大的差异,现行规范给出的地基水平抗力系数的比例系数m值取值范围较为宽泛。研究碎石土地基在不同含石量下桩-土水平作用特性与m值取值是输电线路塔桩基设计中有待解决的问题。通过室内单桩水平静载试验,得到了不同含石量的碎石土地基对桩顶位移、桩身内力、地基水平抗力系数的比例系数m值的影响,以及不同含石量下m值的变化趋势。对比分析得到试验特征规律,研究桩身弯矩、剪力曲线与桩侧土压力曲线,不同含石量条件的m值变化趋势。结果表明:随着碎石土地基含石量提高,桩身最大弯矩值呈非线性增大,且最大弯矩值约在埋深0.3 m截面位置处;碎石土含石量的提高,地基土水平抗力会有所增大,桩侧土压力零点位置也会有所提高;m值随着含石量的提高而增大。含石量每提高10%,m值约增大1.15~1.40倍,该项研究可作为地基水平抗力系数的比例系数m值取值的一个参考。     

Centrifuge study on behavior of rigid pile composite foundation under embankment in soft soil

The rigid pile composite foundation is widely used in highway projects in soft soil area as it can effectively increase the bearing capacity and stability of the foundation. While the research on the behavior and failure mode of rigid pile composite foundation under embankment is not enough, instability failure of rigid pile composite foundation often occurs in practical projects. This paper presents a centrifuge model test to investigate the load transfer mechanism, settlement characteristic and failure mode of rigid pile composite foundation under embankment. The test results show that: the soil displacement of different region in rigid pile composite foundation was different, obvious vertical displacement occurred in the soil under the center of embankment and the horizontal displacement was very small in this region; both vertical and horizontal displacement occurred in the soil under the shoulder of embankment; and obvious horizontal displacement occurred in the soil under the slope toe of embankment; moreover, ground heave also occurred near the slope toe of embankment. The soil displacement in rigid pile composite foundation had a large influence on the stress characteristic and failure mode of rigid piles, the compressive failure and bending failure would probably occur for the piles under the center and shoulder of the embankment, respectively, and the tension-bending failure would probably occur for the piles under the slope toe of embankment. The different failure modes of piles at different regions should be considered in the design of rigid pile composite foundation under embankment. The test results can be used to improve the design method for rigid pile composite foundation under embankment in practical projects.

     

碎石土斜坡土体水平抗力分布规律研究

斜坡上或临近斜坡顶部设置工程结构（桩基础）时,桩身变形将导致基桩对桩侧岩土体产生水平挤压作用,如果因桩身变形过大而导致桩前坡体失稳,即桩侧岩土体抗力弱化甚至消失,则会引发工程事故,土体抗力的实际分布规律并未探明。本文统计分析碎石土斜坡场地4根桩基（深入覆盖层）的水平静载荷试验数据,来分析同一坡度碎石土场地土体水平抗力沿深度的变化、土体抗力随桩身位移的变化特点,进而获得土体在不同抵抗变形阶段（弹性、塑性阶段）土体水平抗力分布的一般规律。     

考虑基岩层面影响的水平受荷嵌岩桩模型试验研究

西南地区常见碎石土-基岩斜坡地基,在此类地基上的嵌岩桩基础,其上覆土层、嵌固段基岩多为倾斜。然而岩石试样中结构面倾角改变时,岩石试样的强度也随之发生变化。故当嵌固段基岩存在层面且层面具有倾角时,往往对桩基的水平承载特性影响很大,所以基岩层面是影响嵌岩桩水平承载性能的主要因素之一。本文采用物理模型试验,通过改变嵌固段基岩层面倾角,得出嵌固段基岩不同层面倾角对于桩顶位移,桩身内力的发展规律,进而研究其对水平受荷嵌岩桩承载性能的影响。试验结果表明:在碎石土-层状基岩斜坡地基场地中,嵌固段基岩存在层面会降低嵌岩桩水平承载性能。相对于完整基岩,嵌固段层状基岩存在水平层面时,临界荷载下降了17%、最大弯矩值下降了23%、最大剪力值下降了37.5%;而嵌固段基层层面为倾斜时,嵌岩桩水平承载性能下降的更多,且层面倾角为逆向30°时比顺向30°更加不利于嵌岩桩的水平受荷;桩身最大弯矩点与最大剪力点位置随嵌固段层状基岩倾角变化影响比较小,最大弯矩点位置几乎没有变化,最大剪力点位置在嵌固段基岩层面为顺向30°与逆向30°时下降了1倍桩径。该项研究可为在不同层面倾角下的层状岩体斜坡地基上受水平荷载的嵌岩桩设计作一定的指导。     

碎石土斜坡水平受荷桩承载特性研究

斜坡上的桩基础的承载性能是复杂多变的。对于四川西部山地地形较广泛,且地基覆盖层多为特有的碎石土地层来说,水平受荷桩的相关研究还较少。为了研究碎石土地基斜坡上单桩基础的水平承载特性及桩土间的相互作用,通过现场水平静载荷试验在坡度为0°、15°、30°、45°的条件下,探讨桩身变形、桩身弯矩、土压力的变化。运用FLAC3D有限元分析软件得出水平荷载作用下,碎石土斜坡不同坡度的桩基础与桩周土之间的应力云图、位移云图的变化特点。将数值模拟结果与现场试验结果进行了对比,提出了单桩水平临界荷载和极限荷载在不同坡度区间内取值时的折减系数,为实际工程提供一定的参考。     

Analysis of piles subjected to lateral soil movements using a three‐dimensional displacement approach

An analytical approach using the three‐dimensional displacement of a soil is investigated to provide analytical solutions of the horizontal response of a circular pile subjected to lateral soil movements in nonhomogeneous soil. The lateral stiffness coefficient of the pile shaft in nonhomogeneous soil is derived from the rocking stiffness coefficient that is obtained from the analytical solution, taking into account the three‐dimensional displacement represented in terms of scalar potentials in the elastic three‐dimensional analysis. The relationship between horizontal displacement, rotation, moment, and shear force of a pile subjected to lateral soil movements in nonhomogeneous soil is obtainable in the form of the recurrence equation. For the relationship between the lateral pressure and the horizontal displacement, it is assumed that the behavior is linear elastic up to lateral soil yield, and the lateral pressure is constant under the lateral soil yield. The interaction factors between piles subjected to both lateral load and moment are calculated, taking into account the lateral soil movement. The formulation of the lateral displacement and rotation of the pile base subjected to lateral loads in nonhomogeneous soils is presented by taking into account the Mindlin equation and the equivalent thickness for soil layers in the equivalent elastic method. For lateral movement, lateral pressure, bending moment, and interaction factors, there are small differences between results obtained from the 1‐D and the 3‐D displacement methods except a very flexible pile. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Vertical response of pile raft foundations subjected to tunneling‐induced ground movements in layered soil

A simplified analysis method has been developed to estimate the vertical movement and load distribution of pile raft foundations subjected to ground movements induced by tunneling based on a two‐stage method. In this method, the Loganathan–Polous analytical solution is used to estimate the free soil movement induced by tunneling in the first stage. In the second stage, composing the soil movement to the pile, the governing equilibrium equations of piles are solved by the finite difference method. The interactions between structural members (such as pile–soil, pile–raft, raft–soil, and pile–pile) are modeled based on the elastic theory method of a layered half‐space. The validity of the proposed method is verified through comparisons with some published solutions for single piles, pile groups, and pile rafts subjected to ground movements induced by tunneling. Good agreements between these solutions are demonstrated. The method is also used for a parametric study to develop a better understanding of the behavior of pile rafts influenced by tunneling operation in layered soil foundations. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

隧道开挖引起邻近单桩水平反应分析

隧道开挖会降低邻近桩基承载力,如何更为合理评价桩基水平附加响应是需要解决的问题。基于Pasternak双参数地基模型和三折线弹塑性荷载传递模型,采用两阶段分析法,并考虑侧向土体作用及地基土层的非均质特性,提出了更符合实际的单桩水平反应简化分析方法。通过与Winkler地基梁法及边界元法的对比分析,验证了方法的合理性。结合对单桩水平反应的多种影响因素进行参数分析,通过各因素相应的修正系数来对基准工况中单桩最大水平反应进行修正,得到计算工况中单桩的最大水平位移和最大弯矩。分析结果表明,桩基水平位移计算时可忽略侧向土体作用,而弯矩计算时应予以考虑;桩基计算工况的最大水平位移 最大弯矩 与平均地层损失比 呈现线性关系,而与隧道半径R、隧道轴线深度H、桩距隧道中心线距离x及桩身柔度系数 均呈现非线性关系。     

预应力土钉支护结构变形与破坏的数值分析

研发的SnEpFem土钉有限元分析系统,具有以下新的特点：钉土接触单元采用了比Goodman单元更为合理的Desai单元;面层单元采用了弹性地基梁模型;对土体单元考虑了追踪破坏情况。用此系统分析了预应力施加位置及水平,对坡面水平位移、坡顶沉降及其范围、坑底隆起、张拉和塑性区的作用机制的研究表明：（1）预应力土钉布置在边坡中上部且施加较大的预应力对控制坡面水平位移、张拉区和塑性区比较有利;（2）预应力位置及大小对坡顶沉降值、沉降范围,坑底最大隆起值和隆起位置影响很小,基本可以忽略;（3）预应力施加位置及水平,对坡体内应力状态分布、拉张区、塑性区的影响较大。基于以上分析,总结了预应力土钉工作机理。对一工程实例进行了位移对比分析,证实了SnDpFem系统的可靠性。     

边坡土体侧移模式对抗滑桩影响分析

在开挖、降雨或地震等外部因素作用下,边坡土体很容易进入局部或瞬态大变形乃至失稳滑动,使抗滑桩产生附加位移及弯矩。基于两阶段分析方法,采用Winkler模型模拟抗滑单桩与土之间的相互作用,建立单桩水平位移控制方程组,根据内力与位移的连续条件得到考虑不同土体侧移模式下求解桩身响应的矩阵解析表达式,并采用现场监测数据及Poulos弹性理论进行验证,证明该方法是合理可行的,并通过参数分析土体侧移对抗滑桩水平承载性状的影响程度。分析结果表明,土体侧移模式包括最大侧移值、分布形状及重心、侧移势等,对抗滑桩的挠度和弯矩均有显著影响,在工程设计中应予以充分重视。     

Effect of Edge Distance from the Slope Crest on the Response of a Laterally Loaded Pile in Sloping Ground

Compared to the field tests, the numerical modelling is an economical way to analyze the response of laterally loaded piles in sloping grounds. This paper presents a three-dimensional finite element analysis to investigate the effect of edge distance from the slope crest of a laterally loaded pile embedded in the sloping ground for different slope angles and pile lengths. The results show that the pile top displacement and the bending moment in the pile decrease with an increase in the edge distance, whereas they increase as the slope angle is increased. The response of the pile in sloping ground is compared with its response in the level ground. The comparison is used to develop a simple methodology for estimating the pile top displacement and the maximum bending moment for any edge distance from the slope crest considering their values for level ground.     

大位移条件下水平受荷单桩的简明弹塑性计算方法

软土地层中当桩顶水平荷载较大时,采用传统m法计算容易低估桩身弯矩与挠曲变形,有必要针对该问题提出相关计算方法。将地基土体简化为理想弹塑性体,假定桩身某一深度处存在土体的弹塑性变形临界点,临界点以上的土体进入塑性变形状态,而临界点以下的土体仍处于弹性变形状态,分段建立桩身挠曲微分控制方程,得到水平受荷单桩简明弹塑性计算方法。现场单桩实测和参数敏感性分析结果表明：采用简明弹塑性计算方法得到的桩身最大弯矩较传统m法计算精度提高38.1%;桩身最大水平位移计算精度提高22.3%;桩顶边界条件对桩身水平位移与弯矩沿桩身的分布规律影响显著;桩身最大弯矩和水平位移对土体的极限抗力系数及其形状参数较敏感,设计中宜按下限值选取。