Geotechnical evaluation of Miocene gypsum from Sivas (Turkey)

Gypsum is widely distributed in Sivas (Turkey), occurring chiefly in the formations of Miocene age. The gypsum is generally of the alabastrine type with a little of the porphiroblast type and contains traces of clay minerals, anhydrite and calcite. It is a moderately strong rock in terms of its unconfined compressive strength which is related to the crystal size. Strength increases as the crystal size decreases. The strength of gypsum was reduced by approximately 55%, when the samples were kept in the water for 20 days. Most samples exhibit plastic–elastic–plastic deformation. The gypsum has a high modulus ratio, and is a moderately deformable rock. High lateral deformations and low vertical deformations are observed under the vertical stress conditions in accordance with the relationship between modulus ratio and strain.     

Geotechnical assessment of the 2005 Kuzulu landslide (Turkey)

In this study, a complex landslide, which occurred on 17 March 2005 near Koyulhisar town of Sivas Province of Turkey, is presented. The landslide resulted in 15 deaths and the destruction of about thirty houses at Kuzulu village. The main aims of this study are to assess the landslide in terms of engineering geology and geotechnics, to back-analyze the landslide in the source area, and to estimate its motion and destructive forces on structures. Furthermore, the effect of a future earthquake on stability condition of the mobilized but not completely failed mass adjacent to the right flank of the landslide is also investigated. Field observations, eyewitnesses, geomechanical laboratory tests, interpretations on pre-event aerial photographs and analyses using different approaches have been fundamentals of this study. Site observations indicate that the initial landslide in the source area occurred in highly weathered volcanics along a failure surface passing through the volcanics and along the interface between the volcanics and underlying limestone. Then the movement transformed into an earth flow and moved down through a V-shaped channel in the underlying limestone about 2 km until it stopped at a small settlement, which is called Kuzulu. Site observations and back-analysis of the initial slide suggest that the most likely cause should be water pressure increase as it is the season of snow melting and thawing of the groundwater. Interpretations on pre-event aerial photographs and the information obtained from eyewitnesses indicated that slope movements in the study area, where old landslide topography is evident, were continuing for many years. The simulation of the landslide with consideration of Bingham type yielding criterion together with water pressure variation suggested that the maximum velocity of the earth flow was 14.4 m/s and 13.6 m/s when it reached Kuzulu. Furthermore, this evaluation showed that the earth flow reached Kuzulu after 300 s, which is consistent with the information obtained from local people. The impact of the earth flow on the structures could be about 170 kPa against which only reinforced concrete structures may resist. Dynamic analyses suggested that a future earthquake, which may occur in the region, may result in a complete failure of the unstable mass remaining at the source area.     

公路工程建设中的岩土工程问题

公路工程建设呈现的岩土工程问题主要有地基稳定问题、边坡稳定问题、围岩稳定问题和渗透稳定问题。这些问题对工程的影响体现在变形和强度两个方面,根据工程的功能和性质,应考虑按变形控制或强度控制来确定工程安全标准和评价工程稳定性。基于岩土工程问题的产生条件,提出了在工程实践中应注重的内容及研究方向,如：路基岩土的强度与变形特性研究、地基处理技术及工程特性研究、深基础与地基相互作用研究、边坡稳定性评价方法研究、边坡治理技术及可靠性研究、围岩与结构应力变形研究、地下水对各种岩土体的作用研究等等。     

环境岩土工程问题综述

环境岩土工程问题综述（续）袁建新（中国科学院武汉岩土力学研究所，４３００７１）４溶质传输问题饱和介质内溶质的传输是环境岩上力学与工程中的一个重要理论研究课题。一切有害废料对人类生活环境构成威协的原因之一，就是由于废料中的有害物质通过空气或水流迁移传送...     

Geotechnical characterization and facies change detection of the Bogacay coastal plain (Antalya,Turkey) soils

The Bogacay Plain is well known tourist site in Turkey, which is famous for its wide beaches. However, almost 60% of the area is now occupied by buildings, and some of the high-rise buildings suffer from foundation settlement and tilting. Soils of the plain are of lagoonal origin; all of the facies which are typical of the lagoonal environment are present in the geological profile. Because of variation in grain size and development of a weathered crust, the fine-grained soils of the central-lagoon environment are highly variable with regard to their engineering properties. The compression indices of clays range from 0.25 to 0.55 and correlate relatively well with initial void ratio, liquid limit, and moisture content. Over consolidation ratio varies between 1.4 and 10 and decreases from the surface down to the base of the weathered-crust zone. The undrained shear strength of clays decreases with depth for the first 6 m; this behaviour is because of apparent overconsolidation in the weathered-crust zone. Sedimentary facies and their boundaries can be detected using CPT data; moreover, for profiling and facies-boundary detection, SPT and seismic sounding are not as effective as CPT.     

Geotechnical and geoenvironmental characteristics of man-made underground structures in Cappadocia, Turkey

Underground cities and semi-underground settlements, most of which are 1500 years at least, exist in the Cappadocia Region of Turkey. These man-made rock structures are carved in soft tuffs and the best examples of long-term performance of man-made structures in the field of rock engineering. The tuffs also have good thermal isolation properties to be used as housing and storage of foods. In this article, the authors are only concerned with physical and short-term mechanical characteristics due to the wide-spectrum of the theme and the in situ characterization of the Cappadocia tuffs, and the results of investigations are presented. In addition, a critical overview on possible engineering geological problems at Cappadocia with mechanical aspects of historical and modern rock structures and their implications in rock engineering is made. From the experimental results in the field, it is evident that the engineering characteristics of these rocks do not show significant changes in vertical and horizontal directions. However, they are prone to atmospheric conditions. In addition, temperature and humidity measurements at different floors of the underground cities and various parts of semi-underground settlements indicated that variations in climatic conditions of the openings are very small when compared to those outside the ground surface.     

非开挖定向拖拉法施工管道的岩土工程问题探讨

在简述非开挖定向拖拉法施工管道原理和特点的基础上,结合设计、施工及勘察规范一般要求,探讨了定向拖拉法对岩土工程勘察的要求,并提出建议;对施工中的岩土工程问题作了分析评价。     

Geotechnical characterization of lignite-bearing horizons in the Afsin-Elbistan lignite basin, SE Turkey

The Afsin-Elbistan lignite deposit, with its 3.4 billion metric tons of reserves, is the biggest lignite basin and one of the most important resources for electrical energy production in Turkey. Kislakoy mining field was selected as the first opencast mine to feed four power station blocks of 300 MW each. Slope instability has been a continuing problem in the Kislakoy opencast mine. Particularly complex failures along a noncircular failure surface appearing at the final slope stage and covering large areas in the mine increase the importance of slope stability. This study outlines the geotechnical characteristics of the lignite-bearing horizons and describes the causes and mechanisms of slope instabilities, which threaten the safety of the mine. Quantitative X-ray diffraction (XRD) analyses were carried out using an interactive data processing system (SIROQUANT™) based on Rietveld interpretation methods. Parametric slope stability analysis and backanalysis were carried out for the failure that occurred at the northwestern final slope stage of the mine. The Spencer-Wright limiting state equilibrium method was used in order to determine with confidence the most representative values of regional shear strength parameters, to explain the failure mechanism, and to assess the conditions at the time of failure. In the analysis, phreatic and piezometric surfaces were considered.Site observations and numerous backanalyses of the slope failure reveal that a compound slide occurred where gyttja (contact zone) layers rest directly on the lignite. Gyttja (contact zone) contains the weakest material within the system. The analysis showed that the main cause of the northwestern slope instability was the presence of the groundwater flow within a Quaternary aquifer (through buried valleys), reducing the effective shear strength of the slope materials. It is also noted from backanalysis that the gyttja (contact zone) layer presents a shear strength at, or approaching, the residual value at the time of failure.     

杭州湾大桥岩土工程勘察

文章对杭州湾大桥的勘察工作进行了全面的回顾，并对杭州湾地区地质结构作概略的介绍。     

岩土工程实践若干问题探讨

在岩土工程实践中,经常遇见一些似是而非的问题,例如工程特性指标的匹配问题、软弱夹层的验算问题以及复合模量的计算问题。这些问题往往由于概念理解或理解的角度不同得出差异很大的结论,有时甚至是错误的结论。通过实践中遇见的几个岩土工程问题做一些探讨,希望能起到抛砖引玉的作用。     

北京市勘察设计研究院

沈小克同志是国内岩土工程界青年专家，在1986-1987年作为访问学者到挪威科技大学土木与环境工程学院岩土工程系访学期间，系统学习岩土工程理论方法和测试分析技术，并与外国同行进行学术交流，获得国际著名岩土工程专家Nilmar Janby的高度评价。     

四川眉山主要岩土工程问题及对策

阐述了眉山市在城市工程建设中普遍存在的软弱地基、砂土液化、基坑开挖与支护和基坑降(排)水等岩土工程问题，并对这些问题提出了看法和防治对策。     

Geotechnical assessments of the stability of slopes at the Cakmakkaya and Damar open pit mines (Turkey): a case study

The on-site observations, monitoring data, and results of back analyses of failures showed that large-scale failures occurred along both the interconnected sliding surfaces, consisting of (a) discontinuities in the dacites and the contact zone and (b) the circular surfaces through the weathered soil-like dacites at the Cakmakkaya and Damar open pit mines. Surface water infiltration through the weathered soil-like material after a short duration of rainfall contributed to the circular-shaped failures. After a heavy rainy period, an increase in the groundwater table above the contact zone played a major role in the initiation of bi-planar wedge failures. In addition, the stability of the slopes is likely to have been controlled by the orientation of this zone. The results of back analyses indicated that the shear strengths of the soil-like materials in the weathered dacites and the contact zone had reduced to their residual values at the time of initial sliding. The flattening of the slope angles with an effective surface drainage and long-term monitoring of the groundwater level is proposed as the most suitable remedial measure.     

印度洋岸边某电站工程的岩土工程问题初探

从海岸地带的地理地质环境入手,针对燃煤电站工程的特点,就工程建设中的几个主要岩土工程问题,分析探讨了其成因、特点和对工程建设的制约与影响程度．提出了解决这些问题的对策和建议。     

Evolution of the Acipayam (Denizli,Turkey) Rodingites

Numerous diabase and gabbro dikes intrude the Lycian peridotite thrust sheet of southwestern Turkey. Some of the dikes are rodingitized and the host harzburgite is serpentinized. The present study demonstrates that the major episodes of serpentinization (of harzburgite) and rodingitization (of dikes) predated the obduction of the Lycian peridotite thrust sheet. Hydrogrossular veins, which represent the major event of calcium metasomatism in the dikes, are locally fractured, fragmented, and offset. High-field-strength-element concentrations and Ta/Yb-Th/Yb ratios in the mafic rocks suggest that the dikes were originally emplaced in an island-arc environment; thus, they must have been transported to their current location.

Fluid-inclusion microthermometry obtained on primary fluid inclusions in hydrogrossulars indicates that the fluid involved in rodingitization and contemporaneous serpentinization was moderately saline (8 equiv. wt% NaCl) and within the range of 250°-450°C. The above salinity and temperature are consistent with microthermometric measurements obtained from rodingite minerals worldwide.

It is apparent from our study that rodingite geochemistry and mineralogy provide valuable information on the tectonic and metamorphic evolution of a region. Trace-element and REE geochemistry can define the tectonic setting of dikes, detailed mineralogy of the dikes and host serpentinite provides information on the relative timing of serpentinization and contemporaneous rodingitization, and fluid-inclusion microthermometry provides information on the temperature and composition of the Ca-rich metamorphic fluids.     

岩土工程勘察、设计与施工一体化模式探讨研究

建筑工程勘察、设计和施工一体化模式,逐渐成为国内大型勘察设计企业新的核心竞争力,亦是国际国内经济一体化和市场经济发展的必然趋势。本文结合目前国内主要从事岩土工程的勘察、设计或施工企业对项目的运作情况,提出了岩土工程勘察、设计和施工一体化运作模式。通过对目前国内岩土工程勘察、设计和施工独立运作模式和一体化模式的对比研究和分析,结合典型的工程实例,总结和分析了采用一体化或近似一体化模式运作项目的优劣和经验。针对目前国内大型勘察设计企业实施岩土工程勘察、设计和施工一体化模式的困难进行了探讨并提出相关建议,供相关部门或同行参考。     

Geotechnical evaluation of Turkish clay deposits: a case study in Northern Turkey

Clay deposits in Oltu-Narman basins (Erzurum, northern Turkey) have been studied to determine their engineering properties and to evaluate their uses for geotechnical applications. These deposits are concentrated in two different stratigraphic horizons namely the Late Oligocene and the Early Miocene sequences. Clay-rich fine-grained sedimentary units are deposited in shallow marine and lagoonar mixed environments. Their clay minerals originated by the alteration of Eocene calc-alkaline island-arc volcanics, preferably from pyroclastics (trachite and andesite flow), which form the basement for the Oltu depression. Smectite group clay minerals are found abundant in clay deposits. The experimental results show that the clay soils have high plasticity behaviors and low hydraulic conductivity properties. The optimum water content, the free swell, and the swelling pressure of clay samples decreased and the maximum dry unit weight of clay samples increased under high temperature. Consequently, it is concluded that the expanding of clay soils is an important soil problem that cannot be avoided in the significant parts of Oltu city and its villages. However, the soils of clay-rich layers in the outcrops-section of clay deposits can be successfully used to build compacted clay liners for landfill systems and to construct vertical and horizontal barriers for protection of ground water and for preventing soil pollution in geotechnical applications.     

连体高层建筑详勘中的若干问题分析

概括了国内目前连体高层建筑(群)的类型、平面布置、结构型式及受荷特点,从工程勘察的角度分析了该类建筑的主要岩土工程问题,着重阐明了拟采用桩基础条件下应重点把握的勘察要点,可供同类建筑条件下的岩土工程勘察借鉴与参考。     

Geotechnical and geophysical characterization of the Bouira-Algiers Highway (Ain Turck,Algeria) landslide

The Ain Turck (Bouira) landslide, in north-center Algeria, is one of the numerous instabilities recorded along the Lakhdaria-Bouira section of the 1200-km-long east-west Algerian highway. The locality of Ain Turck is known for its unstable slopes characterized by a very rough morphology with steep slopes (20 to 25%). This slide threatens the inhabitants of the Ibournanen village, located down the unstable slope, where parts of some houses have fallen into ruin, while others are cracked. It is characterized by an active movement extending over a more or less important slope, of the order of a hundred meters. The land mobilized by this movement corresponds to the layer of shale clays and clays overlaid by a backfill, placed there following the east-west highway works. Geological, geomorphologic, and geotechnical analysis allows determining the soil instability probably related to earthworks during the construction of the highway section a few years earlier, followed by a particularly rainy season in 2012. Acquisitions of ambient seismic noise and H/V ratio processing, as well as the acquisition of an electrical resistivity profile at the instability site, have reinforced our preliminary interpretations of depth and geometry of the sliding surface.