气象数据在雷电风险评估中的应用

该文按照雷电风险评估对气象数据的应用要求,分别介绍气象数据的分类及其统计方法;气象数据的引用及注意事项;气象数据的分析及其在雷电风险评估中的广泛应用;气象数据的可行性论证要求。     

处理非线性分类和回归问题的一种新方法(I)——支持向量机方法简介

简要介绍了近年来倍受瞩目的一种处理高度非线性分类、回归等问题的计算机学习的新方法——支持向量机（SVM）方法；分析了这一方法的特点及其在数值预报产品释用及气象研究业务中的应用前景。SVM是一种有坚实理论基础的新颖的小样本学习方法。它基本上不涉及概率测度及大数定律等，因此不同于现有的统计方法。从本质上看，它避开了从归纳到演绎的传统过程，实现了高效的从训练样本到预报样本的“转导推理”(transductive inference)，大大简化了通常的分类和回归等问题。SVM的最终决策函数只由少数的支持向量所确定，计算的复杂性取决于支持向量的数目，而不是样本空间的维数，这在某种意义上避免了“维数灾”。     

处理非线性分类和回归问题的一种新方法（Ⅰ）——支持向量机方法简介

简要介绍了近年来倍受瞩目的一种处理高度非线性分类、回归等问题的计算机学习的新方法——支持向量机(SVM)方法；分析了这一方法的特点及其在数值预报产品释用及气象研究业务中的应用前景。SVM是一种有坚实理论基础的新颖的小样本学习方法。它基本上不涉及概率测度及大数定律等，因此不同于现有的统计方法。从本质上看，它避开了从归纳到演绎的传统过程，实现了高效的从训练样本到预报样本的“转导推理”(transductive inference)，大大简化了通常的分类和回归等问题。SVM的最终决策函数只由少数的支持向量所确定，计算的复杂性取决于支持向量的数目，而不是样本空间的维数，这在某种意义上避免了“维数灾”。     

SVM和ANN方法在铜川盛夏暴雨预报中的对比试验

介绍了利用SVM(支持向量机)方法的预报原理,并分别用SVM和ANN(人工神经网络)两种方法对铜川盛夏暴雨的预测做了对比试验。分析预报结果表明,SVM方法在天气预报领域有一定的使用空间,并指出了SVM在气象领域应用研究的方向。     

气象计量微机管理系统简介

微机在数据处理方面的应用已深入到各个领域，尤其是微机在企事业管理中的应用更为普遍。计算机用于数据处理面临数据输入、输出量大，数据类型复杂以及对数据的储存、维护、检索、分类，统计等诸多数据的管理使用问题。根据气象计量工作的要求和特点就面临各种气象仪器大量数据的处理、资料保存、检定证书的编制等问题。长期以来用人工处理，速度慢，易出错，编证麻烦且量大，资料保存、查询不便。如果采用计算机处理，则可大大提高劳动效率，还可实现编证的自动化，省时省力。l系统概况及运行条件：“气象计量微机管理系统”是气象计量各…     

SVM方法在霾识别和能见度预报中的应用

选用2013—2014年地面自动站资料、探空气象资料以及大气污染物浓度的数据,采用支持向量机(Support Vector Machine,SVM)方法分别建立金华SVM霾识别预报模型和14时能见度SVM回归预报模型来进行实证研究。通过预报结果检验发现:1)金华地区SVM霾识别预报模型的TS评分均在0.65以上,且8个最优模型判断完全错误的天数只有3d,占2.7%,表明模型分类结果较好,可在实际业务预报中推广应用;2)金华地区14时能见度SVM回归预报模型得到的预报值集中在6~16km,预报值较为集中,而实况值波动较大,即模型对极值预报能力较弱,表明模型对中度霾和重度霾天气预报的指导意义不大。     

赤壁市气候资料管理系统的研制及应用

用时,段分类法对地面气象资料进行分类，通过分类数据库的建立、数据录入和特殊数据的量化处理，形成分类气象资料数据库；利用数据库资料，进行统计和查询服务，基于这一思路，用FoxPro语言编写了赤壁市气候资料系统。     

基于SVM方法的暴雪预报系统

雪灾是内蒙古地区的主要的气象灾害，对全区牧业和人民生活造成了严重危害和影响。在充分分析内蒙古地区气候特征的基础上，依据SVM回归方法，利用T213资料，建立了暴雪的SVM回归方法预报模型，建立了自动化的SVM暴雪预报业务系统，并对其进行了业务试验。给出了依据SVM方法建立的暴雪实时业务预报系统的检验结果。结果表明，SVM回归方法能运用于暴雪的预报，建立的自动化的SVM暴雪预报业务系统能在预报业务中发挥了一定的作用。     

市域脑卒中疾病与气象因素的关系及预测

为了帮助医疗机构合理调配医务力量、床位和医疗药物,同时也帮助脑卒中高危人群及时采取干预措施,降低发病风险。本文对某市[1]四家医院2013—2016年脑卒中的就诊病例进行数据分析,将日就诊人数分为6个等级。然后,调取相应时段当地的逐日气象资料,采用支持向量机(SVM)和随机森林(RF)方法分别建立了日就诊人数预测模型和日就诊人数与气象因素的关系模型。研究结果表明:(1)脑卒中的日就诊人数为不平衡数据,这种数据特征将导致传统的预测模型正确率较低;(2)通过不断调整SVM预测模型的初始权重,经历了4次优化之后,使得日就诊人数的预测正确率从52.46%上升到94.56%;(3)随机森林模型的结果显示,影响脑卒中发病率的三大气象因素分别是最高气温、最低气温和平均气温。基于机器学习模型的脑卒中疾病与气象因素的研究成果,提高了医疗气象统计模型的预报准确率,具有较高的应用和推广价值。     

支持向量机在短期气候预测中的应用

支持向量机（SVM，Support Vector Machines）是基于统计学习理论框架下的一种新的通用机器学习方法。可以解决样本空间中的高度非线性分类和回归等问题，是一种处理非线性分类和非线性回归的有效方法。气候变化诸多因子的复杂性和非线性决定了预报因子与预报对象问的非线性关系，SVM为解决短期气候预测提供了一种可行的有效途径。利用Nino区海温、南方涛动指数、副高面积指数、亚洲区极涡面积指数等15个预报因子，建立了阳泉夏季降水正、负距平的SVM非线性分类模型，同时也建立了阳泉夏季降水的SVM回归模型，并进行了相应的预报试验，结果显示，对应的SVM分类模型和回归模型均具有良好的预报能力。     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

<正>The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth’s climate and environment.     

VARIABILITY OF INTER-ANNUAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INDIAN OCEAN DIPOLE AND HUAXI REGION’S AUTUMN PRECIPITATION

The moving-window correlation analysis was applied to investigate the relationship between autumn Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) events and the synchronous autumn precipitation in Huaxi region, based on the daily precipitation, sea surface temperature (SST) and atmospheric circulation data from 1960 to 2012. The correlation curves of IOD and the early modulation of Huaxi region’s autumn precipitation indicated a mutational site appeared in the 1970s. During 1960 to 1979, when the IOD was in positive phase in autumn, the circulations changed from a “W” shape to an ”M” shape at 500 hPa in Asia middle-high latitude region. Cold flux got into the Sichuan province with Northwest flow, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Western Pacific to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation increase in east Huaxi region. During 1980 to 1999, when the IOD in autumn was positive phase, the atmospheric circulation presented a “W” shape at 500 hPa, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Bay of Bengal to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation ascend in west Huaxi region. In summary, the Indian Ocean changed from cold phase to warm phase since the 1970s, caused the instability of the inter-annual relationship between the IOD and the autumn rainfall in Huaxi region.     

A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC CONDITIONS BEFORE THE OCCURRENCE OF TWO TYPES OF EL NIO EVENTS

The atmospheric and oceanic conditions before the onset of EP El Ni?o and CP El Ni?o in nearly 30 years are compared and analyzed by using 850 hPa wind, 20℃ isotherm depth, sea surface temperature and the Wheeler and Hendon index. The results are as follows: In the western equatorial Pacific, the occurrence of the anomalously strong westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Its intensity is far stronger than that of the CP El Ni?o. Two months before the El Ni?o, the anomaly westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o have extended to the eastern Pacific region, while the westerly wind anomaly of the CP El Ni?o can only extend to the west of the dateline three months before the El Ni?o and later stay there. Unlike the EP El Ni?o, the CP El Ni?o is always associated with easterly wind anomaly in the eastern equatorial Pacific before its onset. The thermocline depth anomaly of the EP El Ni?o can significantly move eastward and deepen. In addition, we also find that the evolution of thermocline is ahead of the development of the sea surface temperature for the EP El Ni?o. The strong MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o in the western and central Pacific is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Measured by the standard deviation of the zonal wind square, the intensity of MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o is significantly greater than that of the CP El Ni?o before the onset of El Ni?o.     

IMPACT OF ATMOSPHERIC LOW-FREQUENCY OSCILLATION ON THE IMMIGRATION OF NILAPARVATA LUGENS(STL) IN HUNAN AND JIANGXI PROVINCES

Various features of the atmospheric environment affect the number of migratory insects, besides their initial population. However, little is known about the impact of atmospheric low-frequency oscillation(10 to 90 days) on insect migration. A case study was conducted to ascertain the influence of low-frequency atmospheric oscillation on the immigration of brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens(Stl), in Hunan and Jiangxi provinces. The results showed the following:(1) The number of immigrating N. lugens from April to June of 2007 through 2016 mainly exhibited a periodic oscillation of 10 to 20 days.(2) The 10-20 d low-frequency number of immigrating N. lugens was significantly correlated with a low-frequency wind field and a geopotential height field at 850 h Pa.(3) During the peak phase of immigration, southwest or south winds served as a driving force and carried N. lugens populations northward, and when in the back of the trough and the front of the ridge, the downward airflow created a favorable condition for N. lugens to land in the study area. In conclusion, the northward migration of N. lugens was influenced by a low-frequency atmospheric circulation based on the analysis of dynamics. This study was the first research connecting atmospheric low-frequency oscillation to insect migration.     

全球贸易隐含碳变化及其影响分析

基于最新的GTAP8 (Global Trade Analysis Project）数据库,使用投入产出法,分析了2004年到2007年全球贸易变化下南北集团贸易隐含碳变化及对全球碳排放的影响。结果显示,随着发展中国家进出口规模扩张,全球贸易隐含碳流向的重心逐渐向发展中国家转移。2004年到2007年,发达国家高端设备制造业和服务业出口以及发展中国家资源、能源密集型行业及中低端制造业出口的趋势加强,该过程的生产转移导致全球碳排放增长4.15亿t,占研究时段全球贸易隐含碳增量的63%。未来发展中国家的出口隐含碳比重还将进一步提高。贸易变化带来的南北集团隐含碳流动变化对全球应对气候变化行动的影响日益突出,发达国家对此负有重要责任。     

Analysis of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Height Characteristics over the Arctic Ocean Using the Aircraft and GPS Soundings

正ERRATUM to: Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters, 4(2011), 124-130 On page 126 of the printed edition (Issue 2, Volume 4), Fig. 2 was a wrong figure because the contact author made mistake giving the wrong one. The corrected edition has been updated on our website. The editorial office is sincerely sorry for any     

Index to Vol.31

正AN Junling;see LI Ying et al.;(5),1221—1232AN Junling;see QU Yu et al.;(4),787-800AN Junling;see WANG Feng et al.;(6),1331-1342Ania POLOMSKA-HARLICK;see Jieshun ZHU et al.;(4),743-754Baek-Min KIM;see Seong-Joong KIM et al.;(4),863-878BAI Tao;see LI Gang et al.;(1),66-84BAO Qing;see YANG Jing et al.;(5),1147—1156BEI Naifang;     

Information for Contributors

正Journal of Meteorological Research is an international academic journal in atmospheric sciences edited and published by Acta Meteorologica Sinica Press,sponsored by the Chinese Meteorological Society.It has been acting as a bridge of academic exchange between Chinese and foreign meteorologists and aiming at introduction of the current advancements in atmospheric sciences in China.The journal columns include Articles.Note and Correspondence,and research letters.Contributions from all over the world are welcome.