Experimental Investigations on the Behaviour of Pile Groups in Clay Under Lateral Cyclic Loading

This paper presents the results of two-way cyclic lateral load tests carried out on model pile groups embedded in soft marine clay. The tests are conducted on 1 × 2, 2 × 2 and 3 × 3 pile groups having length to diameter ratio (L/D) of 15, 30 and 40 with the spacing to diameter ratio (S/D) of 3, 5, 7 and 9. The experimental results are presented in the form of load–deflection curves and bending moment profiles. Cyclic group efficiency, critical spacing, critical cyclic load level and cyclic p-multipliers are evaluated. It is found that the lateral capacity of the 3 × 3 group reduces by about 42% after 50 cycles of loading. The cyclic p-multipliers of 3 × 3 pile group are found to be 0.41, 0.25 and 0.29 for leading, intermediate and rear rows respectively. The test results are compared with the numerical analysis carried out by p–y method using GROUP program. The analysis carried out with experimentally evaluated p-multipliers predicts load—deflection and bending profiles of pile groups reasonably well, but underestimates the depth to maximum bending moment by about 15%.     

软土地基上静压预制桩承载力的工后增大效应

分析了软土地基上预制桩承载力的时效性机理，介绍了几种研究承载力时效性的经验回归公式，结合工程说明应充分认识承载力时效性的科学性和利用这种规律潜在的巨大经济效益。     

连云港海相软土流变特性试验及双屈服面流变模型

为研究连云港海相软土流变特性,进行了三轴流变试验。根据对试验结果的分析,可以将连云港海相软土作为弹-粘塑性体来研究;将广义Bingham模型和椭圆-抛物线双屈服面模型相结合,建立了新的流变模型来描述其流变特性,得出了各参数,并验证了该模型的适用性。     

软土地区挤扩支盘灌注桩现场试验研究

挤扩支盘灌注桩由于其承载力高,在桩基工程中得到了越来越多的应用.通过对挤扩支盘桩的现场试验分析了挤扩支盘灌注桩的荷载传递特性和承力盘的受力机理.     

静压注浆在加固软土地基中的应用

厂房的不均匀沉降是一种常见的工程事故，对于对沉降有特别要求的厂房，则必须加以处理。介绍了静压注浆法处理地基不均匀沉降的问题。实践证明，处理后的地基得到有效的加固。此工艺既简便、速度快，又经济。     

软粘土中钻孔灌注桩承载特性的试验研究

基于埋设有测试元件的足尺钻孔灌注桩的现场静载荷试验 ,研究了软粘土地层中桩长 2 8m ,桩径 6 0 0mm钻孔灌注桩的承载力 -沉降性质 ,同时研究了试桩的荷载传递特性 ,分析了桩身轴力、桩侧阻力及桩端阻力的发挥规律 ,并就单桩的沉降变形进行了计算分析 ,得到了一些有益的结论。     

大理岩静态和循环荷载试件的电镜试验分析

本文对单轴静态和循环荷载试验前后的大理岩试件进行了电镜试验分析,从中得出三个结论:(1) 试件中不同的部位,其破坏程度不同;(2) 对试件用不同的加载方式,其破坏方式和特征不同;(3) 在疲劳应力门槛值(疲劳应力极限值。以下,称疲劳应力门槛值)以下的循环幅值荷载作用下,岩石内部的裂隙等发生闭合,这是证明岩石疲劳应力门槛值存在的一个重要试验证据。     

大理岩静态和特环荷载试件的电镜试验分析

In this paper, crack propagation laws were studied by means of observing marble specimens, which were conducted uniaxial static and cyclic loading tests, with electron-microscope. The studying results showed: (1) Different parts of rock specimen suffer differential degree damage; (2) Failure models and characteristics of rock specimens change with loading paths; (3) Rock cracks are to be closed, when amplitude of cyclic stress is smaller than “fatigue threshold stress” of rock. This is mainly testimony of “rock fatigue threshold stress” existence.     

PHC管桩静载荷试验破坏模式初探

通过对PHC管桩静载荷试验曲线形态、Q－S曲线特征点和桩顶柔度分析，归纳出几点地基破坏和桩身破坏的不同特征，提出一种预测单桩极限承载力的方法。     

Model Tests of Pile Defect Detection

INTRODUCTIONWhen the soil beneath a footing or raft is too weak or toocompressible t() provide adequate support, the loads are trans-ferred to more suitable soil layers at a greater depth by meansof piles. With the continuous development of the construction,the pile, one of the most important foundation styles, is widelyapplied. For various reasons, defects of different types anddamages of different degrees easiIy occur during the process ofconst ruct 1on.In general, the defects in piles …     

The Influence of Rate of Loading on the Behaviour of Continuous-Flight-Auger Bored Piles in Soft Clay

A total of 27 piles were installed at the Engineering and Physical Science Research Council soft clay test site at Bothkennar, Scotland using the continuous-flight-auger boring technique. Twelve of the piles of different lengths and diameters were tested in axial compression, using the others as reaction piles. Various testing programmes were employed to investigate relationships between axial load, movement and rate of movement. Strain measurements were facilitated by installing exten"someters in the piles, thus enabling the distributions of load and shaft resistance down each pile to be evaluated. Shaft resistances were found to be approximately constant even though the clay is known to increase in strength with depth. Peak shaft resistances were found to be dependent on rate of movement while ultimate shaft resistances were dependent only on magnitude of movement.     

基于离心模型试验的海域软土场地设计反应谱特征分析

为了揭示和掌握海域软土场地的地震动特征,给海域工程抗震设计提供科学可靠的设计反应谱,更好地服务于工程抗震设计,先设计并构建了上覆有水的海域饱和软土场地的离心模型,在100g的离心环境下开展了5组振动台试验,获取了不同强度地震输入条件下海底地表处的加速度结果;再以当前国内外普遍采用的3种设计谱拟合标定方法对加速度反应谱进行拟合回归,并对不同方法得到的拟合参数进行了对比分析。结果表明：我国现行建筑抗震规范设计谱与试验反应谱差异较大,标定的设计谱特征周期值明显偏小,对长周期工程抗震存在设计风险;而基于美国抗震规范的设计谱与试验反应谱具有良好的一致性,标定的设计谱特征周期较为合理,但设计谱平台值明显偏小,工程上也偏于不安全;中美两国规范设计谱均有各自的局限性。相比之下,薄景山团队提出的设计谱标定的工程方法和标定结果较为合理,设计谱特征周期与试验反应谱吻合度较高。     

低应变配合静载测试在基桩检测中的应用

结合工程实例，论述了低应变检测配合静载测试的必要性及应注意的问题，着重介绍了对缺陷桩承载力的检测过程及分析思路。     

Response of Vertically Loaded Pile in Clay: A Probabilistic Study

This study presents the response of a vertically loaded pile in undrained clay considering spatially distributed undrained shear strength. The probabilistic study is performed considering undrained shear strength as random variable and the analysis is conducted using random field theory. The inherent soil variability is considered as source of variability and the field is modeled as two dimensional non-Gaussian homogeneous random field. Random field is simulated using Cholesky decomposition technique within the finite difference program and Monte Carlo simulation approach is considered for the probabilistic analysis. The influence of variance and spatial correlation of undrained shear strength on the ultimate capacity as summation of ultimate skin friction and end bearing resistance of pile are examined. It is observed that the coefficient of variation and spatial correlation distance are the most important parameters that affect the pile ultimate capacity.     

预应力锚索在单桩竖向静载试验中的应用

在狭窄场地上进行大吨位单桩竖向静载试验时,需要解决的问题是在试验设备受场地限制无法增加的情况下如何提供足够大的反力荷载。根据此次试验场地地层中基岩埋藏丰富且深度较浅的情况,通过采用预应力锚索,进行加载反力装置设计,最终采用十字形加载反力装置,有效地解决了反力荷载不足的问题,从而为类似的试验提供了一种思路和选择。同时,通过对试验中出现的一些问题诸如锚固力、自由段变形等进行深入地分析和研究,提出了有关改进和完善反力装置现方案的建议。     

钻孔咬合桩在软土深基坑围护施工中遇到的难题分析

全套管钻孔咬合桩即贝诺特(Benoto)灌注桩工法，是一种成熟的围护施工技术，在国内已经多次使用，但在南京地区长江漫滩淤泥质粉质粘土和饱和粉细砂层中施工尚属首次，由于地质条件等原因，实际施工时遇到了涌砂、超灌和拔桩等问题。介绍了南京地铁某车站钻孔咬合桩围护结构的施工情况，对在施工中遇到的具体技术难题和处理措施进行了总结。     

预制桩静压施工技术在软土地基中的应用

软土地基中应用预制桩静压施工法，效果显著，自制的静力压桩机满足了施工工艺要求。从实际施工中总结出了钢筋混凝土方桩的制作工艺和预制桩静压法施工要点及质量保证措施。     

Tensile Fracture Strength of Brisbane Tuff by Static and Cyclic Loading Tests

This research presents the results of laboratory experiments during the investigation of tensile strength–strain characteristics of Brisbane tuff disc specimens under static and diametral cyclic loading. Three different cyclic loading methods were used; namely, sinusoidal cyclic loading, type I and II increasing cyclic loading with various amplitude values. The first method applied the stress amplitude?cycle number (s–n) curve approach to the measurement of the indirect tensile strength (ITS) and fracture toughness (K _IC) values of rocks for the first time in the literature. The type I and II methods investigated the effect of increasing cyclic loading on the ITS and K _IC of rocks. For Brisbane tuff, the reduction in ITS was found to be 30 % under sinusoidal loading, whereas type I and II increasing cyclic loading caused a maximum reduction in ITS of 36 %. The maximum reduction of the static K _IC of 46 % was obtained for the highest amplitude type I cyclic loading tested. For sinusoidal cyclic loading, a maximum reduction of the static K _IC of 30 % was obtained. A continuous irreversible accumulation of damage was observed in dynamic cyclic tests conducted at different amplitudes and mean stress levels. Scanning electron microscope images showed that fatigue damage in Brisbane tuff is strongly influenced by the failure of the matrix because of both inter-granular fracturing and trans-granular fracturing. The main characteristic was grain breakage under cyclic loading, which probably starts at points of contact between grains and is accompanied by the production of very small fragments, probably due to frictional sliding within the weak matrix.     

Dynamic Properties of Soft Clay and Loose Sand from Seismic Centrifuge Tests

Appropriate evaluation of shear modulus and damping characteristics of soils subjected to dynamic loading is key to accurate seismic response analysis and soil modeling programs. Dynamic centrifuge experiments were conducted at C-CORE (Memorial University of Newfoundland) centrifuge center to investigate the dynamic properties and seismic response of soft clay and dry loose sand strata. Soft clay with shear strength of about 30 kPa and well graded silica sand at about 35% relative density were employed in a rigid container to simulate local site effects. Several earthquake-like shaking events were applied to the model to evaluate variation of shear modulus and damping ratio with shear strain amplitude and confining pressure, and to assess their effects on site response. The estimated modulus reduction and damping ratio were compared to the predictions of empirical formulae and resonant column tests for both soft clay and loose sand. The evaluated shear modulus and damping ratio were found to be dependent on confining pressure in both soil types. Modulus variation in both soils agreed well with the empirical curves and resonant column test results. However, the sand modulus values were slightly higher than the empirical relations and resonant column tests. This discrepancy is attributed to higher stress and densification of sand during large amplitude shaking applied to the model. The damping ratio at shear strains lower than 0.5% was in reasonable agreement with the empirical curves and the resonant column tests in both clay and sand models, but was generally higher at shear strain larger than 0.5%.     

应用深层平板载荷试验选择桩端持力层

深层平板载荷试验是一种新兴的原位测试方法。通过安阳某工程人工挖孔扩底灌注桩深层平板载荷试验的现场实践,确定了不同土层地基土的承载力特征值,为设计单位选择持力层提供数据,并为甲方节省了大量建设资金。