菲尔德斯形变监测网质量分析

从数理统计角度出发，对西南极菲尔德斯形变监测网进行综合质量评估。文中主要讨论了形变监测网粗差检验，形变监测网的可靠性及可监测性。同时结合菲尔德斯形变监测网实测数据进行分析。本文认为该形变监测网有利于监测菲尔德斯海峡断层的剪切运动。     

东南极拉斯曼丘陵米勒半岛遥感影象岩性自动分类初探

根据最大似然法应用ＴＭ影象数据，对拉斯曼地区米勒半岛进行岩性自动识别分类。结果提取出该区的５种主要岩石类型即：１．片麻状花岗岩；２．正长花岗岩；３．富Ｆｅ、Ａｌ片麻岩；４．混合岩；５．条带状混合岩。说明用自动分类法进行地质岩性填图在该地区是可行的。它为南极地质工作提供了一种新的方法，初步工作表明，该方法分类速度快，省时省力，能减少大量的野外工作。为利用遥感资料进行地质工作展示了良好的前景     

西南极菲尔德斯半岛地壳形变监测的数据处理与分析

为了研究南极现代地壳运动,中国在西南极菲尔德斯海峡地区布设了形变监测网,并用ＤＩ－２０测距仪和ＧＰＳ定位仪对该网进行了监测。同时,中国也参加了ＳＣＡＲ组织的全南极ＧＰＳ联测。本文讨论了将形变参数纳入误差方程的水平形变数据处理方法,并对刚体平移、旋转、均匀应变几种典型形变模型在测边网平差中的运用进行了讨论。通过对经典自由网与秩亏自由网的基准分析,提出对形变参数以及其它附加参数和点位参数分别给定参考基准的方法。相应于上述方法,编制了一系列数据处理程序并将之应用于对西南极菲尔德斯海峡形变监测网的数据分析。本文还利用监测网应变分析原理,对ＧＰＳ监测数据进行了讨论和分析,结果表明,菲尔德斯断裂地区存在微小的断裂剪切运动,但位移量不大。     

南极普里兹湾NP951柱样元素地层与古环境初步研究

对南极普里兹湾ＮＰ９５１柱样的元素地球化学特征及其古环境意义进行了研究。结果表明，本区沉积物在沉积过程中受冰盖消融、淡水涌入和陆源物质的影响较大；沉积物中ＳｉＯ２、Ａｌ２Ｏ３、Ｆｅ２Ｏ３、ＣａＯ、ＭｇＯ、Ｐ、Ｓ、Ｃｏｒｇ等元素组分较好地记录了由古气候变化而引起的物源改变，这些元素组分在地层中的分布规律与古海洋沉积环境及古气候变迁相一致；自晚更新世末期以来的气候大致可分为温暖期、寒冷期、高温期、转冷期和转暖期五个区段；在柱样的１４５ｃｍ（１４．４ｋａＢ．Ｐ．）、８５ｃｍ（１０．３ｋａＢ．Ｐ．）和２５ｃｍ（６．３ｋａＢ．Ｐ．）处出现了古气温的高值点，指示了气候的变化；８５ｃｍ处元素含量的突变指示了异常事件的发生，该层位正好对应于哥德堡地球磁场漂移，全球气温突然变暖，标志着１０．３ｋａＢ．Ｐ．以后南极地区进入了全新世。     

塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地晚冰期以来的环境与气候变化

通过对塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地地层剖面的沉积类型、孢粉、ｐＨ值、有机质、ＣａＣＯ＿３和地球化学气候指标Ｃ等分析，认为本区晚冰期以来一直处于荒漠环境，气候变化可划出四个阶段：１３－１０ｋａＢ．Ｐ．气候寒冷。温凉，干旱，湿度相对后期较大；１０－８ｋａＢ．Ｐ．气候温暖干旱，湿度相对减小；８－３ｋａＢ．Ｐ．气候炎热干旱，湿度最小；３ｋａＢ．Ｐ．至今气候温暖干旱，湿度较前增大，气候及环境与今相似。     

浙江开化山区森林区系的地理成分研究

开化山区面积占总面积的８８％．是浙江植物种类最丰富的地区，有野生木本植物８３２种，隶属于９５科２７２属．在对森林区系统计和分析的基础上，着重研究了地理成分，认为它们具有下列特征：１．木本植物种类非常丰富；２．古老、孑造和珍稀濒危植物较多；３．区系地理成分复杂，与世界各地植物区系有广泛联系；４．２７０个属可划分为１４个类型（包含１２个变型）；５．温带成分占优势．     

西南极菲尔德斯海峡断层GPS卫星地壳形变监测网的重建和数据分析

为了有效地监测南极菲尔德斯海峡断层的地壳运动 ,利用 GPS定位技术 ,将原有的二维平面形变监测网改造成三维空间形变监测网 ,并对 GPS数据采集和数据处理方法作了综述和分析 ,获得了水平方向优于 3mm,高程方向优于 6mm的监测精度。建立 GPS空间三维监测网在南极环境中研究地壳动态形变完全可行的     

西南极菲尔德斯海峡断层GPS卫星地壳形变监测网的重建和数据分析

为了有效地监测南极菲尔德斯海峡断层的地壳运动 ,利用 GPS定位技术 ,将原有的二维平面形变监测网改造成三维空间形变监测网 ,并对 GPS数据采集和数据处理方法作了综述和分析 ,获得了水平方向优于 3mm,高程方向优于 6mm的监测精度。建立 GPS空间三维监测网在南极环境中研究地壳动态形变完全可行的     

冬小麦水分耗散特性与农业节水

本文根据中国科学院禹城综合试验站１９８６年－１９９６年蒸渗仪农田水分模拟试验资料统计；冬小麦全生育期耗水量可达４８２．５ｍｍ，缺水率可达６９．３％；冬小麦全生育不分耗散过程有两个明显的需水峰区和３个关键需水期，为实施节水灌溉提供了实验依据；冬小麦耗水量与环境因子有明显的相关关系，其统计规律可供地下水浅埋区区域灌溉预测参照应用。     

关于徕卡ALS70机载激光扫描系统检校场布设及检校方法的研究

本文简要介绍了徕卡ALS70机载激光扫描系统,全面阐述了ALS机载激光扫描系统常规误差检校项目,包括Roll、Pitch、Heading、Range以及RCD30相机视准轴误差等。以台安县开发区为实验区,建立检校场地,用RTK方式测量了642个WGS84坐标系的平高像控点,进行了9条航线的检校飞行,采用相应的误差计算方法针对每项误差进行改正。经迭代改正后,各系统误差基本消除,将该检校成果应用在台安县120平方公里的0．7米点间距的点云数据获取项目当中去,经过实际精度检测,激光点云数据精度完全符合相关技术要求规定。     

Why GPS makes distances bigger than they are

Global navigation satellite systems such as the Global Positioning System (GPS) is one of the most important sensors for movement analysis. GPS is widely used to record the trajectories of vehicles, animals and human beings. However, all GPS movement data are affected by both measurement and interpolation errors. In this article we show that measurement error causes a systematic bias in distances recorded with a GPS; the distance between two points recorded with a GPS is – on average – bigger than the true distance between these points. This systematic ‘overestimation of distance’ becomes relevant if the influence of interpolation error can be neglected, which in practice is the case for movement sampled at high frequencies. We provide a mathematical explanation of this phenomenon and illustrate that it functionally depends on the autocorrelation of GPS measurement error (C). We argue that C can be interpreted as a quality measure for movement data recorded with a GPS. If there is a strong autocorrelation between any two consecutive position estimates, they have very similar error. This error cancels out when average speed, distance or direction is calculated along the trajectory. Based on our theoretical findings we introduce a novel approach to determine C in real-world GPS movement data sampled at high frequencies. We apply our approach to pedestrian trajectories and car trajectories. We found that the measurement error in the data was strongly spatially and temporally autocorrelated and give a quality estimate of the data. Most importantly, our findings are not limited to GPS alone. The systematic bias and its implications are bound to occur in any movement data collected with absolute positioning if interpolation error can be neglected.     

三角平面拟合法在GPS高程测量中的应用

本文介绍了"三角平面拟合法"在GPS高程测量中的应用,该方法应用三角平面拟合法通过控制点的高程异常数据直接内插求得待测点的高程异常,从而求得待测点的海拔高程即正常高。较高精度地改正了GPS在测量海拔高程时的系统误差。     

Robust inferences of travel paths from GPS trajectories

Monitoring and predicting traffic conditions are of utmost importance in reacting to emergency events in time and for computing the real-time shortest travel-time path. Mobile sensors, such as GPS devices and smartphones, are useful for monitoring urban traffic due to their large coverage area and ease of deployment. Many researchers have employed such sensed data to model and predict traffic conditions. To do so, we first have to address the problem of associating GPS trajectories with the road network in a robust manner. Existing methods rely on point-by-point matching to map individual GPS points to a road segment. However, GPS data is imprecise due to noise in GPS signals. GPS coordinates can have errors of several meters and, therefore, direct mapping of individual points is error prone. Acknowledging that every GPS point is potentially noisy, we propose a radically different approach to overcome inaccuracy in GPS data. Instead of focusing on a point-by-point approach, our proposed method considers the set of relevant GPS points in a trajectory that can be mapped together to a road segment. This clustering approach gives us a macroscopic view of the GPS trajectories even under very noisy conditions. Our method clusters points based on the direction of movement as a spatial-linear cluster, ranks the possible route segments in the graph for each group, and searches for the best combination of segments as the overall path for the given set of GPS points. Through extensive experiments on both synthetic and real datasets, we demonstrate that, even with highly noisy GPS measurements, our proposed algorithm outperforms state-of-the-art methods in terms of both accuracy and computational cost.     

Data processing and analysis of crustal deformation monitoring in the Fildes region,West Antarctica

ＤａｔａｐｒｏｃｅｓｓｉｎｇａｎｄａｎａｌｙｓｉｓｏｆｃｒｕｓｔａｌｄｅｏｒｍａｔｉｏｎｍｏｎｉｔｏｒｉｎｇｉｎｔｈｅＦｉｌｄｅｓｒｅｇｉｏｎ，ＷｅｓｔＡｎｔａｒｃｔｉｃａTX＠陈春明＠鄂栋臣＠邱卫宁Ｄａｔａｐｒｏｃｅｓｉｎｇａｎｄａｎａｌｙｓｉｓｏｆｃｒｕ...     

无人机影像三维重建在沙丘形态监测中的应用

沙丘形态监测对开展土地沙化防治工作具有重大意义。应用无人机,分别在2016年7月、2017年3月、7月和9月对青海湖克土沙区4个沙丘进行影像采集,借助PhotoScan软件进行三维重建生成高分辨率的沙丘正射影像和DEM数据,使用ArcGIS软件获取沙丘形态参数并分析变化。实验结果表明：基于无人机影像监测沙丘形态,具有可行性和准确性,正射影像精度较高,DEM数据通过校正后可正确反映沙丘形态,为逐天高精度监测变化提供了可能。     

Bias estimation and correction for triangle-based surface area calculations

The calculation of surface area is meaningful for a variety of space-filling phenomena, e.g., the packing of plants or animals within an area of land. With Digital Elevation Model (DEM) data we can calculate the surface area by using a continuous surface model, such as by the Triangulated Irregular Network (TIN). However, just as the triangle-based surface area discussed in this paper, the surface area is generally biased because it is a nonlinear mapping about the DEM data which contain measurement errors. To reduce the bias in the surface area, we propose a second-order bias correction by applying nonlinear error propagation to the triangle-based surface area. This process reveals that the random errors in the DEM data result in a bias in the triangle-based surface area while the systematic errors in the DEM data can be reduced by using the height differences. The bias is theoretically given by a probability integral which can be approximated by numerical approaches including the numerical integral and the Monte Carlo method; but these approaches need a theoretical distribution assumption about the DEM measurement errors, and have a very high computational cost. In most cases, we only have variance information on the measurement errors; thus, a bias estimation based on nonlinear error propagation is proposed. Based on the second-order bias estimation proposed, the variance of the surface area can be improved immediately by removing the bias from the original variance estimation. The main results are verified by the Monte Carlo method and by the numerical integral. They show that an unbiased surface area can be obtained by removing the proposed bias estimation from the triangle-based surface area originally calculated from the DEM data.     

基于地理特征的CBERS-02 CCD非正射影像镶嵌研究

非正射影像镶嵌效果与控制点的布局及镶嵌线的选取密切相关。基于地理特征分析,提出一种针对非正射影像的镶嵌方案:将几何精纠正的控制点与影像镶嵌线布设在主体高程面内。遵循此原则,能降低利用推扫式中心投影成像原理获取地形起伏区遥感影像投影差对影像镶嵌的影响。对太原市2006年3月一组CBERS-02 CCD影像镶嵌的实验表明,该方法能够有效削弱甚至消除非正射影像镶嵌中的几何拼接缝。